作物种植面积空间对地抽样方法设计

传统的粮食作物种植面积估算一般采用目录抽样方法，由于缺乏现实、有效的先验知识，抽样过程受精度和效率制约。本文利用地理信息系统、遥感和全球定位系统技术，结合传统的随机、系统和分层抽样方法，设计三种新的粮食作物种植面积空间对地抽样方案，并在此基础上开展试验对比研究，分析它们在抽样精度、最少样本量和稳定性方面的差异。结果表明，本文所设计的空间分层抽样方法所需样本量较小，且具有较高的估算精度和稳定性，可以用于大范围农作物种植面积监测。     

基于结构规模的冬小麦种植面积遥感抽样估算

在种植结构复杂地区,由于受到混合像元和同期作物的影响,传统的以规模为分层标志进行冬小麦种植面积遥感估算难以保证抽样效率和精度。该文综合考虑混合像元、同期作物的影响,构建了结构规模指标进行冬小麦种植面积遥感抽样估算。采用TM和QuickBird为研究数据,设计不同的抽样方案估算冬小麦的种植面积,计算标准误差、准确度和变异系数衡量估算精度,与传统简单随机、规模指标分层抽样进行对比分析,验证本文方法的有效性。试验结果表明,以结构规模指标分层抽样的反推结果在各项指标上均明显优于传统简单随机、规模指标分层抽样方式,尤其在小样本量时,标准误差降低2.0×105m2,准确度提升了1%。该研究结果为在大范围种植结构复杂地区进行冬小麦种植面积遥感估算的改进提供了试验依据。     

数据驱动的农作物遥感分类地面样本点布设

地面样本点是农作物遥感分类模型训练的基础，样本点数量和质量是影响模型分类精度的2个主要因素。该研究构建了数据驱动的样本点布设方法，利用待分类影像的光谱、植被指数等特征构造分层抽样底图，结合分层随机抽样方法进行地面样本点布设，并分析不同抽样策略对农作物遥感分类结果的影响。采取基于k-means聚类分析的数据驱动方法，考虑6景哨兵2号影像提取的共78个分类特征，生成同一个最优k的聚类结果图；设计等量分配和按面积比分配2种样本量分配方式，样本点数量为25、49、100、169、225的5个总样本量；基于不同抽样策略获取地面样本点信息，利用同一个支持向量机模型对待分类影像进行监督分类，并通过与139个样本点的理论总样本量和400个样本点的传统方式总样本量对比分析，定量解析不同抽样策略对分类精度的影响。结果表明：1）在数据驱动非监督聚类生成的底图上进行抽样（按面积比分层抽样法、等量分层抽样法）获得的样本点质量和分类精度明显优于没有该底图的抽样策略（简单随机抽样法、系统抽样法）；2）当总样本量低于理论总样本量时，等量分层抽样法能获取比按面积比分层抽样法更高的分类精度。例如，当理论样本量为139时，...     

基于遥感与多变量概率抽样调查的作物种植面积测量

针对传统抽样调查工作中调查基础资料时效性不高和野外调查工作量较大等问题,该文提出了一种遥感与MPPS(multivariate probability proportional to size)抽样调查相结合的农作物种植面积测量方法。利用第2次农业普查数据进行抽样框的编制;利用时序中分辨率遥感数据进行农作物种植面积的分类;在中分辨率遥感分类图的基础上进行MPPS抽样;采用高空间分辨率遥感数据对抽选样本进行面向对象的分类;根据MPPS抽样方法进行总体农作物种植面积的推断;计算CV值,评价抽样精度,以国家统计局公布数据为标准进行总体面积精度评价。以辽宁省北镇市为研究区对该方法进行了测试。结果显示,该方法能够有效的提取县级农作物种植面积,农作物种植面积提取精度优于92%。     

无人机遥感影像面向对象分类方法估算市域水稻面积

针对如何高效地从无人机遥感影像中提取农作物样方数据,用于农作物面积遥感估算,该文以浙江省平湖市为例,利用面向对象分类方法对无人机影像进行水稻自动化识别,作为样方数据与卫星遥感全覆盖空间分布分类结果结合,采用分层联合比估计进行2014年单季晚稻面积估算。然后,与人工目视解译识别方法获取的水稻样方数据推断的区域水稻面积估算的结果进行精度、效率对比分析。研究结果表明:1)利用面向对象分类方法对无人机影像进行分类,总体分类精度达到93%以上,满足构建样本的要求;2)通过区域作物估算对比分析发现,面向对象分类方法对无人机影像进行水稻识别,构建平湖市单季晚稻的样方数据,能够替代人工目视解译样方准确推断区域作物种植面积,有效地提高了无人机影像在遥感面积估算中的应用效率。     

