粳稻粒位间淀粉RVA谱特征与其它品质性状的关系

为了明确RVA谱特征值在评价稻米品质中的作用,本文选用不同穗型水稻为材料,按照穗部位置分为27个粒位,研究了不同粒位上淀粉RVA谱特征与其它品质性状的关系。结果表明碾米品质中的整精米率和粒长与峰值黏度、热浆黏度和崩解值3个特征值有极显著正相关关系。外观品质中的垩白率、垩白度和营养品质中的总蛋白质含量、清蛋白含量、醇溶蛋白含量、谷蛋白含量、脂肪酸含量都与峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值呈极显著负相关,与消减值极显著正相关;球蛋白含量则表现相反规律。蒸煮食味品质中的食味值、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度与峰值黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值3个特征参数呈极显著正相关,与消减值呈极显著负相关,尤其是与峰值黏度和崩解值2个参数的相关系数较大。淀粉RVA谱特征值能密切反映稻米品质的好坏,穗下部二次枝梗籽粒的峰值黏度和崩解值的大小可以作为优质粳稻辅助选择的首选指标。     

早籼稻Wx基因多态性与直链淀粉含量及RVA谱的关系

为明确直链淀粉含量(AC)主要控制基因Wx在浙江早籼稻中的多态性分布及其对稻米AC、RVA谱的影响,本试验以37份早籼稻品种(系)为材料,进行Wx基因型检测,以及AC及RVA谱特征值测定,分析不同Wx基因型对稻米AC、RVA谱的影响及AC、RVA间的相关性。结果表明,Wxa基因型品种(系)AC表现为中、高水平(23.38%~28.93%),Wxb基因型品种AC表现为低水平(11.61%~17.77%),37份材料中未检出Wxin基因型;RVA谱特征值与Wx基因型高度相关,不同Wx基因型背景下各品种(系)RVA谱特征值差异明显,且Wxa基因型消减值为正值,Wxb基因型消减值为负值。Wx基因型不同的各品种(系)的冷胶粘度(CPV)和崩解值(BDV)分布在不重叠的区间。Wxa基因型表现出崩解值小、回复值大的特性,Wxb基因型表现出崩解值大、回复值小的特性。在不区分Wx基因型的条件下,AC与RVA谱特征值极显著相关,在相同Wx基因型内,品种(系)间AC的变化与RVA谱特征值的相关性并不明显。本研究结果为利用Wx等位基因调控早籼稻AC含量,并根据RVA谱特征值筛选优质食用早籼稻提供了一定的理论参考。     

不同生态条件下氮肥优化管理对杂交中稻稻米品质的影响

在四川省温江和射洪试验点,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,以‘F优498’水稻品种为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥处理[普通尿素优化施肥、减氮15%优化施肥、增氮15%优化施肥,PASP（聚天门冬氨酸）尿素1次施肥、2次施和优化施肥]对稻米品质的影响。结果显示,温江的碾米品质、外观品质和籽粒粗蛋白含量较优;射洪的峰值黏度和崩解值较高,消减值较低,蒸煮食味品质较好,同时直链淀粉含量较高。随着氮肥的施用,稻米碾米品质、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量显著提高,崩解值显著降低;同时导致射洪生态点的峰值黏度增加,消减值减少;温江生态点的稻米外观品质变优,峰值黏度减小,消减值增加。较农民经验性施肥处理,普通尿素优化处理和PASP尿素处理提高了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量,降低了温江垩白粒率和垩白度,改善了外观品质;氮肥优化处理降低了峰值黏度和崩解值,提高了消减值,使稻米蒸煮食味品质变差,同时提高了射洪精米率和温江整精米率。较优化施肥处理,PASP尿素处理降低了两试验点的精米率、整精米率和温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪的垩白粒率和垩白度,使外观品质变差;同时PASP尿素1次施肥和2次施肥处理降低了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量;PASP尿素优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的峰值黏度、崩解值和温江直链淀粉含量,提高了两试验点的籽粒粗蛋白含量和射洪直链淀粉含量。较优化施肥处理,减氮15%和增氮15%优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的直链淀粉含量、整精米率及温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪垩白粒率和垩白度。与PASP尿素1次和2次施肥相比,PASP尿素优化施肥显著降低了垩白度、峰值黏度和崩解值,增加了消减值和籽粒粗蛋白含量;同时导致射洪生态点的整精米率降低,垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量增加;温江生态点的垩白粒率降低,整精米率增加。综合稻米碾米品质、外观品质、淀粉RVA、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量的关系,射洪PASP尿素2次施肥处理稻米综合品质较好,温江优化施肥处理稻米综合品质较好。     

