速冻薯条制备工艺优化

采用三因子二次正交旋转组合设计，建立速冻薯条加工工艺中的干燥温度、干燥时间和预油炸时间对薯条的颜色、含水率和含油率影响的二次多项式响应曲面模型。参试因子对薯条的颜色、含水率和含油率影响显著(p<0.05)，利用期望函数途径同时对薯条的颜色、含水率和含油率的响应曲面模型进行模拟预测，获得优化的工艺条件：108～110℃热空气干燥11～12 min，180℃预油炸38 s。薯条经速冻和油炸(180℃，2 min)后，色差值为3.99～4.45，含水率为37.50%～38.50%，含油率为14.34%～14.85%，各响应变量同时达到商品薯条的指标值。     

不同油炸时间的马铃薯片油脂吸收规律

为了表征不同油炸时间下马铃薯片的油脂吸收规律,该文结合索氏抽提、染色法、激光共聚焦扫描镜观察、低场核磁共振成像技术等方法对马铃薯片的油脂吸收规律进行描述和解释,获得了油炸温度180℃、油料比10:1时不同油炸时间下马铃薯片油脂含量、油脂类型以及油脂分布的变化规律,并结合其孔隙特征解释油脂的吸收行为。结果表明:油炸时间(0~12 min)显著影响马铃薯片的总油脂质量分数、表面油脂、结构油脂和表面渗透油脂质量分数(P0.05);随着油炸时间的延长,马铃薯片的总油脂质量分数逐渐上升,当油炸10 min后,总油脂质量分数达到47.09%,之后逐渐趋于稳定;马铃薯片的表面油脂质量分数最低,约1.30%~2.06%;随油炸时间的延长,结构油脂质量分数逐渐上升,而油炸6 min后马铃薯片的表面渗透油脂质量分数呈下降趋势;激光共聚焦扫描镜观察显示,油炸过程中,随着油炸时间的延长,马铃薯片红色区域面积增大,表明油脂质量分数增加,且油脂从表面逐渐向中心渗透,黏附于细胞壁上,充盈细胞间质;当油炸时间为0~8 min时,马铃薯片的孔体积和孔隙率随油炸时间而增大,对应的油脂质量分数也逐渐提高,研究结果可为油脂吸收的表征,以及低油马铃薯片的开发提供参考。     

油炸藕片含油量快速预测及微观结构的三维重建

以油炸藕片为研究对象,首先利用高光谱图像技术(hyperspectral imaging technology,HSIT)结合联合区间偏最小二乘(synergy interval partial least squares,si PLS)和净分析物法(net analyze signal,NAS)提取油炸藕片的光谱信息,建立快速预测模型,并计算每个像素点的油含量值,将其表面油分布可视化;然后利用激光共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)观察油在细胞中的分布,并扫描藕片Z轴方向序列图片进行微观结构的三维重建。结果显示,优选4个子区间,依据NAS法挖掘同油相关的NAS信号NAsk,建模后其预测集相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.819和0.682 mg/g,表明HSIT可快速预测油炸藕片含油量并可视化表面油分布。经CLSM扫描并图像三维重建后观察,油主要分布在细胞表面、边缘、细胞间隙以及破碎细胞内,且细胞的形状、大小均发生了很大的变化,可观察其内部油分布。结果表明,该研究可为油分布提供有效手段,并依据微观结构的变化为减少含油量提供科学的理论依据。     

菜籽挤压膨化系统参数对出油率影响的试验研究

该文研究了用于浸油的一种菜籽挤压膨化预处理工艺(油菜籽清理—带壳粉碎—膨化—浸油)的可行性，油菜籽挤压膨化系统参数(模孔孔径、套筒温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速)对各考察指标(粕的残油率、膨化物含油率及榨笼出油率)的影响规律，挤压膨化系统优化参数的范围为模孔孔径8～12 mm、套筒温度105～125℃、物料含水率6.6%、螺杆转速35～55 r/min。研究表明：只要参数选择合适，带壳油菜籽清理、粉碎、挤压膨化、浸出的菜籽浸油预处理工艺是可行的，且残油率较低。该菜籽挤压膨化浸油预处理工艺可供生产参考。     

