贵州不同地区蓝莓灰霉病菌对5种杀菌剂敏感性测定

为明确不同类型杀菌剂对贵州4个地区蓝莓灰霉病的敏感性,采用菌丝生长速率法进行5种杀菌剂的室内毒力测定。发现不同类型杀菌剂对蓝莓灰霉病菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制,腐霉利EC₅₀值范围为0.56-31.21mg?L_-1,嘧菌酯EC₅₀值范围为0.81-75.57mg?L_-1,丁子香酚EC₅₀值范围为1.08-2.17mg?L_-1,氟硅唑的EC₅₀值范围为1.46-4.47mg?L_-1,多菌灵的EC₅₀值范围为1.65-298.42mg?L_-1。为增强杀菌剂效果、延长使用时间,应根据地区病原抗性、杀菌剂持效期及作用类型科学确定药剂间的合理轮用或混用。     

黄百香果茎段组培快繁技术研究

筛选黄百香果组培快繁方案,为百香果组培苗繁育提供技术支撑。以黄百香果茎段为外植体,研究不同灭菌时间对外植体成活率的影响,以及不同培养基配方对初代芽诱导、继代增殖、生根移栽的影响。结果表明,用0.1%的HgCl₂处理6 min对百香果茎段外植体的灭菌效果最佳,外植体成活率为66.67%。MS+6-BA 0.3 mg.L_-1^{+IBA 0.1 mg.L}_-1⁺抗坏血酸300 mg.L_-1^{为本试验中芽诱导的最佳培养基配方,芽诱导率}79.14%。MS+6-BA 0.2 mg.L_-1^{+IBA 0.05 mg.L}_-1⁺谷氨酸20 mg.L_-1^{为继代增殖的最佳培养基配方,增殖倍数}3.21。采用MS+IBA 0.5 mg.L_{- 1}^{的生根培养基黄百香果组培苗生根率}100%,且有利于组培生根苗移栽成活。     

番石榴ISSR-PCR最适反应体系的建立与验证

为更好的将ISSR标记应用于番石榴种质研究，本研究以“维邦2号”番石榴DNA为筛选体系试验材料，采用单因子试验对ISSR反应中Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、Taq酶浓度、DNA浓度进行了优化。实验结果表明，番石榴20µl最适反应体系为：2.0µl 10×Buffer，1.0mmol/L Mg2+，0.25mmol/L dNTPs，0.8mmol/L引物，0.2U Taq酶，10ng的DNA。利用该反应体系，选用引物UBC810对9份番石榴种质进行PCR反应，再选取“南宁本地番石榴实生2号”DNA作为模板对8条ISSR引物进行PCR反应，对所确立的扩增体系进行验证。结果显示扩增产物条带多态性丰富，且特异性强、重复性好，表明本研究所确定的反应体系适用于番石榴的ISSR分子标记。     

蒺藜苜蓿SSR反应体系优化及在一年生苜蓿种质鉴定中的应用

利用正交设计和完全随机试验优化蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula Gaertn)SSR标记的PCR反应体系。结果表明,适合于一年生苜蓿(Medicago L.)遗传分析的SSR技术体系为:10μL反应体系中TaqDNA聚合酶为1U,dNTP浓度为0.20mmol/L,Mg²⁺浓度为2.0mmol/L,引物浓度为1.5umol/L,模板DNA用量为20ng/uL;利用该反应体系将2个蒺藜苜蓿亲本和杂交种有效鉴别;利用SSR标记对19个一年生苜蓿种质进行SSR-PCR扩增,用8%的非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测,不同种质间DNA谱带多态性丰富,通过UPGMA方法聚类分析可以明确区分19个一年生苜蓿种质。     

紫花苜蓿RAPD反应条件优化

以"中苜一号"、"大西洋"、"渭南"3个苜蓿品种为材料,对RAPD反应条件中的MgCl2浓度、dNTP浓度、随机引物浓度、模板DNA用量、TaqDNA聚合酶用量以及扩增缓冲液浓度分别进行梯度试验.结果表明,该反应体系的体积为25 μL,MgCl2浓度为2.7 mmol/L,dNTP浓度为150 μmol/L,随机引物浓度为0.192 μmol/L,TaqDNA聚合酶用量为每一反应体系2 U,扩增缓冲液浓度(以KCl浓度为指标)为50 mmol/L,模板DNA用量为120 ng.通过试验建立了一套稳定的RAPD反应体系.该反应体系扩增效果好.     

