The Minimal Active Fragment of the Cry1Ai Toxin is Located Between 36I and 605I

The novel cry1Ai gene that cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis strain SC6H8 encoded a protein exhibiting strong toxicity against Plutella xylostella and Chilo suppressalis in our previous study. Using the available information for the active fragments of other Cry toxins, eight truncated fragments were constructed to identify the minimal active fragment of Cry1Ai. All truncated fragments were expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3), and the insecticidal activity against 2nd- instar P. xylostella larvae was assessed using full-length Cry1Ai as a positive control. The results indicate that the minimal active fragment of the Cry1Ai toxin against P. xylostella is located between amino acid residues 36I and 605I, which is smaller than the regions previously reported for Cry1A. The first two amino acids (34T and 35P) on helix α-1 and whole helix α-2 of domain I and sheet β-32 of domain III are necessary for Cry1Ai toxin to keep its toxicity against P. xylostella.     

Toxicity and binding analyses of Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Vip3A in Cry1Ac-resistant and-susceptible strains of Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)

The Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein, Vip3 A, represents a new family of Bt toxin and is currently applied to commercial transgenic cotton. To determine whether the Cry1Ac-resistant Helicoverpa armigera is cross-resistant to Vip3 Aa protein, insecticidal activities, proteolytic activations and binding properties of Vip3 Aa toxin were investigated using Cry1Ac-susceptible(96S) and Cry1Ac-resistant H. armigera strain(Cry1Ac-R). The toxicity of Vip3 Aa in Cry1Ac-R slightly reduced compared with 96 S, the resistance ratio was only 1.7-fold. The digestion rate of full-length Vip3 Aa by gut juice extracts from 96 S was little faster than that from Cry1Ac-R. Surface plasmon resonance(SPR) showed there was no significant difference between the binding affinity of Vip3 Aa and BBMVs between 96 S and Cry1Ac-R strains, and there was no significant competitive binding between Vip3 Aa and Cry1 Ac in susceptible or resistant strains. So there had little cross-resistance between Vip3 Aa and Cry1 Ac,Vip3A+Cry proteins maybe the suitable pyramid strategy to control H. armigera in China in the future.     

Characterization and functional analysis of β-1,3-galactosyltransferase involved in Cry1Ac resistance from Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)

Carbohydrate chains are the principal antigens by which Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) identify receptor proteins. The interaction between the antigen and Bt causes a pore in the membrane of midgut epithelial cells of insects. Receptor proteins, such as aminopeptidase N and alkaline phosphatase, are glycoproteins. Cadherin is another cell surface receptor protein which has potential glycosylation sites. Glycosyltransferase is very important for the synthesis and modification of receptor proteins. It can indirectly influence the function of Bt. The 1 950 bp full-length c DNA encoding β-1,3-galactosyltransferase was cloned from the the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera by degenerative PCR combined with RACE techniques(GAL-Harm, Gen Bank accession no.: GQ904195.1) with two potential N-glycosylation sites(157NNTI160 and 272NKTL275). Protein sequence alignments revealed that H. armigera β-1,3-galactosyltransferase shared high identity with β-1,3-galactosyltransferase in other insect species. The expression level of the β-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene in Cry1Ac-resistant H. armigera larvae was 9.2-fold higher than that in susceptible strain. The function of β-1,3-galactosyltransferase was investigated using RNAi technique. The result showed Cry1 Ac enhanced the toxicity against the si RNA-treated larvae compared with non-si RNA-treated ones, which indicated β-1,3-galactosyltransferase played an important role for the insecticidal toxicity of Cry1 Ac in H. armigera.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白对棉铃虫活性分析

利用已克隆的5种Bt Cry基因Cry2Ab4、Cry1Ia8、Cry1Ie1、Cry1Ca7、Cry1Cb2和1种野生菌株HD-73(Cry1Ac)表达的6种Bt Cry杀虫晶体蛋白,对棉铃虫进行生物活性分析,并将Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白分别与其它5种Cry蛋白按1:1的比例组合,对棉铃虫进行生物活性测定。结果表明,单独使用Cry1Ac时对棉铃虫活性最高,LC50为3.16μg·mL-1,其次为Cry2Ab4。Cry1Ac与Cry2Ab4组合对棉铃虫也有较高的活性,LC50为48.70μg·mL-1,该组合对棉铃虫的共毒系数为1.21,有相加作用。Cry1Ac与这5种蛋白的组合对棉铃虫都有较高的毒力。     

