意大利蜜蜂蜂王与工蜂幼虫甲基供体S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成与代谢的差异

【目的】研究意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)蜂王与工蜂幼虫甲基供体S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine,SAM)合成与代谢的差异,为探索DNA甲基化与蜜蜂级型分化的关系提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用890只1日龄雌性蜂幼虫,分别来自5群姐妹蜂王群。其中445只进行人工育王(89只/群);剩余445只培育成工蜂(89只/群)。取3、4、5日龄蜂王和工蜂幼虫,测定其体内SAM合成与代谢关键酶基因表达和酶活性的差异。【结果】蜂王幼虫SAM含量随日龄的增加变化不显著(P0.05);工蜂幼虫SAM含量随日龄增加呈上升趋势(P0.05)。蜂王幼虫SAMS基因表达量随日龄增加呈梯度下降的趋势(P0.01),而工蜂幼虫SAMS表达随日龄变化不显著(P0.05);3日龄与4日龄时,蜂王幼虫SAMS表达量显著高于工蜂(P0.05),5日龄时,工蜂幼虫SAMS表达量显著高于蜂王(P0.05)。Dnmt1a与Dnmt3表达在两级型间差异不显著(P0.05),其中蜂王幼虫Dnmt1a表达随日龄增加无显著变化(P0.05),但其酶活性呈下降趋势(P0.05);工蜂幼虫Dnmt1a表达随日龄增加呈下降趋势(P0.05),其酶活性呈上升趋势(P0.01),其中3日龄与4日龄时,蜂王幼虫Dnmt1酶活性显著高于工蜂幼虫(P0.05),而5日龄时,工蜂幼虫Dnmt1酶活性显著高于蜂王幼虫(P0.05)。蜂王Dnmt3表达量随日龄增加呈下降趋势(P0.05),工蜂幼虫Dnmt3表达随日龄增加变化不显著(P0.05);蜂王幼虫Dnmt3酶活性随日龄变化不显著(P0.05),工蜂幼虫Dnmt3酶活性随日龄变化显著(P0.05),但蜂王幼虫Dnmt3酶活性在3、4、5日龄均显著高于工蜂幼虫(P0.01)。【结论】3—5日龄意大利蜜蜂蜂王幼虫与工蜂幼虫体内活性甲基供体SAM的合成与代谢存在差异。在4日龄之前,蜂王幼虫SAM的合成比工蜂活跃,4日龄之后,工蜂幼虫的SAM合成与蜂王幼虫相近;在4日龄之前,SAM参与DNA维持甲基化的代谢过程,蜂王幼虫比工蜂活跃,4日龄之后,工蜂幼虫比蜂王幼虫活跃;在3—5日龄,SAM参与DNA从头甲基化的代谢活性,蜂王幼虫始终不低于工蜂幼虫。     

Functional CpG methylation system in a social insect

DNA methylation systems are well characterized in vertebrates, but methylation in Drosophila melanogaster and other invertebrates remains controversial. Using the recently sequenced honey bee genome, we present a bioinformatic, molecular, and biochemical characterization of a functional DNA methylation system in an insect. We report on catalytically active orthologs of the vertebrate DNA methyltransferases Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a and b, two isoforms that contain a methyl-DNA binding domain, genomic 5-methyl-deoxycytosine, and CpG-methylated genes. The honey bee provides an opportunity to study the roles of methylation in social contexts.     

Methylation of tRNAAsp by the DNA methyltransferase homolog Dnmt2

The sequence and the structure of DNA methyltransferase-2 (Dnmt2) bear close affinities to authentic DNA cytosine methyltransferases. A combined genetic and biochemical approach revealed that human DNMT2 did not methylate DNA but instead methylated a small RNA; mass spectrometry showed that this RNA is aspartic acid transfer RNA (tRNA(Asp)) and that DNMT2 specifically methylated cytosine 38 in the anticodon loop. The function of DNMT2 is highly conserved, and human DNMT2 protein restored methylation in vitro to tRNA(Asp) from Dnmt2-deficient strains of mouse, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Drosophila melanogaster in a manner that was dependent on preexisting patterns of modified nucleosides. Indirect sequence recognition is also a feature of eukaryotic DNA methyltransferases, which may have arisen from a Dnmt2-like RNA methyltransferase.     