一个低糊化温度水稻突变体(Mgt-1)的培育与稻米品质特征研究

在籼型细胞质雄性不育保持系Ⅱ 3 2B干种子经 3 0 0Gy60 Coγ射线辐照照育成的多种叶色突变系中 ,经稻米品质测定 ,筛选到 1个叶色黄化的低糊化温度突变体 ,定名为Mgt 1。稻米用 1 7%KOH处理 ,测得对照Ⅱ 3 2B的碱消值为 2级左右 ,而Mgt 1达 6～ 7级。Mgt 1的表观直链淀粉含量 (AAC)为 2 5%左右 ,与对照Ⅱ 3 2B差异不显著。用粘度速测仪 (RVA)测得的Mgt 1的米粉粘滞性谱 (RVA谱 )与对照Ⅱ 3 2B的存在一定差异 ,Mgt 1的消减值 (SBV)变小 ,热浆粘度 (HPV)显著变大 ,崩解值 (BDV)和回复值 (CSV)显著变小 ,但最高粘度 (PKV)和最终粘度 (CPV)基本相仿。Mgt 1的发现将为研究GT特性的物质基础及遗传特征提供理想的材料。     

灌浆结实期高温干旱复合胁迫对稻米直链淀粉及蛋白质含量的影响

灌浆结实期是水稻产量与品质形成的关键时期,近年来,由于受全球气候变化和局部地形地貌的影响,我国南方稻区在水稻灌浆结实期频频遭遇高温和伏旱的混合影响,造成水稻产量与品质的同步下降。本研究选用导入空心莲子草基因组DNA构建的籼稻耐旱变异品系H5,在灌浆结实期于人工温室进行高温干旱复合胁迫试验,测定了不同处理稻米直链淀粉与蛋白质含量,旨在深入研究高温干旱复合逆境对稻米品质的影响。试验设6个处理,分别是适温中度干旱(OT-MD)、适温严重干旱(OT-SD)、高温正常供水(HT-WW)、高温中度干旱(HT-MD)、高温严重干旱(HT-SD)和适温正常供水(OT-WW,CK)。除对照外,其余各处理的胁迫时间设10 d、20 d、30 d和40 d。结果表明:灌浆结实期高温胁迫会导致稻米直链淀粉含量下降和蛋白质含量增加,高温胁迫10~40 d的稻米直链淀粉含量比CK降低了1.783~5.987个百分点,稻米蛋白质含量比CK增加了1.178~2.741个百分点;灌浆结实期干旱胁迫同样会导致稻米直链淀粉含量下降和蛋白质含量增加,在中度干旱条件下,胁迫10~40 d处理的稻米直链淀粉含量比CK降低了1.956~6.270个百分点,稻米蛋白质含量比CK增加了1.153~2.944个百分点,在严重干旱条件下,胁迫10~40 d处理的稻米直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量相对于CK的变异幅度比中度干旱胁迫下的更大;灌浆结实期高温干旱复合胁迫引起稻米直链淀粉含量下降和蛋白质含量增加的幅度均超过单一高温胁迫或干旱胁迫,且其变化幅度随胁迫因子的增加、胁迫强度的增强和胁迫时间的延长而增大;灌浆结实期的前20 d遭遇高温干旱复合胁迫是稻米品质变差的主要原因;在相同胁迫时间内,各处理对稻米直链淀粉和蛋白质含量的胁迫效应按升序排列依次为:高温正常供水(HT-WW)、适温中度干旱(OT-MD)、适温严重干旱(OT-SD)、高温中度干旱(HT-MD)、高温严重干旱(HT-SD)。本研究结论可为水稻的抗旱与抗高温育种与栽培提供参考依据。     