离子色谱法测定酒石酸沃尼妙林中酒石酸的含量

目标：建立离子色谱-抑制电导检测法测定化学对照品中酒石酸盐的含量。方法：以酒石酸沃尼妙林对照品为例,采用DIONEX IonPac AS19(250 mm×4 mm)阴离子交换色谱柱和Ion Pac AS19保护柱(50 mm×4.0 mm),以22 mmol.L_-1^{氢氧化钾溶液为}流动相,流速为1.0 mL.min_-¹等度洗脱,抑制电导检测器检测,测定酒石酸盐中酒石酸的含量。结果：该方法在1.0~50 μg.mL_-1^{浓度范围内线性关系良好(}r=0.999),定量限为0.5μg.mL_-1^,酒石酸沃尼妙林在3个水平的加样回收率分别为98.79%、98.91%与96.50%,平均回收率为98.07% (RSD=2.20%,n=9)。用此方法测定3个厂家共5批样品,酒石酸沃尼妙林中酒石酸含量的数值与理论值基本一致。结论：本文建立的离子色谱法准确、灵敏,可用于酒石酸盐成盐比例与含量的测定。     

柿属植物iPBS标记的建立及优化

试验建立并优化了柿属植物的iPBS(inter Primer Band Site)标记PCR反应体系。最佳反应体系为1x Es Taq MasterMix,60 ng DNA模板,10 μmol/l终引物浓度,总体积12 μL。共筛选出18个多态性较好的引物。基于iPBS标记的UPGMA分析结果与前人一致,iPBS标记更简单、经济,可以用于柿属植物种质资源的多样性评价和种质鉴定。     

小叶锦鸡儿SSR-PCR体系优化及应用

为建立适宜小叶锦鸡儿（Caragana microphylla）SSR PCR的反应体系,利用正交试验设计L16(45),对模板DNA、Mg2+、dNTP、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶的浓度进行五因素四水平优化筛选,确立最佳反应体系和扩增程序。即在25 μL反应体系中包括：40 ng模板DNA,3 mmol/L Mg2+,300 μmol/L dNTP,0.6 μmol/L引物,1 U Taq DNA聚合酶,1×Buffer。扩增反应程序为：94℃10 min;94℃ 45 s,65℃ 1 min,72℃ 1 min,10个循环,每循环的复性温度递减1℃;94℃ 45 s,55℃ 1 min,72℃ 1 min,30个循环;72℃ 10 min,4℃保存。应用该优化体系对小叶锦鸡儿种质资源及不同引物进行了检验及筛选。本研究表明,该体系的建立为今后利用SSR标记对小叶锦鸡儿属遗传多样性研究、遗传图谱构建及种质资源鉴定等研究工作提供依据。     

蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

为建立和优化蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系,本研究先以蛋黄果“仙桃1号”为试材,SCoT1为引物,采用L16(45)正交试验,对影响蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应的DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、引物以及Taq聚合酶等因素进行优化。正交试验结果表明,不同因素对蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系的影响存在差异,但不显著,其中最大的影响因素是Taq 聚合酶的含量,其次是dNTPs、模板DNA、引物和Mg2+的浓度。最终确立20μL的蛋黄果SCoT-PCR最佳反应体为：模板DNA 80 ng,Mg2+浓度3 mmol·L-1,dNTPs 浓度0.25 mmol·L-1,引物浓度0.4 μmol·L-1,Taq聚合酶含量 2 U。选用3份地理位置相距较远的蛋黄果种质为模板,对优化的反应体系进行验证,结果表明,在该体系下,3份种质均能稳定扩增出清晰明亮、数目丰富且稳定性高的条带,说明优化的蛋黄果SCoT-PCR反应体系适用于蛋黄果SCoT分子标记。     

豌豆ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立和优化

以豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)DNA为材料,对影响其ISSR-PCR反应体系中的5种主要因素(模板DNA量、引物浓度、dNTPs浓度、Taq酶量、退火温度)进行优化,最终确定了豌豆ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系(20 μL)为:15 ng模板DNA, 0.15 mmol·L^-1dNTP, 0.5 μmol·L^-1ISSR引物, 1 U Taq DNA聚合酶,引物842号的最适退火温度为50℃。该体系的建立为今后利用ISSR技术进行豌豆属种质资源的遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建和基因定位奠定了技术基础。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.