近代雾灵山森林植被的变迁

根据近代历史变革与雾灵山森林植被变迁的关系，划分封禁、开禁破坏、保护恢复３个时期，对近代雾灵山森林植被的变迁进行了探讨。指出雾灵山天然次生林的演替是由于反复的人为活动（滥伐、烧垦）所引起的。提出在自然保护的基础上，积极进行人工诱导，加强对天然次生林的合理经营，促进向原生群落的演替。     

浙江森林的变迁

历述浙江省从地史时期到历史时期森林的变迁情况。地史时期森林的变迁主要是由于生态环境的变动;历史时期森林的变迁与人类的存在及活动密切相关。     

序言

森林是一种重要的植被类型。它在地球表面的分布很有规律。根据古生物学和近代生物学的研究，当今展现在人类面前的森林是经过漫长的地史时期和历史时期变迁而来的。一方面，森林物种在严酷的生存斗争中逐渐形成和发展，另一方面，地球环境的变化（包括人类的活动）和其他物种的兴衰，直接或间接地影响森林的变迁和分布。本书所涉及的主要内容为地质时期森林的自然演替过程和人类历史时期森林的变迁。[第一段]     

序言

森林是一种重要的植被类型.它在地球表面的分布很有规律.根据古生物学和近代生物学的研究,当今展现在人类面前的森林是经过漫长的地史时期和历史时期变迁而来的.一方面,森林物种在严酷的生存斗争中逐渐形成和发展,另一方面,地球环境的变化(包括人类的活动)和其他物种的兴衰,直接或间接地影响森林的变迁和分布.本书所涉及的主要内容为地质时期森林的自然演替过程和人类历史时期森林的变迁.     

雾灵山林区森林消防队伍建设探讨

河北雾灵山国家级自然保护区是河北省第一个国家级自然保护区,毗邻京津,地理位置特殊、生态地位非常重要。多年来,雾灵山自然保护区一直将森林防火工作放在全部工作的首位,狠抓扑救和预防,全面加强森林消防队伍建设,较好实现了"打早、打小、打了"。该文总结了2006年以来雾灵山林区森林扑火队伍的建设发展经验,分析了雾灵山林区在火灾扑救队伍建设方面的成绩和不足,对今后雾灵山林区森林扑救队伍的建设提出了对策建议。     

野生花卉生境的模糊聚类分析

本文在介绍模糊聚类分析方法的基础上,对燕山主峰雾灵山的野生花卉生境进行了聚类分析,根据花卉的气候、土壤条件,将雾灵山野生花卉的生境分为中山森林型、低山沟谷型和山顶草甸型3个不同种类。据此可在引种栽培不同类型的花卉时,采取具体分析和对策。     

雾灵山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

对雾灵山自然保护区的森林生态系统服务功能价值进行了评估，得出雾灵山自然保护区森林生态系统服务总价值30272．76万元／a，其中，间接经济价值28144．82万元／a，占总价值的92．97％。其直接经济价值2127．94万元／a，占总价值的7．03％。直接经济价值与间接经济价值的比值是1：13．23，由此可见，雾灵山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能间接价值的重要性。因此，保存森林的价值，决不仅仅是木材价值上的保护，更重要的是森林的生态系统服务功能间接价值的保护。     

浅析内蒙古贺兰山森林资源变迁

基于不同地质时期贺兰山森林演变和不同历史时期贺兰山森林资源变迁,文章对贺兰山森林资源变迁的主要原因进行了分析考证。     

鄂尔多斯古树名木考察报告

在鄂尔多斯的历史上，曾是松柏参天、森林茂密之地，但由于战乱、放垦、樵采以及气候等自然因素的变化，使大面积森林遭到了破坏。考察鄂尔多斯的古树名木，对研究鄂尔多斯的人文历史、生态环境和自然景观的变迁将有重要作用。本文所写的十余株古树，仅是考察鄂尔多斯古树名木的开始，通过进一步的祥细调查，将对鄂尔多斯生态变化有一个全面了解，为保护这些古树名木掌握第一手资料，为推动鄂尔多斯生态环境建设提供理论依据。     

雾灵山森林公园森林风景资源质量评价

在深入调查研究的基础上,概述了包括地理位置、地文条件、气候、水文条件在内的雾灵山森林公园的基本情况,从生物景观资源、地文景观资源、水文景观资源、人文景观资源方面介绍了研究区的森林风景资源,同时综合评价了森林公园的外部交通、适游期、旅游区位条件等旅游开发条件,在此基础上,依据国家标准《中国森林公园风景资源质量等级评价》对雾灵山森林公园的森林风景资源的质量、开发利用条件进行了分析评定,有利于确定森林公园的保护标准、利用形式、开发规模和服务功能,可为森林公园的开发建设提供有利指导。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.