结实期温度对稻米理化特性及淀粉谱特性的影响

利用玻璃室内的高温和室外的常温，研究了结实期温度对稻米理化特性和淀粉谱特性的.影响结果表明，随着结实期温度的升高，稻米的糊化温度和蛋白质含量提高，胶稠度变化，而直链淀粉含量下降；相关分析表明，结实期日平均气温与胶稠度和蛋白质含量呈正相关，而与碱消值和直链淀粉含量呈负相关，糊化开始温度随结实期温度的升高而提高，但最高粘度、最低粘度及下降粘度值的变化因品种生态类型不同而异，即在高温条件下结实的稻米与在常温条件下结裨稻米相比，其最高粘度，最低粘度以及下降粘度值，早熟品种前者比后者大，而晚熟品种前者比后者小。     

转基因抗虫水稻矮秆突变体的品质性状分析

对转cry1Ab基因抗虫水稻矮秆突变体的品质性状与原亲本秀水11进行了对比分析,发现在最高粘度、热浆粘度和冷胶粘度等RVA谱特征值上两者有显著差异,而在外观品质、碾磨品质、表观直链淀粉含量、胶稠度和淀粉粘滞特性的崩解值、消减值等淀粉食用品质方面基本相同,在蛋白、脂肪、灰分、矿物质和氨基酸等关键营养成分上也不存在显著差异,在蒸煮后的矮杆突变体米粒中也未检测到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。     

秸秆还田条件下氮磷钾用量对软米粳稻产量和品质的影响

【目的】 秸秆全量还田和毯苗机插技术在水稻种植中被越来越多地采用。本文研究了不同氮 (N)、磷 (P)、钾 (K) 肥用量对软米粳稻产量和稻米品质的影响,提出适应该条件和特定水稻品种的施肥技术。 【方法】 2014—2015年,以软米粳稻南粳9108为材料,在江苏省兴化市钓鱼镇进行大田试验,在秸秆全量还田条件下,采取毯苗机插栽培方式,设置氮、磷、钾肥3种类型肥料,各类型肥料设置0、1、1.5、2、2.5、3等6个用量水平,其中2水平为肥料常规用量,氮、磷、钾肥常规用量分别为270 kg/hm2、108 kg/hm2、216 kg/hm2。分析了不同肥料用量下软米粳稻的产量、稻米品质和淀粉RVA谱值。 【结果】 软米粳稻产量和稻米品质对不同肥料的响应程度表现为氮肥 > 钾肥 > 磷肥。在供试氮肥水平范围内,粳稻产量以N2水平最高;糙米率、精米率、整精米率和蛋白质含量则随施氮水平的增加而增加,直链淀粉含量降低,胶稠度变短,RVA谱特征值中峰值黏度和崩解值降低,热浆黏度和消减值增大,且高氮 (N3) 与低氮 (N1) 处理间差异显著。在供试磷肥水平范围内,粳稻产量以P2水平较高;增施磷肥能提高稻米加工品质,而蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量及胶稠度对磷肥用量的响应无明显变化规律,淀粉RVA谱特征值有变劣趋势。在供试钾肥水平范围内,随着钾水平提高,机插软米粳稻产量、糙米率、精米率、整精米率先增加后减少,产量以K2水平最高,加工品质以K2.5水平最高,蛋白质含量有增加趋势,直链淀粉含量下降,峰值黏度和崩解值呈先增后减,消减值呈先减后增。 【结论】 在秸秆全量还田和毯苗机插栽培条件下,软米粳稻增施氮肥、磷肥和钾肥利于提高稻米加工品质,而减少氮肥、稳施磷肥、增加钾肥利于改善稻米蒸煮食味品质。综合考虑,在秸秆全量还田条件下机插软米粳稻肥料用量以N 270 kg/hm2、P 108 kg/hm2、K 216 kg/hm2水平能较好地协调高产与优质的关系。      

