树舌胞外富锌多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

利用树舌的深层发酵法获得胞外富锌多糖,从抗油脂过氧化、抑制羟自由基的产生、清除DPPH·和O2·- 4个方面,探讨树舌胞外富锌多糖抗氧化活性。结果表明：树舌富锌培养基内ZnSO4浓度在200 μg/mL时,可以显著提高胞外多糖的有机锌含量,使有机锌含量达0.67 mg/g,比对照组提高252％。有机锌对提高胞外多糖抗氧化能力有显著的效果,在多糖浓度为2.5 g/L,对油脂过氧化的抑制、清除羟自由基、DPPH·和O2·- 的能力分别比对照提高12.5％、26.83％、30％ 和20％。胞外富锌多糖抗氧化活性     

滑菇胞内多糖的提取及其抗氧化活性研究

为了探讨滑菇胞内多糖提取工艺及其抗氧化活性,本研究采用热水浸提的方法,在单因素试验结果的基础上,建立以滑菇胞内多糖得率为响应值的二次回归模型。结果表明:最佳提取工艺为浸提温度84℃,浸提时间1.5 h,液固比40:1 m L/g,测得滑菇胞内多糖提取得率为(34.020 8±0.043 3)%。同时以清除DPPH自由基、羟自由基、ABTS自由基及还原能力为指标,对滑菇胞内多糖的抗氧化活性进行研究。结果显示,滑菇胞内多糖具有一定的抗氧化能力。本研究对滑菇胞内多糖的提取工艺及抗氧化活性进行研究,旨在为后续研究滑菇胞内多糖提供试验依据,为进一步综合开发和利用提供一定的理论支持。      

茶树锗素营养研究进展

微量锗元素对茶树的生长发育起着至关重要的作用，不仅参与茶树体内的新陈代谢，还影响茶树叶片中有机锗含量。为便于学者了解茶树锗素营养研究现状，进一步探索茶树吸收与转化锗元素的机理，从而开发富锗茶资源。文章从锗资源概况及有机锗保健功效、有机锗的测定方法及茶树体内的锗含量、茶树对锗元素的吸收累积特性及可能机理、富锗茶资源的开发及其应用前景4个方面进行综述，希望为学者了解富锗茶提供参考。     

椰子花序汁液中多糖的抗氧化活性

对椰子花序汁液(Coconut inflorescence sap,CIS)中多糖的抗氧化活性进行研究.结果表明,椰花汁多糖对超氧阴离子自由基(O2-·)、DPPH自由基和羟基自由基(·OH)都有较强的清除能力,对ge2+的络合能力也较强,同时椰花汁多糖还有一定的还原能力.说明椰花汁多糖的抗氧化活性较强,具有很好的保健功效.     

锗(Ge)元素对皇封参质量影响的研究

本文对吉林省靖宇县第一参场经施锗(Ge)元素生产研制的皇封参进行了质量综合评价总结。结果表明:1、锗(Ge)元素对人参的生长发育有明显的促进作用,并可减轻根腐病的发生。2、锗(Ge)元素对促进人参的干物质积累提高人参的品质和成品参产量有较好效果。3、经人参叶面喷施锗(Ge)元素后,可提高人参根中的锗(Ge)含量。生产出高锗(Ge)参。4、施用锗(Ge)元素后,可提高有效成分含量。5、高锗(Ge)皇封参有效成分含量高于高丽参的有效成分含量。6、以Ⅳ方法处理效果最佳。     

一种毛尖茶叶多糖MTP06的提取分离及其活性测定

本研究对一种毛尖茶叶多糖的结构与活性开展了研究。采用水提醇沉法提取毛尖茶叶粗多糖,经除蛋白后得到精制多糖(MP),以不同的柱层析方法对MP进行多次分离纯化,得到1个均一组分的毛尖茶叶多糖(Maojian Tea Polysaccharides No.06,MTP06)。采用1,1–二苯基–2–三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除、小鼠免疫细胞RAW264.7增殖、吞噬能力和产生NO等试验方法对MTP06的活性进行研究。结果显示MTP06对0.1 mmol·L~(-1) DPPH溶液的自由基清除率为30.85%,对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的增殖、吞噬能力和产生NO的能力均有促进作用,与空白对照组间有显著差异(P0.01),且质量浓度为500 mg·L~(-1)时,活性最大。     