全籽粒大豆制备油豆腐工艺参数优化

油豆腐是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品,为了提高原料利用率和产品功能性,该试验以全豆为原料,研究新型全籽粒油豆腐的制备工艺。首先研究并优化了纤维素酶酶解豆浆工艺,以还原糖浓度为指标,建立了优化工艺的Box-Behnken模型。其次,以感官评价为标准,研究油炸工艺对全籽粒油豆腐色泽、含油率和硬度的影响,最后,对全籽粒油豆腐的成分进行了测定。结果表明:最佳酶解条件为加酶量0.53%、酶解温度50℃、酶解时间160 min,在此条件下还原糖浓度约为2.9433 mg/m L;在油炸温度为170℃,油炸时间为4 min时,全籽粒油豆腐的感官品质最好(感官评价95分),在此条件下制得的全籽粒油豆腐的白度L*值为60.22,红度a*值为10.85,黄度b*值为37.80,含油率为15.6%,硬度为2 972 g。与传统豆腐相比,全籽粒豆腐和全籽粒油豆腐中总黄酮和总酚等生物活性成分含量均有提高,总黄酮质量分数分别提高14.53%和7.93%,总酚质量分数分别提高18.95%和82.11%。     

割前脱联合收获机吸运风机降耗

为了降低气吸式4ZTL-1800割前摘脱稻（麦）联合收获机吸运风机的能耗,利用拉格朗日法的离散相模型对风机内杂余物料的运动进行了数值计算,得到了颖壳、短茎秆在风机内的运动规律,物料在风机内叶轮的带动下沿轴向和径向进行运动且速度逐渐增加,当运动到蜗壳时,运动方向发生改变且速度降低,且绝大部分杂余物料沿风机出口的上壁排出。气流携带物料及物料的逆流运动消耗一部分风机的能量。且噪声是能耗的一部分,结合数值计算结果进行试验研究,在风机出口布置吸声材料,使风机的噪声降低。该研究为降低风机的能耗提供参考依据。     

干切牛肉冷冻干燥中高速率升华条件的动态研究

该文研究了干切牛肉冷冻干燥中使升华干燥速率最大化所需要的操作条件.通过建立升华过程中冻结物料温度在Ti时冰晶以最大速率升华所允许的升华层厚度δis、升华时间tis及升华所需物料表面温度Tis的计算模型,计算了预冻终温-30、-29、-28、-26、-24、-22℃的冻结物料以最大速率升华所允许的物料厚度分别为18、15、12、8、6 mm时,升华过程中物料含水率、升华所需物料表面温度Tis;进而预测了干切牛肉冷冻干燥升华过程中制品含水率、物料中心温度随时间发生的动态变化及升华所需物料表面温度的动态值.设定干燥室压强为10 Pa,以物料表面温度预测值控制加热搁板温度开展验证实验,结果表明:物料厚度分别为15、12、8、6 mm的干切牛肉在升华干燥过程中预测含水率与实测含水率相对误差±10%,物料中心温度计算值与实测值的绝对误差±5℃,说明所建立的物料表面温度预测模型可用于6、8、12、15 mm 干切牛肉冷冻升华干燥中搁板加热温度的优化控制,比较不同厚度干切牛肉冷冻升华干燥实验的平均升华速率、脱除水分耗能,6mm厚物料在升华干燥中升华速率最大、能耗最低.     

片状食品微波干燥热质传递模型及其干燥特性

为了探索片状食品微波干燥规律，以土豆片为试验模型，对片状食品进行了微波干燥试验和数值模拟研究，获得了土豆片温度变化规律和相应的干燥特征曲线；探讨了微波能水平和切片厚度对干燥过程的影响；根据热平衡和扩散方程建立相应的模型并采用有限差分法求解，试验值与模型计算值基本吻合。土豆片微波干燥经历预热、恒温、快速升温3个阶段：在预热阶段物料干燥脱水少；在恒温阶段物料干燥失去大部分水分；在快速升温阶段物料干燥速率减小，其温度快速上升。恒温阶段物料温度随切片厚度和微波能水平增加而增高；干燥速率不受物料切片厚度变化影响，但随微波能水平增加而增大。     

真空冷却预处理应用于微波冻干中的试验研究

本文在分析微波冻干工艺过程及真空冷却技术特点的基础上,提出采用真空冷却预处理的微波冻干加工工艺方案,并以WDG-5型微波冻干设备为平台,试验研究其可行性。重点开展了真空冷却预处理工艺试验以及三组不同工艺方法对微波冻干的影响研究：A.真空冷却后再冷库冻结;B.真空冷却后无冷库冻结;C.无真空冷却处理。真空冷却工艺试验中,在处理22min后胡萝卜片达到冰点,物料失水16.5％,在处理60min后,物料表层和芯部温度分别为-41.2、-29.5℃,物料总失水20％。三组冻干试验中,A、B两组干燥初期微波安全加载功率相对较高,冷冻干燥时间比C组缩短了2h,总耗电比C组分别节省19.9%、17.3％;三组试验的冻干胡萝卜片在水分含量、复水率、颜色等指标方面均无显著差异,A、B两组胡萝卜片Vc保存率达到82.5％,而C组Vc保存率为68％。结果表明,在微波冻干工艺中应用真空冷却预处理技术,可简化加工工艺,有效改善了冻干初期的微波低压放电问题,缩短干燥时间,降低能耗,并提高Vc保存率。     