水稻心白突变体xb1的淀粉理化特性分析

淀粉是稻米胚乳的主要成分,解析其理化特性对改良水稻品质具有十分重要的意义。为了探究心白稻米淀粉的理化特性,本研究以经EMS诱导粳稻品种辽星1号获得的心白突变体xb1为材料,利用扫描电镜、激光粒度分析仪、RVA快速黏度分析仪、差示扫描量热仪等方法,对形态结构、淀粉颗粒结构和粒径分布、糊化特性及热力学特性等进行了分析。结果表明,与野生型相比,突变体xb1籽粒的粒宽、粒厚和千粒重均显著降低;淀粉结构和淀粉粒粒径分布均发生改变,淀粉粒粒径值大于13左右的淀粉粒数量明显低于野生型;突变体种子中蛋白质含量极显著高于野生型,总淀粉含量极显著低于野生型,而直链淀粉含量没有明显改变;在支链淀粉分支结构上,聚合度(DP)在6~9之间的短链及25~35之间的中长链比例有所增加,而DP值在10~24之间的中短链及36~50之间的长链比例有所减少;突变体xb1淀粉的糊化起始温度(To)、峰值温度(Tp)、终止温度(Tc)和糊化距离(Tr)均未发生明显改变,只有热焓值(△H)极显著提高。同时,突变体xb1的RVA谱特征值中,热浆黏度(HPV)、峰值黏度(PKV)、冷胶黏度(CPV)和消减值(SBV)极显著提高,崩解值(BDV)和回复值(CSV)极显著降低。本研究结果为探索垩白形成的生理机制以及进一步的基因克隆奠定了基础。     

水稻DH群体(CJ06×TN1)稻米品质相关QTL分析

对于不同品种和不同种植环境中的稻米品质进行数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus,QTL)检测分析,可为分子遗传育种提供实验数据。本研究以粳稻(Oryza sativa ssp.japonica)春江06(CJ06)和籼稻(Oryza sativa ssp.indica)台中本地1号(TN1)杂交衍生的加倍单倍体群体(double haploid,DH)为试材,在西南地区种植并检测与稻米品质相关的特征值,进行QTL定位与分析,以期了解该生态环境对稻米品质的影响,为水稻品质的分子改良育种提供理论依据。经检测分析,共获得13个与稻米粒型、直链淀粉含量以及淀粉RVA(rapid viscosity analysis)谱特征值相关的QTLs,其中5个与粒型相关、7个与RVA谱相关、1个与直链淀粉相关。上述QTLs分别分布在第1、2、3、6、7、8、10染色体,即q HPV-6、q CPV-6、q BDV-6、q CSV-6、q SBV-1、q SBV-6、q SBV-7、q RL-2、q RLW-2、q RLW-3、q RLW-8-1、q RLW-10、q AC-6;分别调控热浆黏度、冷胶黏度、崩解值、回复值、消减值、稻米粒长、稻米长宽比和直链淀粉含量。其中7个与RVA相关的QTLs,似然函数比值对数值(logarithm of odds,LOD)在2.55~13.18之间,单个QTL贡献率在7.03%~49.05%之间,除q SBV-1和q SBV-7贡献率较低,其余单个QTL位点的贡献率均在25%以上,属于主效QTLs。此外,与RVA相关的5个QTLs—q HPV-6、q CPV-6、q BDV-6、q CSV-6及q SBV-6均定位于6号染色体同一区间,在该区间内还检测到1个与直链淀粉含量相关的主效QTL(q AC-6),其贡献率达到45.21%;生物信息学分析发现,该区间包含已被克隆的直链淀粉合成相关的Waxy(Wx)基因。粒型方面共检测到5个具有加性效应的QTL位点,LOD值在3.16~8.47之间,单个QTL贡献率在8.95%~27.23%之间,其中q RL-2、q RLW-3、q RLW-8等3个区间内包含了3个已被克隆的主效QTLs—GW2、GS3以及GW8。本研究通过QTL检测分析,为水稻品质的分子改良育种提供了基础资料。     