番荔枝种子粗多糖抗氧化能力研究

为了探讨番荔枝种子多糖的抗氧化能力,将晒干的种子经粉碎匀浆、乙醇回流、减压浓缩、氯仿萃取和甲醇石油醚抽提后得到粗提物,经干燥后配制成不同浓度的溶液,分别以相同浓度的维生素C作对照,测定了番荔枝种子多糖还原力、抗脂质过氧化能力以及清除DPPH·自由基、超氧阴离子自由基(O·-2)和羟基自由基(·OH)的能力。研究结果表明:番荔枝种子多糖具有较强的还原力,对脂质过氧化有良好的抑制作用,同时具有较强的清除DPPH·、O·-2和·OH的能力,说明番荔枝种子多糖具有较强的抗氧化能力,抗氧化性随浓度增大而增强,但其抗氧化能力弱于维生素C。     

人参多糖对高脂饲料联合链脲菌素诱导糖尿病小鼠的影响

目的 探讨人参多糖对高脂饲料联合链脲菌素诱导糖尿病小鼠血糖、血脂、抗氧化及细胞因子的影响。方法 ICR小鼠给予高糖高脂饲料喂养，3周后STZ 100mg/kg腹腔注射一次，1周后按血糖值随机分组,分别以盐酸二甲双胍(160mg·kg^-1·day^-1)、人参多糖低剂量(100mg·kg^-1·day^-1)、中剂量(200mg·kg^-1·day^-1)、高剂量(300mg·kg^-1·day^-1)及纯净水灌胃给药21d后，测定小鼠空腹血糖、胰岛素水平、血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)的含量、超氧岐化酶(SOD)活力、丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞因子-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的水平。结果 人参多糖高、中、低剂量组能够显著降低空腹血糖、TC、TG、LDL-C含量、显著增加HDL-C含量、显著增高胰岛素水平(P<0.01,P<0.05)...     

不同种类真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的防治效果

为了筛选小麦黄矮病的真菌多糖防治药剂及其适宜浓度,将云芝、灵芝、虫草等13种真菌多糖稀释成0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0g·L-1溶液,以清水为对照,比较分析了叶面喷施真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防和治疗效果,同时对防效好的1.1%云芝葡聚糖(多糖)与常规植物抗病毒药剂的田间防效进行了比较。结果表明,13种真菌多糖对小麦黄矮病的预防作用都显著高于治疗作用,且真菌多糖间和浓度间差异均显著,其中云芝多糖1.0g·L-1、云芝多糖2.0g·L-1、蜜环菌多糖2.0g·L-1、灰树花多糖2.0g·L-1、猪苓多糖2.0g·L-1的预防效果分别为86.88%、86.58%、86.33%、86.04%和85.97%。1.1%云芝葡聚糖800倍液为适宜喷施浓度,其防效64.27%,保产22.70%,说明云芝多糖是一种有前途的新型小麦黄矮病免疫抑制剂。     

苦丁茶冬青粗多糖的分离表征及其抗化活性研究

水提醇沉法分离制备苦丁茶冬青粗多糖样品,对其进行初步分离表征(包括总糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质、氨基酸含量和红外光谱分析)和体外抗氧化活性(清除DPPH·自由基、·OH自由基清除能力和还原能力)研究.结果表明,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖中总糖含量为30.67％、糖醛酸含量为12.72％、蛋白质含量为9.35％;含有16种氨基酸成分,总含量为7.72％,其中含有7种人体必需氨基酸,占氨基酸总量的40.41％;红外光谱显示该粗多糖样品中含有α-吡喃糖环结构;此外,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,且其抗氧化活性与多糖浓度之间存在良好的量效关系.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.