区域农业机械化生产燃油消耗差异分析

以农田机械化作业各环节单位面积油耗为基础,分析不同区域耕、种、收3个环节油耗的差异,并对同一区域不同省份的机械化作业油耗进行比较。     

基于大马力精播机工况监测的田间无线调度系统

针对农机作业工况信息滞后,与农机作业规模化、集成化程度提高之间不匹配的问题,设计了以大马力精播机为主要研究对象的田间作业机工况信息采集硬件系统。在传统的作业速度和作业面积测量基础上,结合数据融合技术,降低了由于地轮打滑引起的测量误差,提高了种肥监测精度;系统增加了发动机转速与油耗的测量,为高效、经济作业提供了优化方案。系统采用基于802.11n的无线传感器网络将各工况信息进行采集,降低了系统布线难度,也为进一步实现农机作业合理调度提供了可靠数据。     

促进新源县开展农机田间标准化作业的建议

阐述了开展农机田间标准化作业的重要意义,介绍了新疆维吾尔自治区新源县开展农机田间标准化作业的指导思想、目标和实践经验,提出了促进新源县开展农机田间标准化作业的建议。     

影响农用机械油耗的因素及节油措施

农用机械油耗是影响农机作业污染、节能增收的关键因素,通过对农机的技术状况、驾驶技术、作业环境等主要影响油耗的因素进行了分析,提出一些行之有效、操作性强的节油措施。     

伊犁州农机田间标准化作业见成效

正农机田间作业质量的高低是体现一个地区农机化发展水平最具有特征性的衡量指标,州农机推广总站针对伊犁河谷农机田间作业质量不高、技术含量低、治理难度大的现状,确立了"抓农机工作就要抓好作业质量、抓作业质量必须坚持常抓不懈"的工作思路,先后分二个阶段狠抓提高农机田间作业质量建设工作。第一阶段自2009年起连续4年开展了农机田间作业质量建设年活动,使农业机械装备水平得到了提高,规范了农机手的作业     

基于人-车-土系统的撒肥机组能耗与一源多用潜力分析

针对“人-车-土”作业系统下重型撒肥机组油耗因素机制不清和农机单次作业期短、作业频次低导致的农机“电源撂荒”问题,分析“人-车-土”系统油耗结构方程模型互作机制并预测纯电动拖拉机电源“一源多用”模式对“生活-生态”的增益潜力。首先,开展重型拖拉机撒肥作业田间综合试验,采集驾驶员疲劳度、拖拉机燃油油耗、耕层土壤表征量等作业要素数据,建立驾驶员-拖拉机-耕层土壤的油耗结构方程模型;然后,基于结构方程因果关系探寻农机油耗因子间相关性;最后,基于油耗等值转换理论计算燃油农机等效需电量与碳排放量,预测纯电动拖拉机“一源多用”模式对生产生活电源互换共享与减排降碳的贡献潜力。结果表明：耕层土壤紧实度是拖拉机主要油耗影响因素;驾驶员操作疲劳对油耗具有间接影响,可通过操纵拖拉机间接影响耕层物理性质和拖拉机碳排放、作业效率。电动拖拉机电源“一源多用”对农网末端小型用电设施供电具有一定潜力,在机械化田间管理期,等效耗电量约为45kW·h/hm2,减少碳排放12kg/hm2(CO2),中小规模农场可减少农机碳排放约2464t(CO2),节约电9.24×106kW·h,并且其电源闲置时提供约110t玉米烘干所需电力,或165台通风设备全天同时通风所需电力,或5500个路灯夜间照明的电能,或11个值班室全年的用电需求。     

田间异物识别算法研究

针对农机手在长时间作业时对周围环境突变反应下降的问题,研究田间异物自动识别方法对提高农机作业安全、减少生命财产损失有重要的意义。为此,分析了大田作业背景下出现异物的图像规律,提出了区域均值的算法,可快速找出作业前方的异物位置。试验表明:农机以4.5km/h以下的作业速度时,该方法能在0.97s内准确地分析出不同大田背景颜色下的异物位置,达到了预期目标。     

农机田间作业安全操作技巧与维护保养注意事项

正农机田间作业是把高科技、高效率的农机具运用在农业劳动生产过程中。掌握农机田间作业安全操作技巧和维护保养知识,能有效确保农机安全作业,提高农机具的使用效率和农业生产效率。笔者长期监理农机具和熟知农机技术,对农机田间作业的安全操作技巧与维护保养有一定的了解,并亲临农机安全教育培训和农机事故处理的现场。研究发现,农机隐患和事故大多数与操作者关系密切,因此笔者提出以下几点农机田间作业安全操作技巧与维护保养注意事项。     