小鼠卵泡膜细胞成熟过程中Dnmts表达变化的研究

 【目的】揭示小鼠卵泡膜细胞成熟过程中DNA甲基转移酶（Dnmts）表达的变化,并初步探讨其可能的机制。【方法】对新生昆明白小鼠第3、5及8天（days post parturition,dpp3、dpp5和dpp8）的卵巢进行切片,经H.E染色,分别观察原始、初级、次级卵泡膜细胞的形成情况,统计各级卵泡的比例并对卵泡外缘的膜细胞进行计数;半定量PCR检测成熟膜细胞特异性表达基因CYP17A1及Dnmts转录水平在dpp3、dpp5、dpp8卵巢中的变化;免疫组化观察Dnmt1蛋白在dpp3、dpp5、dpp8小鼠卵巢中的分布情况。【结果】小鼠dpp3卵巢中的初级卵泡外缘存在“梭形细胞”;随出生后时间的推移,原始卵泡比例持续下降（P＜0.01）,次级卵泡比例持续升高（P＜0.01）,dpp3、dpp5初级卵泡比例无显著差异（P＞0.05）,而dpp8下降（P＜0.05）;初级卵泡周围“梭形细胞”数量的平均水平在dpp3和dpp5无显著差异（P＞0.05）,在dpp8上升（P＜0.05）;次级卵泡周围“梭形细胞”数量的平均水平在dpp3和dpp5无显著差异（P＞0.05）,在dpp8上升（P＜0.01）。CYP17A1转录水平在dpp3、dpp5极低且无显著差异(P＞0.05),在dpp8升高（P＜0.01）;Dnmt1s转录水平在dpp3、dpp5、dpp8持续升高（P＜0.01）;Dnmt1o转录水平在dpp5升高（P＜0.05）,在dpp8下降（P＜0.01）;Dnmt3a转录水平在dpp5升高（P＜0.01）,dpp3和dpp8转录水平无显著差异（P＞0.05）。Dnmt1免疫组化显示,卵泡颗粒细胞在dpp5、dpp8卵巢中着色呈阳性,dpp3则呈阴性;同时,“梭形细胞”在dpp3、dpp5卵巢中着色呈阴性,dpp8则呈阳性。【结论】膜细胞成熟可能导致Dnmt3a转录水平下降。Dnmt1s转录及表达水平在膜细胞成熟前较低,分化成熟后上调从而在膜细胞增殖过程中维持新建立的甲基化模式。     

组织培养紫叶酢浆草DNA甲基化的研究

紫叶酢浆草是重要的观赏植物,是较早建立较为完善组织培养系统之一.本研究提取经组织培养获得的紫叶酢浆草基因组DNA,利用Southern杂交,分析了5S rDNA位点的DNA甲基化情况.结果表明,紫叶酢浆草的5S rDNA位点的CpG高度甲基化,而CNG的甲基化状况则较低.     

Nutritional control of reproductive status in honeybees via DNA methylation

Fertile queens and sterile workers are alternative forms of the adult female honeybee that develop from genetically identical larvae following differential feeding with royal jelly. We show that silencing the expression of DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3, a key driver of epigenetic global reprogramming, in newly hatched larvae led to a royal jelly-like effect on the larval developmental trajectory; the majority of Dnmt3 small interfering RNA-treated individuals emerged as queens with fully developed ovaries. Our results suggest that DNA methylation in Apis is used for storing epigenetic information, that the use of that information can be differentially altered by nutritional input, and that the flexibility of epigenetic modifications underpins, profound shifts in developmental fates, with massive implications for reproductive and behavioral status.     

Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development

DNA methylation is a major epigenetic modification of the genome that regulates crucial aspects of its function. Genomic methylation patterns in somatic differentiated cells are generally stable and heritable. However, in mammals there are at least two developmental periods-in germ cells and in preimplantation embryos-in which methylation patterns are reprogrammed genome wide, generating cells with a broad developmental potential. Epigenetic reprogramming in germ cells is critical for imprinting; reprogramming in early embryos also affects imprinting. Reprogramming is likely to have a crucial role in establishing nuclear totipotency in normal development and in cloned animals, and in the erasure of acquired epigenetic information. A role of reprogramming in stem cell differentiation is also envisaged. DNA methylation is one of the best-studied epigenetic modifications of DNA in all unicellular and multicellular organisms. In mammals and other vertebrates, methylation occurs predominantly at the symmetrical dinucleotide CpG (1-4). Symmetrical methylation and the discovery of a DNA methyltransferase that prefers a hemimethylated substrate, Dnmt1 (4), suggested a mechanism by which specific patterns of methylation in the genome could be maintained. Patterns imposed on the genome at defined developmental time points in precursor cells could be maintained by Dnmt1, and would lead to predetermined programs of gene expression during development in descendants of the precursor cells (5, 6). This provided a means to explain how patterns of differentiation could be maintained by populations of cells. In addition, specific demethylation events in differentiated tissues could then lead to further changes in gene expression as needed. Neat and convincing as this model is, it is still largely unsubstantiated. While effects of methylation on expression of specific genes, particularly imprinted ones (7) and some retrotransposons (8), have been demonstrated in vivo, it is still unclear whether or not methylation is involved in the control of gene expression during normal development (9-13). Although enzymes have been identified that can methylate DNA de novo (Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b) (14), it is unknown how specific patterns of methylation are established in the genome. Mechanisms for active demethylation have been suggested, but no enzymes have been identified that carry out this function in vivo (15-17). Genomewide alterations in methylation-brought about, for example, by knockouts of the methylase genes-result in embryo lethality or developmental defects, but the basis for abnormal development still remains to be discovered (7, 14). What is clear, however, is that in mammals there are developmental periods of genomewide reprogramming of methylation patterns in vivo. Typically, a substantial part of the genome is demethylated, and after some time remethylated, in a cell- or tissue-specific pattern. The developmental dynamics of these reprogramming events, as well as some of the enzymatic mechanisms involved and the biological purposes, are beginning to be understood. Here we look at what is known about reprogramming in mammals and discuss how it might relate to developmental potency and imprinting.     

DNA methylation patterns of banana leaves in response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4

Fusarium wilt of banana, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4(Foc TR4), is a serious soil-borne fungal disease. Now, the epigenetic molecular pathogenic basis is elusive. In this study, with methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism(MSAP) technique, DNA methylation was compared between the leaves inoculated with Foc TR4 and the mock-inoculated leaves at different pathogenic stages. With 25 pairs of primers, 1 144 and 1 255 fragments were amplified from the infected and mock-inoculated leaves, respectively. DNA methylation was both changed and the average methylated CCGG sequences were 34.81 and 29.26% for the infected and the mock-inoculated leaves. And DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation were induced by pathogen infection during all pathogenic stages. Further, 69 polymorphic fragments were sequenced and 29 of them showed sequence similarity to genes with known functions. And RT-PCR results of four genes indicated that their expression patterns were consistent with their methylation patterns. Our results suggest that DNA methylation plays important roles in pathogenic response to Foc TR4 for banana.     

NaCl胁迫对黄瓜种子萌发的影响及DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

【目的】研究黄瓜种子萌发过程中DNA甲基化动态变化情况以及外源施加NaCl对种子萌发及种子DNA甲基化水平的影响,探索DNA甲基化在黄瓜种子萌发过程及NaCl胁迫反应中的作用。【方法】运用甲基化敏感扩增多态性（methylation se nsitive amplified polymorphism,MSAP）技术,分析0、150、200 mmol•L-1 NaCl处理下,黄瓜种子萌发过程（0、1、2、4、6、8 d）的DNA甲基化水平及动态变化情况。【结果】MSAP结果显示,黄瓜种子CCGG位点的甲基化水平约15.25%,以双链甲基化方式为主。种子中DNA甲基化水平在萌发1—2 d略有升高,而在整个萌发过程中呈下降趋势;NaCl处理加剧了甲基化的变化幅度,并使萌发末期的甲基化水平更低。萌发过程中甲基化升高和降低同时发生,分别在不同萌发时期占主导,不同变化类型中CG/CHG（H=A,T,C）位点胞嘧啶甲基化同时变化的类型占主导。甲基化变化同时发生在编码序列和非编码序列中。【结论】黄瓜种子萌发过程的DNA甲基化表现出复杂性,甲基化和去甲基化进程同时进行,并具有时空特异性。NaCl处理降低了种子基因组甲基化水平的稳定性,对种子萌发有抑制作用。     