缺失α1螺旋的Cry1Ac在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化和活性分析(英文)

[目的]对缺失α1螺旋的Cry1Ac在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化和活性进行分析。[方法]以苏云金芽孢杆菌HD-1中的质粒为模板,扩增Cry1Ac基因,并将其与pET28a载体连接,构建重组质粒。重组质粒转化并经IPTG诱导后,用SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白的表达。提取目标蛋白,并涂在棉铃虫饲料表面,检测其杀虫活性。[结果]Cry1Acdelα1基因在大肠杆菌中能正常表达目标蛋白,但该目标蛋白是以包涵体形式存在。生测结果显示,在相同浓度下,活化的Cry1Ac对棉铃虫的致死率达75%以上,而Cry1Acdelα1只有10%左右。[结论]用大肠杆菌表达的Cry1Acdelα1对棉铃虫基本没有杀虫活性。     

利用DNA shuffling技术构建含5个cry基因的突变体库以筛选高毒力杀虫蛋白

以改造合成的5个Bt基因(crylC*、cry2A*、crylAb、crylAc和fry9C*)为材料,利用DNA shuff-ling的体外分子进化技术构建1个含有1 000个重组基因克隆的大肠杆菌表达库;通过诱导表达重组蛋白.ELISA方法测定蛋白表达量,以棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)为试验昆...     

Polycalin is involved in the action mechanism of Cry2Aa toxin in Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)

Receptor proteins on the brush border membrane of the insect midgut epithelium are involved in the mode of action of insecticidal Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt). Polycalin has been identified as a binding protein of the Bt Cry1 Ac toxin in several Lepidoptera including Helicoverpa armigera, but its role in the action mechanism of Cry2 Aa is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the binding characteristics of polycalin from the midgut of H. armigera with Cry2 Aa and its role in the toxicity of Cry2 Aa. The results demonstrated that heterologously expressed H. armigera polycalin peptide could bind with Cry2 Aa with high affinity(K_d=32 nmol L~(–1)). The toxicity of Cry2 Aa decreased by 27% after H. armigera larvae ingested polycalin antisera. These results suggested that polycalin could be a potential functional receptor for Cry2 Aa, and it plays an important role in the susceptibility of H. armigera to Cry2 Aa.     

Cry1Ac抗、感棉铃虫碱性磷酸酯酶（ALP1）的表达量比较

【目的】通过比较Cry1Ac抗、感棉铃虫昆虫中肠碱性磷酸酶（ALP1）表达量的差异及抗性棉铃虫取食Cry1Ac蛋白对ALP1表达量的影响,分析ALP1表达量变化与抗性的关系,为进一步明确Bt抗性机制、制定抗性治理策略提供理论依据。【方法】利用实时荧光定量PCR技术,比较敏感棉铃虫、Cry1Ac抗性棉铃虫取食含Cry1Ac蛋白的饲料和正常饲料后ALP1表达量的差异。【结果】ALP1在棉铃虫整个发育期都表达,幼虫的表达量最高,蛹期表达量最低,在成虫体内也有较高的表达;ALP1在幼虫中肠表达量最高,其次是后肠、前肠、马氏管,表皮中的表达量最低;与敏感品系相比,对Cry1Ac具有中等水平抗性的棉铃虫ALP1表达量明显增加,尤其是取食含Cry1Ac蛋白饲料的抗性棉铃虫幼虫的ALP1的表达量显著升高,但抗性棉铃虫取食正常饲料后,2、3龄幼虫的ALP1的表达量与敏感棉铃虫差异不显著;所有的抗性品系4龄棉铃虫幼虫中肠ALP1的表达量都显著高于敏感品系,而且随着棉铃虫抗性倍数的升高,ALP1的表达量呈逐渐降低的趋势。【结论】抗性棉铃虫中肠ALP1表达量的改变可能与Cry1Ac抗性、Cry1Ac代谢有一定的关系。     