土壤水分供给对不同水稻的产量构成及其淀粉品质的影响

在人工气候室和网室条件下,测定了4个水分处理下2个籼型水稻材料中9B和金早47的株产量和淀粉品质。结果表明,中9B在水分胁迫下株产量显著降低主要原因在于有效穗数显著减少,而金早47随水分胁迫加重株产量显著降低,原因是水稻穗型变小,总粒数和实粒数显著减小。在水分胁迫下,2个水稻品种在产量构成中的不同表现,反映了不同水稻品...     

Properties of Starches from Near‐Isogenic Wheat Lines with Different Wx Protein Deficiencies

To determine the effect of amylose content on the starch properties, the amylose content, pasting properties, swelling power, enzymatic digestibility, and thermal properties of partial and perfect waxy types along with their wild‐type parent were analyzed. As expected, amylose content decreases differently in response to the loss of each Wx gene, showing the least response to Wx‐A1a. Most of the characteristics, except the thermal properties of the amylose‐lipid complex in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differed significantly among the tested types. Furthermore, the breakdown, setback, and pasting temperatures from the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) and the enzymatic digestibility, swelling power, peak temperature, and enthalpy of starch gelatinization from DSC showed a correlation with the amylose content. The relationships between the peak viscosity from the RVA and the onset temperature of starch gelatinization determined by DSC with amylose content of the tested materials were not clear. Waxy starch, which has no amylose, showed a contrasting behavior in starch gelatinization compared with nonwaxy starches. Among the nonwaxy starches, lower setback, lower pasting temperature, higher enzyme digestibility, higher peak temperature, higher enthalpy of starch gelatinization, and higher swelling were generally associated with low amylose starches.     

Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Starch Digestibility of Cooked Rice from Commercially Available Cultivars in Canada

The influence of amylose content, cooking, and storage on starch structure, thermal behaviors, pasting properties, and rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) in different commercial rice cultivars was investigated. Long grain rice with high‐amylose content had a higher gelatinization temperature and a lower gelatinization enthalpy than the other rice cultivars with intermediate amylose content (Arborio and Calrose) and waxy type (glutinous). The intensity ratio of 1047/1022 cm^–1 determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR), which indicated the ordered structure in starch granules, was the highest in glutinous and the lowest in long grain. Results from Rapid ViscoAnalyser (RVA) showed that the rice cultivar with higher amylose content had lower peak viscosity and breakdown, but higher pasting temperature, setback, and final viscosity. The RDS content was 28.1, 38.6, 41.5, and 57.5% in long grain, Arborio, Calrose, and glutinous rice, respectively, which was inversely related to amylose content. However, the SDS and RS contents were positively correlated with amylose content. During storage of cooked rice, long grain showed a continuous increase in pasting viscosity, while glutinous exhibited the sharp cold‐water swelling peak. The retrogradation rate was greater in rice cultivars with high amylose content. The ratio of 1047/1022 cm^–1 was substantially decreased by cooking and then increased during storage of cooked rice due to the crystalline structure, newly formed by retrogradation. Storage of cooked rice decreased RDS content and increased SDS content in all rice cultivars. However, no increase in RS content during storage was observed. The enthalpy for retrogradation and the intensity ratio 1047/1022 cm^–1 during storage were correlated negatively with RDS and positively with SDS (P ≤ 0.01).     

