天麻饼干的研制

以药食同源食材主要原料,感官评分为考察指标,通过单因素试验研究面粉（低筋小麦粉、玉米淀粉）添加量、烘焙温度、烘焙时间、麦芽糖醇添加量、低筋小麦粉与玉米淀粉质量比及小苏打添加量对饼干感官品质的影响,通过正交试验确定天麻饼干的最佳配方和加工工艺。结果表明,天麻饼干的最佳配方及烘焙条件为：面粉（低筋小麦粉与玉米淀粉质量比为7∶3）63 g,麦芽糖醇40 g,药食同源食材（天麻∶茯苓∶薏苡仁∶黑芝麻∶核桃∶大枣=3∶10∶10∶10∶10∶10）53 g,小苏打1.2 g,烘焙上火/下火温度为180 ℃/160 ℃,烘焙时间13 min。在此工艺条件下制备的天麻饼干感官评分为88.3,外形完整,色泽均匀,口感酥脆,甜度适中,伴有黑芝麻香气,掩盖了天麻不佳的气味,组织结构有层次,孔洞细密,营养丰富。     

绿茶超细粉营养面包的研制

采用超低温超细粉碎技术将绿茶粉碎,以绿茶超细粉和高筋面粉为主要原料,研究绿茶超细粉营养面包的制作工艺。通过单因素和正交试验,确定绿茶超细粉营养面包的最佳配方为：在基本配方的基础上。添加300目绿茶粉2％、食盐0．5％、白砂糖20％、面包改良剂0．5％。按此配方制作的面包不仅风味口感俱佳,而且具有营养与保健的双重功效。     

三七花菠萝夹心软糖的研制

以三七花和菠萝干为原料制作夹心软糖,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定制作夹心软糖的最佳配方为三七花粉用量0.34 g,柠檬酸用量0.46 g,菠萝干用量8.80 g,糖配比1∶1,明胶与水的质量比1∶5。在此工艺条件下制作的夹心软糖口感顺滑、耐咀嚼、风味独特。     

芒果面包的研制

通过在普通面包原料中加入芒果浆的方法,研制具有芒果营养和保健功能的面包。结果表明,采用先添加芒果浆进行搅打的方法,制作出的面包在外观形状、内部组织结构及色泽与口感为好;通过正交试验,筛选出芒果面包的最佳工艺配方为：芒果浆添加量（以面粉质量计）40％,奶粉20％,白砂糖10％,水32％,再配以20％的黄油,经酵母发酵,可生产出营养丰富、色泽诱人、风味独特的芒果面包。     

黑米红枣复合营养面包的研制

通过单因素试验、正交试验确定黑米红枣复合营养面包最佳工艺配方为高筋面粉100g,水40g,鸡蛋10g,食盐0.5g,白砂糖20g,黑米粉4g,红枣泥3g,酵母2.0g,奶粉5g,此工艺条件制得的面包表面金黄、细腻松软、淡紫色、香气浓郁,具有独特的风味和口感。     

香菇饼干的研制及工艺优化

研究香菇粉、黄油、绵白糖、小苏打的添加量对香菇饼干的口感、色泽及状态的影响,利用正交试验优化确定香菇饼干的加工工艺及配方。香菇饼干制作的各因素最佳配比为面粉(普面∶低筋=3∶1),再以面粉为基准,香菇粉添加量4%,黄油添加量50%,绵白糖添加量20%,蛋液添加量25%,小苏打添加量0.7%,食盐添加量0.5%。此方案切实可行,所制产品口感酥脆、色泽优良、甜度适宜,具有独特的风味和营养保健功能。     

苹果汁营养面包的研制

为了扩展苹果的用途、增加面包的营养和种类、满足消费者对方便主食食品的需求,选用一次发酵法,以面包粉、水、食盐、酵母为基础原料,添加苹果汁及其他辅料制作苹果汁营养面包。以感官评价为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定苹果汁营养面包的最佳原料配方为高筋粉用量100 g,苹果汁用量6 g,白砂糖用量15 g,酵母用量3 g,食盐用量1.5 g。该工艺参数下制作的面包内部组织柔软细腻、纹理结构和口感较好。     

一种不影响发酵体积的银耳面包的研制

为研制出一种不影响面包发酵体积并具有银耳风味的面包,首先按高筋面粉95％、不同粒径银耳粉5％的比例配制面包粉,参照传统面包制作工艺加工出银耳面包,考察银耳粉粒径对面包质量的影响.结果 表明,添加5％、粒径为10目(1700 μm)的银耳粉的面包既具有面包特有的蓬松结构,又有银耳的独特香气.随后,以面包比容、质构参数和结构特点等为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了银耳粉、白砂糖、酵母和水添加量对面包品质的影响,结合感官评分,筛选出不影响发酵体积的银耳面包的最优配方为:以高筋面粉加银耳粉100％为基准,黄油10％、10目银耳粉5％、白砂糖10％、酵母1.5％、水65％.以此配方为基础,按传统工艺制作面包,可获得具银耳风味的特色面包.研究结果对促进银耳加工产品研发具有积极意义.     

面包品质和最佳效益比的研究

在保证主食面包感官质量和营养价值的前提下,采用速成法制作面包,探讨在制作过程中改变奶油、酵母蔗糖等原辅料与面粉之间的比例关系,从中筛选出感官质量较好、营养价值较高、成本较低、经济合理的面包配方通过实验发现,当奶油为面粉量的10%,酵母为面粉量的1.5%,白糖为面粉量的18%时,面包的感官品质较好且成本较低。     

土豆牛奶营养面包的研制

以小麦粉、土豆和牛奶为原料,采用正交试验优化土豆牛奶面包制作工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,以感官品质为考查指标,以土豆、鲜牛奶、白砂糖和酵母粉为正交试验的4个因素,筛选土豆牛奶面包的优良工艺参数。结果表明,土豆牛奶营养面包的优良配方为每100 g面粉用土豆泥30 g,牛奶25 g,白砂糖12 g,酵母粉1 g,鸡蛋10 g,饮用水9 g,面团发酵时间120 min。以此配方生产出的面包营养丰富、感官评分较高,可满足消费者需求。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...