表达Cry1Ab和Cry2Ab蛋白的转基因玉米GAB-3对四种主要鳞翅目害虫的抗性评价

为评价表达Cry1Ab和Cry2Ab蛋白的转基因玉米GAB-3对黏虫Mythimna separata（Walker）、亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis（Guenée）、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera（Hübner）和草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J. E. Smith）的杀虫效果，采用室内生测的方法研究了GAB-3不同组织器官对以上四种害虫存活率的影响，并通过田间接虫试验进一步测试了GAB-3对黏虫和亚洲玉米螟的抗性。室内生测结果显示：转基因玉米GAB-3心叶期叶片对黏虫、亚洲玉米螟、棉铃虫和草地贪夜蛾具有很强的毒杀作用，苞叶、穗尖、穗轴、花丝、雄穗和籽粒对亚洲玉米螟和棉铃虫具有显著的抗性。田间接虫试验结果显示：心叶期GAB-3高抗黏虫和亚洲玉米螟，穗期GAB-3高抗亚洲玉米螟。上述结果表明，转基因玉米GAB-3对4种主要玉米鳞翅目害虫有很好的杀虫效果，具有较好的商业化应用前景。     

表达Cry1Ab和Cry2Ab蛋白的转基因玉米GAB-3对四种主要鳞翅目害虫的抗性评价

为评价表达Cry1Ab和Cry2Ab蛋白的转基因玉米GAB-3对黏虫Mythimna separata（Walker）、亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis（Guenée）、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera（Hübner）和草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（J. E. Smith）的杀虫效果，采用室内生测的方法研究了GAB-3不同组织器官对以上四种害虫存活率的影响，并通过田间接虫试验进一步测试了GAB-3对黏虫和亚洲玉米螟的抗性。室内生测结果显示：转基因玉米GAB-3心叶期叶片对黏虫、亚洲玉米螟、棉铃虫和草地贪夜蛾具有很强的毒杀作用，苞叶、穗尖、穗轴、花丝、雄穗和籽粒对亚洲玉米螟和棉铃虫具有显著的抗性。田间接虫试验结果显示：心叶期GAB-3高抗黏虫和亚洲玉米螟，穗期GAB-3高抗亚洲玉米螟。上述结果表明，转基因玉米GAB-3对4种主要玉米鳞翅目害虫有很好的杀虫效果，具有较好的商业化应用前景。     

新疆棉区棉铃虫对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac蛋白)敏感基线的测定

[目的]测定新疆棉区棉铃虫对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac蛋白)的敏感基线.[方法]实验采用梯度浓度测定法对新疆8个主要常规棉区的棉铃虫进行敏感性测定.[结果]测得新疆棉区棉铃虫对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)的敏感基线:平均致死中浓度(LC50)为0.033 μg/mL,范围为0.022～0.048 μg/mL.LC90的值为0.899 μg/mL,范围为0.526～1.333 μg/mL.抗性识别浓度LC99的值为1.020 μg/mL.采集的所有种群都对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)具有高度的敏感性.95;置信区间方差分析表明,新疆主要常规棉区棉铃虫对Bt毒蛋白(Cry1Ac)的敏感度差异不显著.[结论]实验所得到的数据可作为今后新疆棉区棉铃虫抗性监测的基准.     

苏云金杆菌新菌株WZ-7的PCR-RFLP分析及生物活性研究

利用PCR—RFLP技术分析了自河北省土壤中分离的苏云金杆菌新菌株WZ-7，结果表明该菌株含有cryl、cry2Ab、cryllal型基因，其中cryl型基因的酶切片段类型不同于已发表的基因类型，有可能含有新的基因。SDS—PAGE分析结果出现130、79、73、66、60、58kD左右的6种晶体蛋白，毒素蛋白类型属于Ⅱ型。室内生测结果显示，该菌株对重要的农业害虫棉铃虫、甜菜夜蛾、小菜蛾、菜青虫、玉米螟等均有较高的杀虫毒力。     