Structural Characteristics,Properties, and In Vitro Digestibility of Rice

Using rice samples derived from normal rice cultivars and endosperm starch mutant, we investigated key factors contributing to the enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains. The chemical composition of polished rice grains, structural features of endosperm starch, and enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains were examined. The protein content of polished rice grains was 4.6–9.1%, amylose content was 4–27%, the DP_n of purified amylose was 900–1,600, the amylopectin short/long chain ratio was 1.2–5.9, and the enzyme digestibilities of steamed polished rice grains were 0.9–12.6 °Brix. Amylose content and RVA parameters (viscosity, breakdown, and setback) correlated significantly with enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains. Multiple regression formulas were constructed to predict digestibility of steamed rice grain as a function of the molecular characteristics of the starch. When both amylose content and the short/long chain amylopectin ratio were used as predictor variables, they accounted for >80% of the observed variance in digestibility of steamed rice grains. Multiple regression revealed that the more digestible rice samples had starch with a lower amylose content and more short‐chain amylopectin. Reassociation of amylose‐lipid complex and recrystallization of amylopectin in the stored steamed rice grains was monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the observed retrogradation properties were related to the structural characteristics of starch and to the enzyme digestibility of steamed rice grains.     

Genetic variation in the physical properties of sweet potato starch.

Sweet potato starch, prepared from 44 genotypes adapted to Philippine conditions, showed wide variation and distinctly different pasting profiles in Rapid Visco-Analyzer (RVA) analysis at 11% and 7% starch concentration. At 11% starch concentration, the pasting profiles were type A, characterized by high to moderate peak with a major breakdown and low cold paste viscosity. At 7%, the pasting profile was generally type C, characterized by the absence of a distinct peak with none to very slight breakdown and high cold paste viscosity. However, differentiation among genotypes was better achieved from RVA pasting profiles at 11% starch concentration. Peak viscosity (PV) and hot paste viscosity (HPV) at 11% starch paste concentration had significant negative correlation with amylose content. PV, HPV, and setback ratio were significantly correlated to adhesiveness of the starch gel. Sweet potato starch generally had high swelling volume but low solubilities at 92.5 degrees C.     

氮素穗肥对不同品种稻米品质性状的影响

以4种不同类型的稻米为材料,采用4个不同的氮素穗肥处理,利用黏度分析仪和XRD技术测定其淀粉特性,探索氮素穗肥对稻米品质及淀粉特性的影响。试验结果表明,氮素穗肥对稻米蛋白质、直链淀粉含量、支/直比和胶稠度的影响,品种间存在差异。各品种稻米的黏滞谱曲线随着氮肥的增加均呈整体下降趋势;相对粳稻而言,杂交籼稻和糯稻黏滞谱曲线在不同的氮肥处理下降幅度较小。各品种稻米淀粉的相对结晶度均表现为随氮肥施用量的增加而减小,17和18的两个衍射峰的分离状态逐渐减小。氮素穗肥施用量与稻米品质和淀粉特性关系密切,可通过调控氮素穗肥水平来改善稻米品质。     

Analysis of genotypic and environmental effects on rice starch. 1. Apparent amylose content, pasting viscosity, and gel texture

Eight rice varieties with wide diversity in apparent amylose content (AC) were selected and planted in the early season and late season of Hangzhou and in the winter season of Hainan for two consecutive years to study the genotype x environment effects on the starch properties of the grain. Analyses of variance showed that AC, cool paste viscosity, breakdown viscosity, setback viscosity, peak time, gel hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness were mainly affected by genotypic variation, whereas peak viscosity and hot paste viscosity were mainly affected by environmental variation. The year x season, year x variety, seasonx variety, and year x season x variety effects were significant for most traits, indicating significant genotype x environment interactions. AC was significantly correlated with all other parameters except PV. Because the Wx gene controls the synthesis of amylose in rice, the mechanism of how the environment affects starch properties is discussed in relation to Wx expression and regulation. The implications of the results for rice breeders and starch-based food manufacturers are discussed.     

