襄阳市农药减量控害工作实践与思考

介绍了湖北省襄阳市农作物病虫害防治农药减量控害工作的具体做法,强化宣传、搞好基层植保测报体系建设,农作物病虫害实施达标防治,见"点"打"片"、准确防治,推动植保专业化服务组织建设,推广适合本地特点的新型植保机械及药剂,开展农作物病虫害绿色防控技术研究,加强农药质量监管;指出了群众认识尚待进一步提高、植保系统从业人员素质有待提高、财政资金投入不足等目前需要解决的问题,提出了进一步加大宣传力度,提高农药减量控害意识,进一步加大财政投入、确保公共植保工作落到实处,进一步增强提高服务能力建设等进一步做好农药减量控害工作的建议。     

靖江市农药减量控害工作措施概述

介绍了江苏省靖江市开展农药使用量零增长行动中强化组织保障和精准测报、开展绿色防控示范、推进统防统治、开展技术指导、提倡科学用药等具体措施及取得的主要成效。病虫害防控能力得到进一步提升,农产品质量安全得到进一步保障,农药零差率配供体系得到进一步完善,专业化统防统治服务能力得到进一步提升,绿色防控示范效应得到进一步凸显。列举分析了农药减量控害面临的难题,提出了加强植保体系建设、提升专业化统防统治的发展规模和服务水平、加大绿色防控技术的推广应用、积极开展植保新技术研究等持续推进农药减量控害工作的建议。     

建设现代植保 服务现代农业

党的十八大高度重视"三农工作,提出"推动城乡发展一体化"。我们植保工作者学习贯彻十八大精神,就是要着力加强十八大报告对"三农"工作要求部署的理解和把握。比如"加快发展现代农业"就要求我们建设现代植保,服务现代农业;比如"着力推进农民增收"就要求我们全力抓好农作物病虫测报与防控,最大限度地减轻病虫危害损失,实现减损增效;比如"大力推进生态文明建设",就要求我们加强农药监管,推广安全用药技术,降低农药使用量,减少环境污染。严把植物检疫关口,防止有害生物入侵,保护生态环境。十八大报告内容博大精深,我们要反复学习,深入理解,落实到推进现代植保建设之中,落实到2013年具体植保工作之中。     

建设现代植保 服务现代农业

党的十八大高度重视“三秘”工作,提出‘椎动城乡发展一体化”。我们植保工作者学习贯彻十八大精神,就是要着力加强十八大报告对“三农”工作要求部署的理解和把握。比如“加快发展现代农业”就要求我们建设现代植保,服务现代农业;比如“着力推进农民增收’’就要求我们全力抓好农作物病虫测报与防控,最大限度地减轻病虫危害损失,实现减损增效;比如“大力推进生态文明建设”,就要求我们加强农药监管,推广安全用药技术,降低农药使用量,减少环境污染。严把植物检疫关口,防止有害生物入侵,保护生态环境。十八大报告内容博大精深,我们要反复学习,深入理解,落实到推进现代植保建设之中,落实到2013年具体植保工作之中。     

建设现代植保服务现代农业

党的十八大高度重视"三农"工作,提出"推动城乡发展一体化".我们植保工作者学习贯彻十八大精神,就是要着力加强十八大报告对"三农"工作要求部署的理解和把握.比如"加快发展现代农业"就要求我们建设现代植保,服务现代农业;比如"着力推进农民增收"就要求我们全力抓好农作物病虫测报与防控,最大限度地减轻病虫危害损失,实现减损增效;比如"大力推进生态文明建设",就要求我们加强农药监管,推广安全用药技术,降低农药使用量,减少环境污染.严把植物检疫关口,防止有害生物入侵,保护生态环境.     

周至县猕猴桃病虫害绿色防控工作进展及建议

周至县坚持“科学植保、绿色植保”理念,以保证果品质量安全为核心,以服务绿色防控示范园创建为切入点,全面实施“病虫基数控制、部分害虫诱杀、植物免疫诱导、安全药剂防治、高效药械应用”五大绿色防控集成技术,开展猕猴桃病虫害绿色防控技术试验、示范及推广和农民宣传培训,减少果园化学农药的使用,确保猕猴桃生产安全和果品质量安全,不断推进周至县猕猴桃产业升级.     

建设现代植保服务现代农业

党的十八届三中全会高度重视“三农”工作,提出“推动城乡发展一体化”.我们植保工作者学习贯彻十八届三中全会精神,就是要着力加强对“三农”工作要求部署的理解和把握.比如“加快发展现代农业”就要求我们建设现代植保,服务现代农业;比如“着力推进农民增收”就要求我们全力抓好农作物病虫测报与防控,最大限度地减轻病虫危害损失,实现减损增效;比如“大力推进生态文明建设”,就要求我们加强农药监管,推广安全用药技术,降低农药使用量,减少环境污染.严把植物检疫关口,防止有害生物入侵,保护生态环境.     

扬州市邗江区推进“农药使用量零增长行动”实践与思考

介绍了扬州市邗江区通过优化病虫测报技术、推广农药零差率配送模式、提档升级植保机械、集成病虫害绿色防控技术模式等措施,使得单位面积农药使用强度和全区农药使用量逐年下降。分析了当地在推进农药减量控害过程中面临的问题,并提出了加大土壤封闭除草剂的处理应用、加大种苗处理力度、大力推广应用绿色防控技术等持续推进农药减量控害绿色发展战略的对策建议。     

进一步加强新疆生产建设兵团植保体系建设的建议

在新疆生产建设兵团深入推进团场综合配套改革形势下,兵团植保体系面临新形势和新任务。基于团场植保系统机构设置、人员配备和工作开展情况,指出植保体系面临着服务能力弱、预测预报工作压力增大、病虫害有效防控风险增加、农作物病虫害农药监管工作难度加大等问题。提出应强化植保技术推广服务体系建设,积极转变理念、增强主动服务职能,培育多元化病虫害专业防治组织,完善基层植保工作绩效考核制度,加大植保技术推广经费投入力度,加大技术指导和培训宣传力度,加强农药市场监督管理等发展建议。     

江西水稻农药减量技术集成优化与推广应用

介绍了江西省水稻播种、水稻病虫害防控及大力推广水稻病虫害绿色防控农药减量技术的概况。优先应用生态调控、理化诱控、生物防控等绿色防控技术,集成优化新型药剂替代老药剂、高效植保药械替代传统施药机械、应用助剂等水稻农药减量技术,以统防统治方式,提高病虫害防控效果、效率和效益,通过政府引导、项目引领、加强宣传和创新融合等措施积极推进农药零增长行动。本省农药使用量连年减少,统防统治和绿色防控覆盖率、农药利用率逐年提高。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.