Rhodopsin mutants that bind but fail to activate transducin

Rhodopsin is a member of a family of receptors that contain seven transmembrane helices and are coupled to G proteins. The nature of the interactions between rhodopsin mutants and the G protein, transduction (Gt), was investigated by flash photolysis in order to monitor directly Gt binding and dissociation. Three mutant opsins with alterations in their cytoplasmic loops bound 11-cis-retinal to yield pigments with native rhodopsin absorption spectra, but they failed to stimulate the guanosine triphosphatase activity of Gt. The opsin mutations included reversal of a charged pair conserved in all G protein-coupled receptors at the cytoplasmic border of the third transmembrane helix (mutant CD1), replacement of 13 amino acids in the second cytoplasmic loop (mutant CD2), and deletion of 13 amino acids from the third cytoplasmic loop (mutant EF1). Whereas mutant CD1 failed to bind Gt, mutants CD2 and EF1 showed normal Gt binding but failed to release Gt in the presence of guanosine triphosphate. Therefore, it appears that at least the second and third cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin are required for activation of bound Gt.     

苏云金芽胞杆菌油剂增效因子的筛选

以小菜蛾、棉铃虫为生物测定昆虫 ,通过测定 5种无机盐 (Na2 CO3,K2 CO3,CaCl2 ,MgSO4 ,和MgCl2 )对苏云金芽胞杆菌油剂的增效作用进行增效因子的筛选。结果表明 ,以小菜蛾为供试昆虫 ,除CaCl2 外 ,其余 4种无机盐对苏云金芽胞杆菌油剂均表现增效作用 ,0 .0 10 %MgCl2 效果最好 ,增效比为 1.5 6。以棉铃虫为供试昆虫 ,5种无机盐对苏云金芽胞杆菌油剂均表现增效作用 ,0 .0 12 5 %MgSO4 效果最好 ,增效比为 1.6 9,0 .0 2 5 %的Na2 CO3 次之 ,增效比为 1.5 9     

缺失α1螺旋的Cry1Ac在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化和活性分析

[目的]对缺失α1螺旋的Cry1Ac在大肠杆菌中的表达、纯化和活性进行分析。[方法]以苏云金芽孢杆菌HD-1中的质粒为模板,扩增缺乏α螺旋的Cry1Ac基因,并将其与pET28a载体连接,构建重组质粒。重组质粒转化并经IPTG诱导后,用SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白的表达。提取目标蛋白,并涂在棉铃虫饲料表面,检测其杀虫活性。[结果]Cry1Acdelα1基因在大肠杆菌中能正常表达目标蛋白,但该目标蛋白是以包涵体形式存在。生侧结果显示,在相同浓度下,活化的Cry1Ac对棉铃虫的致死率达75%以上,而Cry1Acdelα1只有10%左右。[结论]用大肠杆菌表达的Cry1Acdelα1对棉铃虫基本没有杀虫活性。     

棉铃虫中肠特异性结合蛋白ABCC1对Cry1Ac毒力的影响

【目的】 研究棉铃虫（Helicoverpa armigera）中肠蛋白ABCC1（HaABCC1）与Cry1Ac的结合特性及对Cry1Ac毒力的影响,明确HaABCC1在Cry1Ac杀虫机制中的作用。【方法】 分析HaABCC1基因序列,设计引物,通过原核表达得到HaABCC1两个跨膜区片段的蛋白,与Cry1Ac进行Ligand blot试验,验证其与Cry1Ac的体外结合特性;利用RNAi技术干扰棉铃虫幼虫的HaABCC1,在3龄幼虫腹部注射siABCC1,比较HaABCC1的表达量及Cry1Ac处理后棉铃虫死亡率的变化;通过细胞转染将ABCC1导入Sf9细胞系中,确定pAc-ABCC1重组质粒转入Sf9细胞后,用细胞生物测定的方法比较Cry1Ac处理后细胞死亡率的变化;比较敏感品系（96S）和Cry1Ac抗性品系（BtR）棉铃虫的HaABCC1基因全长序列,并通过荧光定量RT-PCR检测HaABCC1在抗、感棉铃虫中的表达量。【结果】 HaABCC1跨膜区TMD1和TMD2在Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）感受态细胞中成功表达,两个HaABCC1跨膜区片段蛋白均能与活化的Cry1Ac在体外结合;棉铃虫注射siABCC1后,HaABCC1的表达量显著下降,与未注射的棉铃虫、注射DEPC水和siEGFP的棉铃虫相比,用活化的Cry1Ac蛋白处理HaABCC1被干扰的棉铃虫,其幼虫死亡率显著降低,表明棉铃虫幼虫的HaABCC1被干扰后,能显著降低Cry1Ac对棉铃虫的毒力;用活化的Cry1Ac蛋白处理成功转入HaABCC1的Sf9细胞,与对照Sf9细胞相比,细胞的死亡率明显上升,表明将HaABCC1导入Sf9后能显著提高Cry1Ac处理后的细胞死亡率;抗性品系（BtR）与敏感品系（96S）棉铃虫的HaABCC1氨基酸序列没有差别,但抗性品系BtR棉铃虫HaABCC1的表达量显著降低。【结论】 HaABCC1是Cry1Ac的特异性结合蛋白,可能是Cry1Ac的功能受体蛋白,并可能参与对Cry1Ac的抗性机制。     