Hypomethylation of DNA from benign and malignant human colon neoplasms

The methylation state of DNA from human colon tissue displaying neoplastic growth was determined by means of restriction endonuclease analysis. When compared to DNA from adjacent normal tissue, DNA from both benign colon polyps and malignant carcinomas was substantially hypomethylated. With the use of probes for growth hormone, gamma-globin, alpha-chorionic gonadotropin, and gamma-crystallin, methylation changes were detected in all 23 neoplastic growths examined. Benign polyps were hypomethylated to a degree similar to that in malignant tissue. These results indicate that hypomethylation is a consistent biochemical characteristic of human colonic tumors and is an alteration in the DNA that precedes malignancy.     

印迹基因Igf2r的甲基化进程与兔卵母细胞直径关系的研究

本研究以3～4月龄兔为研究对象,收集卵母细胞,按直径将其划分为75～95μm、95～105μm、105～115μm3个组,通过亚硫酸盐测序法检测了印迹基因Igf2r的甲基化程度,并运用RT-PCR对Dnmt1、Dnmt3a、Dnmt3b、Dnmt3l、Lsh的表达量进行检测。结果表明,在3组卵母细胞内,Igf2r的甲基化比率依次为15.7%、60%、91.5%,甲基化程度随卵母细胞直径的增加而不断提高。     

马立克氏病毒DNA转录区和非转录区甲基化及脱甲基化的探讨

实验以鸡马立克氏病脾脏淋巴瘤继代细胞系MDCC MSB 1和感染马立克氏病毒的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)为主要试验材料,作为参考系也使用了鸡马立克氏病卵巢淋巴瘤继代细胞系MDCC JP1、MDCC JP2、MDCC HP1及MDCC HP2细胞。用Suothern斑点分子杂交放射自显影等方法,验证了MDCC MSB 1等细胞株DNA的转录区和非转录区都存在着甲基化现象。转录区甲基化程度高于非转录区。用5 氮胞苷可以阻断DNA甲基化,阻断效果在转录区最好。     

鼠疫DNA疫苗pVAX1/F1-V安全性初步研究

为了研究鼠疫DNA疫苗pVAX1/F1-V质粒的安全性,试验运用SDS-PAGE电泳和琼脂糖电泳等方法检测了鼠疫DNA疫苗pVAX1/F1-V质粒的纯度,并以小鼠为动物模型进行了质粒pVAX1／F1-V的急性毒性和长期毒性试验,用PCR方法检测外源基因在小鼠组织中的分布情况,用ELISA、EIISPOT方法检测了其自身的免疫反应。结果表明,提取的质粒pVAX1/F1-V未检测到核酸及菌体蛋白污染;注射初期质粒pVAX1/F1-V 主要分布于注射部位的肌肉组织,其他组织有散在分布;小鼠接种4周后,质粒pVAX1/F1-V仅分布于注射部位。小鼠注射pVAX1/F1-V质粒后未产生明显的毒副反应及自身免疫损伤,也未检测到自身抗体。初步证明鼠疫DNA 疫苗pVAX1/F1-V安全性良好,为鼠疫菌新型DNA疫苗的应用奠定了基础。     

Gene body-specific methylation on the active X chromosome

Differential DNA methylation is important for the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Allele-specific methylation of the inactive X chromosome has been demonstrated at promoter CpG islands, but the overall pattern of methylation on the active X(Xa) and inactive X (Xi) chromosomes is unknown. We performed allele-specific analysis of more than 1000 informative loci along the human X chromosome. The Xa displays more than two times as much allele-specific methylation as Xi. This methylation is concentrated at gene bodies, affecting multiple neighboring CpGs. Before X inactivation, all of these Xa gene body-methylated sites are biallelically methylated. Thus, a bipartite methylation-demethylation program results in Xa-specific hypomethylation at gene promoters and hypermethylation at gene bodies. These results suggest a relationship between global methylation and expression potentiality.     