菜心真空预冷效果的试验研究

为进一步探讨叶菜真空预冷效果，采用实际生产使用的真空预冷设备对菜心进行小批量的真空预冷试验，考察了预冷过程中菜心的质量损失、温度随时间的变化情况及相互关系，以及真空预冷对菜心品质的影响。结果表明：小批量（120 kg/次）菜心真空预冷过程只需15 min，平均质量损失率为2.3%；冷却阶段的质量损失随预冷时间延长、物料温度降低而增大；菜心茎、叶冷却速度有明显差异，冷却均匀性稍差；经真空预冷处理后贮藏的菜心呼吸强度明显减弱，外观品质下降缓慢，贮藏寿命延长，维生素C含量有所减少。菜心对真空预冷有良好的适应性。     

煎炸次数对大豆油及薯条脂质中极性组分的影响

采用中压快速制备型色谱-高效体积排阻色谱技术,探索了煎炸次数对大豆油及薯条表面所吸附油脂中极性化合物总量(total polar compounds,TPC)及其组分的影响。结果表明,煎炸薯条后剩余的大豆油中的TPC总量随着煎炸次数的增加而是逐渐增加,而薯条表面所吸附油脂中的TPC含量也随之逐渐增加;同时,煎炸次数的增加,显著改变了极性组分氧化甘油三酯寡聚物(oxidized triglyceride oligomers,TGO)、氧化甘油三酯二聚物(oxidized triglyceride dimers,TGD)、氧化甘油三酯单体(oxidized triglyceride monomers,ox-TG)在大豆油中的分布,而甘油二酯(diacylglycerols,DG)的含量增加缓慢,游离脂肪酸和甾醇(free fatty acids and sterols,FFAsterols)和其他未知小分子化合物的含量呈现波动性变化。煎炸次数严重影响了大豆油和薯条表面所吸附油脂中的TPC及其组分分布,也在一定程度上影响了薯条的健康价值。     

平板状食品冷却过程的MATLAB模拟

冷却是食品加工中最终温度在冰点以上的换热降温过程,对其过程的模拟具有重要的理论和实际意义。将平板状食品的冷却简化为物性不变的一维非稳态的导热过程,建立差分方程组对其进行数值求解是一个简便而有效的方法。在差分法的基础上,利用功能强大的计算软件MATLAB对冷却过程进行模拟,这种方法思路新颖、操作简便、能够化繁为简。实验表明,MATLAB模拟的关于食品冷却速率和内部温度场的变化规律与实际情况十分接近;模拟的结论为食品冷藏、冷冻的设备生产和工艺研究及其自动监测和控制提供了重要理论依据     

考虑收缩的爆炒热/质传递过程模拟与验证

为研究爆炒中食品多孔介质热/质传递机制及烹饪成熟和品质变化规律，考虑收缩-水分损失关系，基于多孔介质理论，结合傅里叶定律、牛顿冷却定律和达西定律，构建了爆炒中有蒸发、考虑收缩的食品含湿非饱和多孔介质热/质传递数学模型，开展了爆炒数值模拟。考虑收缩后模拟值与实测温度历史（Least Summation of the squared Temperature Difference for overall target，LSTD=4.40 ℃）、平均含水率（LSTD=1.42%）和体积收缩率（LSTD=1.05%）吻合更为良好。模拟分析了爆炒热/质传递对颗粒表面蒸发、收缩、内部压力、水分和温度分布的影响机理及火候控制手段的作用，结果表明：爆炒强对流传热使颗粒蒸发剧烈造成水分损失；收缩主要由水分损失引起，可以增大传热效率并影响颗粒内部压力变化，由成熟值理论研判，蒸发收缩对烹饪成熟起到促进作用，并有利于提高烹饪品质，是爆炒技术优势的一部分；火候控制手段通过改变颗粒特征尺寸、能量传递速率和流体-颗粒的换热时间/接触面积对颗粒成熟时间和含水率等烹饪品质产生极显著（P<0.01）影响。     

煎炸油中产生的极性成分对食品微观结构和质构的影响

研究了煎炸油中产生的极性成分对食品微观结构和质构的影响。用硅胶柱色谱和高效体积排阻色谱测定了极性成分和聚合物含量变化，油炸食品穿孔力和微观结构的变化分别用质构仪和显微镜进行测定和观察。结果表明随着油炸时间延长，极性成分、聚合物含量呈线性增加且二者间也呈线性关系,油炸食品的微观结构越来越差,食品穿孔力虽没有明显变化，但其剪切系数(Kp)有增加而压缩系数(Ka)有减小的趋势。油脂中的极性成分严重影响了食品的微观结构，也在一定程度上影响了食品的Ka、Kp值，但还不能完全通过Ka、Kp的变化来表示油品质对食品质构的影响。     

Monitoring aldehyde production during frying by reversed-phase liquid chromatography.