棉铃虫氨肽酶N基因片段克隆、表达和内源蛋白检测

氨肽酶N（APN）是苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫毒素Cry在昆虫中肠中的一个重要受体。研究氨肽酶N在昆虫中肠中的分布特征对于阐明Cry毒素的杀虫机理和昆虫对Cry毒素的抗性机理具有重要的意义。通过RT-PCR的方法从棉铃虫中肠上皮细胞中克隆得到氨肽酶N的基因片段APN1551,并诱导表达纯化得到其重组蛋白APN517。以此蛋白为抗原,制备其抗血清。用该抗血清能检测到棉铃虫中肠上皮细胞中的APN蛋白。为研究Cry毒素的作用机理奠定基础。     

基于GR79 EPSPS筛选标记的抗虫抗除草剂表达载体构建及抗性鉴定

虫害和草害是农业生产中两大主要危害。目前,尽管转基因抗虫和抗除草剂作物相继报道和应用,然而我国抗虫抗除草剂复合性状作物培育仍然明显滞后,而且多依靠传统杂交选育的手段,费事费力、周期长。根据苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt）Cry1Ac蛋白结合结构域和毒性结构域特征,人工合成杀虫基因cry1Ac-2.5。同时,利用抗除草剂基因GR79 EPSPS替换卡那霉素筛选标记,构建基于草甘膦除草剂筛选标记的复合抗虫抗除草剂植物表达载体,并转化烟草。qRT-PCR结果表明转基因烟草cry1Ac-2.5和GR79 EPSPS基因转录水平均成功表达,经Bt和GR79试纸条检测表明上述基因在蛋白水平正确翻译。抗性实验表明,转基因烟草愈伤经草甘膦筛选,阳性率达到80%,且转基因烟草耐受100 mg/L草甘膦处理。抗虫实验表明,饲喂cry1Ac-2.5转基因烟草4 d后,棉铃虫幼虫死亡率为90%左右,表明人工基因cry1Ac-2.5具有显著的的抗虫效果。以上结果表明,构建的抗虫抗除草剂植物表达载体（Cry1Ac-2.5+GR79 EPSPS）将抗虫基因和抗除草剂基因有效合并,对于快速培育抗虫抗除草剂作物具有指导意义。     

抗苏云金芽孢杆菌Cry1B毒蛋白质单链抗体的筛选与鉴定

利用人源化噬菌体抗体库筛选抗Bt Cry1B毒蛋白质的单链抗体(Single-chain antibodies,scFv)。将扩增后的噬菌体抗体库与固相化包被的Cry1B毒蛋白质特异性结合,经4轮"吸附-洗脱-扩增"后,富集特异性识别Cry1B毒蛋白质的噬菌体单链抗体。从最后一轮筛选中随机挑取单菌落进行单克隆ELISA鉴定,对阳性克隆进行PCR扩增、DNA电泳鉴定及测序,成功筛选获得8个阳性噬菌体scFvs,经鉴定均有完整外源基因片段插入。挑取阳性值最高的scFv(1E2)建立了基于单链抗体的Cry1B毒蛋白质间接竞争ELISA检测方法。结果表明,Cry1B毒蛋白质对噬菌体scFv(1E2)的抑制中浓度(IC50)为1.075μg/ml,最低检测限(IC10)为0.013 4μg/ml,线性检测范围在0.5μg/ml至4.0μg/ml之间。