以北方旱作农田为重点开展我国的土壤风蚀研究

本文在土壤风蚀倍受国际社会广泛关注的背景下，结合我国面临的实际情况，阐述了在北方旱作农田开展土壤风蚀研究的必要性。在评述国内外土壤风蚀研究进展和趋势的基础上，提出了我国拟开展的研究内容。针对我国土壤风蚀问题与研究现状，提出加快我国土壤风蚀研究的几点建议。     

沙地农业开发利用早期土壤风蚀的初步研究—以山东禹城为例

沙地农业开发利用，去除原有的植被，扰动了土体。在最初几年，土壤风蚀量不仅没有降低，而且明显增加。本文就产生土壤风蚀原因进行了分析，并对新开辟沙地的风蚀季相，以及高坑旱作型，灌溉型，流沙型，低温型土壤风蚀年际变化，进行了土壤风蚀量，风沙流结构的研究，对开发早期的不同类型的土壤风蚀，提出了不同的防治措施。     

土壤风蚀量随风速的变化规律研究

使用野外风洞作为风蚀研究的试验手段,通过农田土壤、沙及生土的风洞试验研究发现,农田土壤的风蚀量随风速呈指数函数变化,沙及生土的风蚀量随风速呈幂函数变化。试验研究还表明,农田土壤的风蚀量与表土层(3cm)的含水量呈显著负相关,沙的风蚀量与含水量的相关性不显著。风蚀导致土壤中的细颗粒成分大量损失,这是土壤颗粒粗化的原因所在。     

农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度关系的风洞模拟实验

以土壤风蚀严重的河北坝上康保县为研究区,采用风洞试验的技术手段,对农田耕作方式与土壤风蚀强度的关系进行研究。结果表明,农田留茬与翻耕、农田垄向及农作物残茬高度的差异对土壤风蚀强度有较大影响。垄向平行主风向的风蚀强度大于垄向垂直主风向的风蚀强度。风速越大,垄向不同造成的风蚀强度的差异越大,尤其是当风速≥15m/s时,风蚀强度的差异表现得较为明显;风蚀强度与留茬高度呈负相关;翻耕地的风蚀强度大于任何留茬地的风蚀强度;风蚀强度与风速变化呈现出指数函数变化规律。因此,农田垄向垂直主风向、作物收获后不进行翻耕、留有适度茬高、优先种植残茬硬度较大的莜麦作物,这样的耕作方式可有效降低土壤风蚀强度,缓解河北坝上地区农田土壤风蚀状况。     

阴山北麓农牧交错带带状留茬间作轮作防风蚀技术研究

针对内蒙古阴山北农牧交错带在冬春季地表大部分裸露、风蚀沙化严重的现状，结合当地实际，试验了小麦与马铃薯带状留茬间作的耕作措施，研究其抗风蚀的效果。结果表明：该种措施在滞留积雪，增大土壤湿度；减少土壤水分蒸发速度，保持土壤墒情；增大地表粗糙度，降低近地风速等方面比当地传统的秋耕翻地有明显的效果，从而有效地减少了耕地的土壤风蚀量。同时具有轮作培肥土壤和边际增产作用，小麦平均增产14．4％，马铃薯平均增产8．1％，是适当法地条件的有效、简单、经济可行的防风蚀方法。     

基于风蚀模型的准东地区土壤风蚀研究

文中选取准噶尔盆地东部(准东)为研究区,以土地利用类型、气象数据为基础,结合实地监测与调查,基于中科院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所的大田推广模型,定量计算各类地表在不同植被和风力条件下的土壤风蚀模数,分析准东地区土壤风蚀状况。结果表明:准东地区土壤风蚀模数呈现未利用地(风蚀模数6456.17t·km~(-2)·a~(-1))>林草地(风蚀模数3437.32t·km~(-2)·a~(-1))>耕地(风蚀模数758.71t·km~(-2)·a~(-1));土壤风蚀主要发生月份为4月和5月,占全年风蚀量的52%。模型模拟的准东地区年风蚀总量达10194.28万t,平均风蚀模数4571.43t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)。为验证模型模拟的准确性,用测钎法实测准东地区土壤风蚀模数,模型模拟值与实测之间的误差分析表明模型的精确性达84%以上,证明该模型可用于该区域土壤风蚀监测。     

考虑冻融作用的东北黑土地耕作土壤风蚀统计模型研究

目前风蚀的计算模型较多,但是考虑冻融作用参与下的风蚀模型目前很少。通过野外大量实测试验数据以及室内冻融循环及风洞风蚀模拟试验,总结出冻融次数与土壤风蚀量存在指数函数关系,风蚀量与风速之间为幂函数关系,土壤含水量与风蚀量之间为对数关系的看法,运用统计学理论,建立了黑土地耕作土壤冻融风蚀统计模型,模型中包括7个比较容易直接观测的变量参数,模拟误差小于5%,可用于黑土耕地冻融作用下的风蚀模拟与预测。     

华北农田冬绿肥覆盖的抗风蚀研究

研究华北农田不同冬绿肥覆盖对农田土壤风蚀损失量的防治效果,并确定其最佳覆盖模式。结果表明:冬绿肥覆盖与冬闲相比,地表覆盖度、粗糙度增大,表层含水率提高,有机碳含量增加,土壤物理稳定性指数上升;5种冬绿肥覆盖模式可以不同程度减小土壤风蚀,风蚀量由大到小依次为:冬闲>草木樨>黑麦草>冬油菜>二月兰>毛苕子;综合看,冬油菜、毛苕子和二月兰覆盖的抗风蚀能力较强;风蚀大小与地表覆盖度、粗糙度、土壤有机碳含量、物理稳定性指数相关系数较高,而与土壤含水量相关系数较小。     

河北坝上风蚀对农田土壤肥力水平影响研究

河北坝上地区风多风大,冬春季节降水少,使得大片农田长期处于强烈的风蚀之中.由于地表土壤养分的大量流失,农田土壤生产能力下降,导致荒漠化进程加剧.针对传统和保护性耕作农田土壤及风蚀物养分的变化,研究分析了土壤的风蚀和有机物及养分衰减的定量关系及其衰减的机理.结果表明:风蚀过程是农田土壤退化的重要路径,可以通过风蚀物中有机质和养分的含量估算农田土壤的有机质和养分的损失量.土壤风蚀过程中,保护性耕作比传统耕作可以减少风蚀量62.56%.有机质损失减少31.05%,全氮损失减少29.15%,全磷损失减少32.25%,全钾损失减少66.11%;有机质及养分主要集中在细微的土壤颗粒之中.风蚀对土壤营养物质及有机质的流失高于土壤的流失,风蚀是土壤退化的重要原因,恶化环境的同时造成了严重的经济损失.可以采用保护性耕作技术防止农田沙漠化和提高作物产量.     

残茬高度对土壤风蚀量影响的试验研究

在内蒙古自治区武川县建立农田土壤风蚀试验区,采用内蒙古农业大学研制的移动式风蚀风洞和旋风分离式集沙仪,观测不同残茬高度条件下农田土壤的风蚀情况.试验结果表明:土壤风蚀量和扬起沙尘的高度随风速的增加而增加,随着作物秸秆残茬高度的增加而降低,且风蚀量与高度变化符合指数函数关系,土壤颗粒主要集中在近地表层内运动.保护性耕作可明显地提高起沙风速,减少农田土壤损失,当秸秆高度为30 cm时,风蚀量仅为传统耕地的1/4左右.     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.