二氧化硫胁迫诱导拟南芥NIT2基因DNA甲基化修饰

DNA甲基化是一种重要的表观遗传修饰形式。利用亚硫酸氢盐修饰后测序法和甲基化敏感性限制性内切酶-PCR(MSRE-PCR)法,研究SO2胁迫对拟南芥腈水解酶(NIT2)基因序列中胞嘧啶甲基化状态的影响,分析甲基化特征改变在植物胁迫应答过程中的作用。研究发现,30 mg.m-3的SO2连续熏气3 d后,拟南芥植株地上组织细胞中NIT2基因启动子区域CG和CHH(H为C,A或T)位点甲基化水平下降,总甲基化水平降低,但未检出编码区5′端目的片段中CCGG位点甲基化状态的改变。RT-PCR分析表明,SO2胁迫组拟南芥植株地上组织细胞中NIT2基因的转录水平高于对照组。研究结果表明,SO2胁迫导致拟南芥NIT2基因启动子区甲基化水平降低,NIT2基因转录上调,说明SO2胁迫能诱发拟南芥基因胞嘧啶甲基化水平改变,启动子区甲基化水平的降低可能与防御基因的诱导表达有关,胞嘧啶甲基化修饰参与了植物的抗逆生理过程。     

Reactivation of an inactive human X chromosome: evidence for X inactivation by DNA methylation

A mouse-human somatic cell hybrid clone, deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) and containing a structurally normal inactive human X chromosome, was isolated. The hybrid cells were treated with 5-azacytidine and tested for the reactivation and expression of human X-linked genes. The frequency of HPRT-positives clones after 5-azacytidine treatment was 1000-fold greater than that observed in untreated hybrid cells. Fourteen independent HPRT-positive clones were isolated and analyzed for the expression of human X markers. Isoelectric focusing showed that the HPRT expressed in these clones is human. One of the 14 clones expressed human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and another expressed human phosphoglycerate kinase. Since 5-azacytidine treatment results in hypomethylation of DNA, DNA methylation may be a mechanism of human X chromosome inactivation.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒GP5和M蛋白共表达的自杀性DNA疫苗的构建及其免疫应答

【目的】探讨猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）自杀性DNA疫苗的免疫效果。【方法】将ORF5和ORF6基因分别插入可以同时表达两个外源基因的表达载体pSCA2的26S启动子下游，获得ORF5和ORF6双基因共表达自杀性DNA疫苗pSFV-56。【结果】Western blot检测证实ORF5和ORF6基因获得正确表达，并且所表达的GP5和M蛋白可以形成异源二聚体。将pSFV-56免疫Balb/c小鼠，首免后4周可检测到特异性PRRSV中和抗体，首免后8周的中和抗体最高可达1﹕32，同时还可检测到较高的特异性细胞免疫应答。进一步将pSFV-56免疫断奶仔猪，二免后4周即可产生1:8～1:16的中和抗体，直到二免后6周仍维持这种高水平的中和抗体，而且也可检测到较高的特异性细胞免疫应答。【结论】上述研究结果表明pSFV-56具有良好的免疫原性和诱发免疫动物产生较高免疫应答的能力。     

BPA不影响卵母细胞减数分裂相关基因Dazl的甲基化

为了探讨环境雌激素BPA对小鼠卵母细胞减数分裂相关基因Dazl甲基化的影响,本研究通过给孕鼠饮用含有BPA的水方式使胎鼠在发育过程中接触BPA,利用重亚硫酸盐测序法,分析了胎鼠生殖嵴卵母细胞不同发育时期Dazl甲基化水平的变化。结果显示:Dazl在减数分裂期间处于低甲基化水平,无论对照组或处理组均低于10%,说明Dazl的低甲基化对维持减数分裂的正常进行有重要作用;对照组与处理组的甲基化水平相当,差异不显著,说明本研究的BPA浓度不影响卵母细胞Dazl的甲基化水平。