辐照改良水稻淀粉特性的研究

以相似AAC的不同类型水稻 (籼稻、粳稻和杂交稻 )和不同AAC早籼稻品种为材料 ,研究了辐照对淀粉粘滞性、理化品质和淀粉颗粒的影响。研究表明 ,最高粘度 (PKV)、热浆粘度 (HPV)、冷胶粘度 (CPV)、消减值 (SBV)和回复值 (CSV)等 5个RVA谱特征参数随剂量增加均显著下降。辐照明显降低了低AAC品种、糯稻和中等AAC品种的AAC ,但对高AAC品种的AAC影响不显著。辐照对碱消值 (ASV)无影响 ,但最高粘度时间 (PKT)随剂量增加而下降。胶稠度尤其是高AAC的胶稠度 (GC)随剂量增加明显提高。胚乳内淀粉颗粒经辐照处理也有所变形。结果表明 ,辐照可提高稻米食用和蒸煮品质。     

优质小麦子粒淀粉组成与糊化特性对氮素水平的响应

在大田条件下,选用3个不同类型优质小麦品种: 豫麦47（强筋品种）、山农8355（中筋品种）和豫麦50（弱筋品种）,设置3个氮肥水平: 施N 0、15和30 g/m2,研究了小麦子粒淀粉的粒度分布、直支链淀粉组成、糊化特性及其对氮素水平的响应。结果表明,优质小麦子粒中淀粉粒的粒径分布范围为1～45 μm,其数目分布呈单峰或双峰曲线变化,体积和表面积分布均呈双峰曲线变化,峰谷位于10 μm处; 据此可将淀粉粒分为两种类型: A型大淀粉粒（10～45 μm）和B型小淀粉粒（1～10 μm）。优质小麦子粒淀粉粒组成存在显著的基因型差异。强筋品种豫麦47子粒中B型淀粉粒的比例较高,弱筋品种豫麦50子粒中A型淀粉粒的比例较高,中筋品种山农8355居中。施氮水平对优质小麦子粒中淀粉的粒度分布存在显著影响。在本试验条件下,随氮素水平的提高,强筋品种豫麦47子粒中A型淀粉粒的比例提高,而B型淀粉粒的比例下降; 增施氮肥后弱筋品种豫麦50和中筋品种山农8355子粒中B型淀粉粒的比例增大,而A型淀粉粒的比例降低,且前者变化的幅度较大。适量增施氮肥提高优质小麦子粒中的淀粉含量,氮肥用量进一步增大后,淀粉含量降低; 增施氮肥后优质小麦子粒中直链淀粉含量降低。增施氮肥对优质小麦子粒淀粉的糊化特性存在较大影响,且此影响的趋势因基因型和施氮量而异。其中强筋品种豫麦47表现为低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、糊化温度和峰值时间提高,而高峰粘度和稀懈值降低; 当氮肥用量增大至30 g/m2时,糊化温度和峰值时间降低,而以粘度为单位的参数均提高。弱筋品种豫麦50表现为增施氮肥后,RVA参数呈下降趋势,与之相对应中筋品种山农8355的呈上升趋势。相关性分析表明,B型淀粉粒的数目、体积和表面积比例与高峰粘度和稀懈值存在显著正相关; 与低谷粘度、最终粘度和反弹值存在显著负相关。子粒中直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量和总淀粉含量与高峰粘度和稀懈值呈显著负相关,与低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值和峰值时间呈一定程度正相关; 直链淀粉相对含量与RVA特征参数之间的相关趋势与子粒中直链淀粉含量的趋势一致,但均未达显著水平。由此可以认为,氮肥通过调控小麦子粒中淀粉的直、支链组成和粒度分布而影响其糊化特性。     

Relationship Between Physicochemical Properties of Starches and White Salted Noodle Quality in Japanese Wheat Flours

This study describes the effect of starch properties of Japanese wheat flours on the quality of white salted noodles (WSN). Starch was isolated from 24 flours of 17 Japanese cultivars and amylose content was determined along with pasting properties by Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA), thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the distribution of amylopectin chain length by high‐performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC). Twenty flours were used to prepare WSN. As expected, 5–6% lower amylose content was associated with good WSN quality (higher scores in softness, elasticity, and smoothness). RVA analysis indicated that the pasting temperature had the greatest influence on WSN quality, while breakdown and setback showed slight effects on WSN quality. DSC results showed that lower endothermal enthalpy (ΔH) in the amylose‐lipid complex was associated with good WSN quality. Chainlength distribution of amylopectin by HPAEC was not an important factor in relation to WSN quality.