玉米秸秆湿氧化预处理同步糖化发酵酒精

为了找到适合的玉米秸秆生产酒精工艺,该文采用碱性湿氧化预处理（195℃,15 min,Na2CO3 2 g/L,O2 1 200 kPa）与同步糖化发酵对玉米秸秆制备酒精进行了研究。结果表明：经过预处理,90%纤维素保留在固体中,回收率为95.87%。固体部分利用纤维素酶处理,在50℃ 24 h酶解率达到了67.6%。底物8%（质量分数）,经过142 h同步糖化发酵,酒精产量达到了理论酒精产量的79.0%。假定五碳糖和六碳糖都能够被利用,相当于1 t玉米秸秆能够产生262.7 kg的酒精。发酵过程中没有明显的抑制作用。该文为玉米秸秆发酵生产酒精提供了试验数据。     

固定化酵母发酵甜高粱茎秆汁工艺参数对酒精得率的影响

以甜高粱茎秆汁为原料，在摇瓶和反应器上对固定化酵母发酵甜高粱汁制取酒精过程中温度、pH值及固定化酵母粒子填充率三个主要工艺参数对酒精得率的影响进行了试验研究。摇瓶单因素试验结果表明：固定化酵母发酵甜高粱茎秆汁液制取酒精过程中，较优的温度、pH值和粒子填充率分别为34℃、4.5和25%。摇瓶的验证试验结果表明，总发酵时间为6h，发酵结束时酒精得率和总糖利用率分别为95.15%和88.65%；反应器放大验证试验结果显示，总发酵时间10 h，发酵结束时，酒精得率和总糖利用率为96.72%和99.86%。该研究为甜高粱制取酒精技术提供了有益的参考。     

甘薯渣同步糖化发酵生产酒精的工艺优化

为了综合利用甘薯淀粉工业废渣,本研究以甘薯渣为原料发酵生产酒精,并对其同步糖化发酵工艺(SSF)进行优化。研究同步糖化发酵时影响酒精发酵工艺的9个因素,采用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出显著因素,并在筛选结果的基础上,用最陡爬坡途径逼近最大响应区域,然后利用响应面分析法确定其最佳参数。结果表明,影响酒精发酵工艺的显著因素为糖化酶、接种量和发酵温度。酒精发酵优化最佳参数为:α-淀粉酶8U/g,液化时间1.5h,液化温度90℃,硫酸铵质量分数0.15g/100g,pH值4,发酵时间36h,糖化酶151U/g,接种量0.3%,发酵温度36℃。在此条件下,验证试验得到的酒精体积分数达到17.15%,接近理论预测值16.95%。优化后的工艺可为甘薯渣同步糖化发酵生产酒精提供技术参考。     

玉米秸秆与猪粪混合厌氧发酵产沼气工艺优化

该研究针对农村户用沼气发酵中粪便类发酵原料不足、影响沼气池利用率的问题,为弥补沼气发酵原料单一及不足,将秸秆、粪便混合作为发酵原料,对秸秆粪便混合原料厌氧发酵产沼气的工艺条件进行优化研究,旨在为农村户用沼气工程的健康、稳定运行提供一定的科学依据。在前期单因素试验的基础上,采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,以产气量为响应值,研究玉米秸秆与猪粪质量比、温度、pH值、接种物质量分数4个因素对玉米秸秆与猪粪混合厌氧发酵的影响,得出产气数学模型,并对数学模型进行了理论分析。通过上述试验研究,得到最佳工艺条件为:玉米秸秆与猪粪质量比为1∶1、pH值为7.5、接种物质量分数为50%、温度30℃,预测产气量为18.51 L。4因素影响主次顺序依次为原料玉米秸秆与猪粪质量比、温度、接种物质量分数、pH值;通过验证分析,模型预测值与试验值之间相对误差小于5%,方差分析不显著,模型拟合较好,为提高粪便秸秆混合原料发酵产气量和提高发酵效率提供参考。     

苹果渣固态发酵苹果醋工艺研究

以新鲜苹果渣为主要原料,采用果胶酶法对苹果渣的酒精发酵和醋酸发酵工艺进行优化研究,通过正交试验确定最优酿造工艺参数。初步获得的苹果渣酒精发酵条件是果胶酶添加量0.06%、酵母接种量8%、初始糖度16 °Brix;苹果渣醋酸发酵过程的最优工艺条件是干湿苹果渣的配料比为1 ∶ 10、醋酸菌接种量15%、发酵温度32 ℃,此条件下总酸含量增长到38.267 6 g/L。     