浅谈如何提高农机田间作业质量

总结了坚持机棚库建设,作好机具统一管理,加强田间作业质量监督,强化机具技术管理,提高农机田间作业质量的具体措施。通过落实这些措施,提高了农机田间作业质量。     

购置农机田间作业机具 政府应给予适当补贴

农机田间作业是农机为农业生产提供的一种服务，这种服务收取一定的田间作业费。在制定农机田间作业收费标准中考虑了两条原则：一是农机田间作业收费标准低于人畜力作业收费标准的原则。只要机耕价格比牛耕低，机收价格比请人工收割合算，农民就愿意请农机耕田或收割。而牛耕和人工收割的价格是长期以来根据供需关系由市场调节形成的，基本能反映价值，体现平等的经济关系，不存在非经济因素的操纵。用机械代替繁重的体力劳动，能提高劳动生产率，实现规模经营，降低作业成本，这样就留出了减少作业收费的空间，因此，农机田间作业收费才可…     

饮料中柠檬黄含量测定的不确定度分析

对饮料中的柠檬黄含量进行了测定和不确定度分析,通过对各影响因素的不确定度评定,试验重复性对饮料中合成着色剂的测量结果不确定度的影响最大,其次是样品处理回收率和标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度对试验结果也有较大的影响。结果表明:饮料中柠檬黄的含量为（103.5?3.5）mgkg,k＝2。      

Role of farmers' attitudes in adoption of irrigation in Saskatchewan

Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology.     

技工院校数学教学中培养学生应用能力的对策分析

数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。     

四川简阳地区砂岩层中水分利用研究

分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。     

沼气在冬季温室生产中的应用

本试验通过沼气燃烧,提高冬季温室温度,促进西红柿生长发育.试验结果表明:增温可有效提高冬季温室温度,为西红柿越冬生产提供良好条件,有利于西红柿植株茎粗增加及果实膨大速率提高;可使西红柿坐果期提前10天左右,采收期延长20天左右,并提早上市.同时,增温可显著提高西红柿产量,亩增产800kg.     

Advances in application of climate prediction in agriculture

Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.

In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.

In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.

We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential.     

不同时段刺五加叶片黄酮含量的高光谱无损估测

针对野生刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的测量方法繁琐、时间较长及需破坏叶片等问题,提出了一种基于高光谱技术对不同时段的刺五加叶片中黄酮含量的估算模型。首先,分析提取地域、年龄、长势相近的20株刺五加叶片光谱特征,通过对叶片进行烘干、磨粉及利用紫外分光光度计等化学方法测得叶片中黄酮的真实含量,并选择4种预处理互相结合、比较的方式,判断出最优预处理模型;通过SPA与PCA算法的结合,选择出较明显的特征波段,通过MatLab2018a将特征波段的反射率分别与40组预测集验证相关性后,再分别选取预测值和20组实测值与BP神经网络、支持向量机进行模型建立。实验结果表明:利用BP神经网络建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.8649、0.7976、0.8485,支持向量机建立的模型的校正集决定系数Rc2分别为0.7526、0.7742、0.7243,证明SNV和1 Der结合的预处理方式与BP神经网络所构建的模型效果最好。研究为高光谱技术对刺五加叶片中黄酮的反演提供了有力的支持,也会提高工业和药用采摘的效率及刺五加的利用价值。     

吉林省图们市农村精神文明建设现状问题及对策建议

农村精神文明建设还存在一些亟待解决的问题:思想认识不到位,阵地建设滞后,农民参与精神文明建设的积极性不够高等.加强社会主义新农村精神文明建设的措施及对策是:努力发展经济;着力提高农民整体素质,加快阵地建设;加强环境建设;突出“乡风文明“建设;积极构建社会主流评价体系;以“村校“为基地,辐射带动农村精神文明建设.     

北京典型灌区土壤和农产品多氯联苯污染风险评估

为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多氯联苯(PCBs)含量和污染水平以及人体健康风险,2015年在该灌区采集了20个土壤样品和28个作物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了样品中7大类PCBs含量。研究结果表明,灌区表层土壤PCBs质量比为ND(低于检出限)到0.711 776μg/kg,均值为0.43μg/kg,总体上土壤PCBs含量随污灌历史年限增加而增加。本研究区表层土壤PCBs含量处于较低水平,土壤未受到PCBs污染且其生态风险概率均小于10%。灌区采集的冬小麦籽粒、大葱、茄子、梨、白薯、芥蓝PCBs含量均低于实验检出限,未检出;夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜PCBs总量分别为0.17~0.47μg/kg、1.63μg/kg和5.91μg/kg。不同污灌历史年限并未显著影响夏玉米籽粒PCBs含量。本研究区农产品PCBs含量处于较低水平,均低于美国卫生及公共服务部建议限量。采集的土壤和农产品样品仅四氯联苯含量高于实验检出限,能检测出;一氯联苯到三氯联苯和五氯联苯到七氯联苯均低于实验检出限,未检出。本研究中成人和儿童PCBs致癌风险分别为8.49×10-7和4.66×10-7,非致癌风险分别为1.41×10-1和3.88×10-1,均低于US EPA规定限值,说明PCBs未对人群产生明显的健康危害。致癌危害和非致癌危害均以口-作物(玉米和蔬菜)为主,其对人体健康所造成的风险占总个人年风险的比例分别为99.79%~99.95%和99.81%~99.94%。