Acrolein (2-propenal) and other low molecular weight aldehydes (LMWAs) formed by degradation of the frying medium (triglycerides) were monitored by liquid chromatography (LC) during preparation of fried items. LMWA contents of coatings from codfish and of doughnuts and their volatiles that codistill with steam are monitored by trapping the vapors and distillate from the food matrix in a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution. The resulting hydrazones are partitioned from the aqueous phase, first into isooctane and then into acetonitrile for LC analysis. The hydrazones are separated and quantified on a C18 reversed-phase column with acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase. LMWAs are confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. No difference was found in LMWA content in coatings from fish fillets fried at 182 or 204 degrees C. Cake doughnuts were higher in acrolein content than yeast-raised doughnuts prepared under similar conditions. Freshness of the frying medium, frying time, and batch size did not seem to influence LMWA production from doughnuts. Results indicated that most of the LMWAs formed codistilled with steam during frying rather than remaining with the food item.     

Oxidation process affecting fatty acids and cholesterol in fried and roasted salmon.

Salmon was processed by three different culinary techniques: pan-frying with olive oil, pan-frying with soya oil, and roasting. Roasting did not modify the fat content from that of raw samples. Frying increased the fat content 2-fold, with no difference between samples fried with different oils. Total cholesterol oxidized products (COPs) were 0.74, 2.98, 3.35, and 7.38 microg/g fat in raw, fried with olive oil, fried with soya oil, and roasted salmon, respectively, which represent 0.01, 0.08, 0.09, and 0.15% of cholesterol. A significant correlation (r = 0.902, < or = 0.01) was found between acidity index and total COPs. The most abundant COPs were 7-ketocholesterol, which appeared in all the samples, and cholestanetriol (one of the most citotoxic COP), which appeared only in cooked samples (1.05-1.33 microg/g fat). All cooked samples supplied more omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) than raw samples and showed higher omega-6/omega-3 ratios. Roasted salmon showed the lowest omega-3 content and the highest PUFAs/(SFAs)-C18:0 and MUFAs+PUFAs/(SFAs-C18:0) ratios.     

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) powder as a natural food-grade antioxidant in deep-fat-fried products

The addition of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) powder in flour dough as a natural antioxidant was investigated, and oxidation of frying oil and the lipid in fried products during frying was also studied. Flour dough with spinach powder was rolled into sheets of 0.1 cm thickness and then cut into squares to be fried. Each frying was performed in 160 degrees C soybean oil for 1 min, repeated every 20 min for 20 h. Fried samples were analyzed immediately or after being stored at 60 degrees C for 12 days under dark. The lipid content of fried dough was lower in samples with the addition of spinach powder. Spinach in the dough decreased accumulation of the polar compounds in soybean oil during frying but had little effect on the fried dough. It also reduced conjugated diene and aldehyde formation in the lipid of fried dough during storage. Improvement in lipid oxidative stability, presumably due to pigments in spinach, was more noticeable in the fried products during storage than in the frying oil.     

Effects of Frying and Microwave Heating on Decomposition of Benzoyl Peroxide in Flour

Effects of frying and microwave heating on the decomposition of benzoyl peroxides (BPO) in flour were studied. First, BPO and its main decomposition product, benzoic acid (BA), were extracted from different flour products by ultrasonication in ethanol. Next, three samples of commercial flour, two fried foods, and two microwave foods were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrum (MS). Results revealed that the BPO content decreased after frying and microwave heating treatments. Furthermore, the existence of biphenyl in fried food was successfully verified by HPLC‐MS. Biphenyl that decomposed from BPO may be one source of toxicity in fried foods. In contrast to fried food, new components made through the special heating module were not found in microwave food.     

Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fumes from fried chicken legs

The amount and variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fumes during frying of chicken legs in edible oils were determined using a modified smoke collection device and a GC-MS technique. Chicken legs were fried in soybean oil, canola oil, or sunflower oil at 163 degrees C for 1-4 h. Results showed that most smoke (99%) was collected in the condensation apparatus, whereas the rest (1%) was adsorbed onto adsorption wool. A large proportion of PAHs in the smoke were detected in adsorption wool, whereas a small portion was found in the condensation apparatus. Canola oil generated the largest content (500.9 g for a frying time of 4 h) of smoke, followed by soybean oil, and sunflower oil. A similar trend was observed for PAH formation in fumes, with the exception that soybean oil produced a higher level than canola oil.