废弃烟叶燃料酒精发酵工艺探索（简报）

以资源丰富、含糖量高的云南废弃烟叶为原料,通过正交试验,考察不同菌种、不同水平营养添加液和不同原料处理方法对能源酒精发酵的影响。试验结果表明：菌种和营养添加液水平对酒精发酵影响不明显,采用去除烟碱的预处理方法和半固态发酵方法,能显著提高燃料酒精产率;在此基础上,该文提出了较优的工艺流程,产物除燃料酒精外,还包括有重要用途的烟碱。     

苹果杏鲍菇复合果酒的工艺研究

以苹果和杏鲍菇为原料,选用安琪酵母作为发酵菌种液体发酵酿造复合果酒,对酒精发酵工艺进行优化,确定其最佳工艺参数。结果表明:最佳工艺参数为苹果汁和杏鲍菇汁混合体积比为2∶1、初始糖度16%、初始pH 4.8、接种量6%和发酵温度36 ℃,此时酒精含量为6.3%。复合果酒产品澄清透亮,酒味浓郁,同时具有苹果和杏鲍菇的特殊清香味。     

以马铃薯为辅料的黄酒发酵条件优化

采用响应面方法对以马铃薯为辅料的黄酒发酵条件进行了优化。通过单因素试验、正交试验及中心组合试验优化得到以马铃薯为辅料酿造黄酒的最佳发酵条件为：酵母添加量0.114%(原料量的0.114%)、主发酵温度28℃、麦曲添加量14.0%(原料量的14.0%)、料水比1∶0.7、每100 g原料添加425μL糖化酶、发酵初始pH值4.0。在优化得到的发酵条件下酿造得到的以马铃薯为辅料的成品黄酒，其酒精度、酸度、色、香、味等各项理化指标和感官指标均符合国家黄酒标准GB/T 13662-2000，成品酒的感官品质得到了改善，且所含游离氨基酸含量为7063.4 mg/L，是普通黄酒游离氨基酸含量的1.2～2.5倍。     

固态发酵玉米秸秆的菌株组合和发酵条件研究

为了提高玉米秸秆的综合利用效率,降低对环境的污染,保护生态环境,利用正交试验法研究了固态发酵氨化玉米秸秆生产饲料蛋白工艺中菌株组合、发酵温度和发酵时间对发酵产物真蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,发酵温度对发酵产物真蛋白含量具有显著影响（P〈0.05）,发酵时间、发酵温度与发酵时间之间的交互作用对发酵产物真蛋白含量具有极显著影响（P〈0.01）。最佳菌株组合为青霉和葱色串孢,最佳发酵条件为发酵温度25℃、发酵时间5 d。在最佳菌株组合和最佳发酵条件下,玉米秸秆经氨水氨化和固态发酵后真蛋白含量由2.05%提高到29.66%,比原料本身的真蛋白含量提高了13倍多;粗蛋白含量由2.80%提高到35.41%,比原料本身的粗蛋白含量高提高了11倍多。     

适宜原料压实度改善玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵特性

干发酵原料中固形物含量高,结构疏松,原料的压实度直接关系到发酵罐的利用率和生产成本。为了探讨原料压实度对厌氧干发酵过程的影响,该文以玉米秸秆粉为试验材料,研究了不同固形物含量(TS)条件下原料压实度对厌氧干发酵产气特性及物料特性变化的影响,结果表明:相同TS下,随着压实度的增加,日产气量(基于可挥发性固形物,VS)峰值降低且出峰时间略有滞后;原料压实度对累积产气量、日产气量变化趋势以及甲烷体积分数的影响不明显。基于发酵罐容积计算产气量时,原料压实度与日产气量峰值、累积产气总量以及累积甲烷产量均呈显著正相关。不同TS条件下的原料压实度对厌氧干发酵过程的影响程度不同,TS含量越高原料压实度对产气量的影响越明显。TS为20%和25%时,逐层压实发酵罐的单位容积累积产气量比自然填料罐分别提高了37.1%和60.2%。当发酵料初始TS为20%时,原料压实度的增加可促使物料中形成连续的液相,改善物料层间的传质,从而使发酵料上下层间的差异减小。当发酵料初始TS提高到25%时,原料压实度增加对传质特性无明显影响。综上所述,在该试验研究范围内,提高原料压实度可以保证玉米秸秆厌氧干发酵产气过程的正常进行,且可以显著提高发酵罐的容积利用率。该研究对厌氧干发酵原料压实度与发酵特性之间的关系进行了初步探讨,以期为有效提高厌氧干发酵罐的产能能力提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.