中低分辨率小波融合的玉米种植面积遥感估算

采用中分辨率与低分辨率数据相结合的遥感估算方法是获取大范围作物种植面积的主要趋势之一。在MODIS时序影像和TM影像支持下,采用小波变换融合方法获取30m分辨率的NDVI时间序列信息,构建主要秋季作物的NDVI标准生长曲线,以最小距离分类器进行分层分类,获得河南原阳县玉米种植面积总量信息和空间分布,并以野外实测地块样本进行精度评价。由于充分利用MODIS影像的时间序列优势和TM影像的空间分辨率优势,通过秋季作物之间的物候差异,有效地区分出各种秋季作物的空间分布,基于融合NDVI时间序列信息玉米种植面积遥感估算的位置和面积精度分别达到79%和89%,远高于常规的监督分类,为大范围玉米种植面积遥感估算提供了一种可行的方法。     

基于分层抽样的中国水稻种植面积遥感调查方法研究

及时准确的统计水稻种植面积对国家和区域的粮食生产、贸易及粮食安全预警有重要意义。传统的按行政单元逐级上报和农业产量抽样调查方法在数据获取过程中受人为因素的干扰，难以避免的出现诸如错报、漏报、空报等问题。遥感技术具有及时、准确、客观的特点，对于农作物种植面积监测具有其他方法不可替代的优势。但是，一般的作物面积遥感监测是全覆盖或典型地区调查。在大尺度农作物遥感调查时，全面普查(卫星遥感数据全覆盖)的方法在时间和经费方面是不可行的，以典型调查代替总体的方法缺乏科学依据。科学合理的抽样方法是可运行的大尺度作物面积监测的关键因素。研究在背景数据库的支持下，以土地利用数据库为辅助变量，设计了基于分层抽样的中国水稻种植面积遥感监测方法。以全国稻田面积为总体，采用1∶5万比例尺标准地形图幅为分层抽样的抽样单元。以遥感与地面调查相结合的方法监测样本的当年和上一年水稻种植面积，在给定精度条件下估算水稻种植面积年际变化率。结合上年统计部门发布的水稻种植面积统计数据，推算当年水稻种植面积。该项研究为农业部全国水稻遥感监测提供了可行的大尺度水稻遥感监测的运行方案。     

面向省级农作物种植面积遥感估算的分层方法

针对当前遥感抽样估算中分层标志缺乏遥感识别误差描述的问题,该文探讨了基于农作物遥感识别结果的不同分层方法的抽样效率。以江苏省为研究区,采用2阶段分层,采用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)标准差进行一阶段分层,在一阶段分层的基础上,分别采用农作物识别种植规模、遥感识别破碎度、种植结构以及种植结构与破碎度指标进行二阶段分层。试验结果表明:种植结构与破碎度指标的分层效率最高,相对效率达到5.90,该分层指标融合了遥感分类结果反演出的种植结构和破碎度,不但能够有效地反映出农作物区域的景观特征,同时也较为合理地反映出区域间作物种植的差异性,为提高省级农作物种植面积遥感抽样估算效率提供有力的参考。     

基于CSLE模型和抽样单元法的县域土壤侵蚀估算方法对比

为提高县域尺度地块(栅格)土壤侵蚀模数估算的准确性,以河北省怀来县为例,基于CSLE模型,分别采用全域覆盖计算和4%密度抽样单元推算方法对全县土壤侵蚀进行计算和对比分析。结果表明:全域覆盖计算比4%抽样单元推算水土流失面积大59.0 km~2,相对差异达12.94%。全域覆盖计算可实现空间全覆盖,更准确地反映县域水土流失空间分布特点,适用于中、小尺度土壤侵蚀定量计算,但需要较高精度和全面的数据源保证;抽样单元推算适用于流域、区域等大尺度土壤侵蚀估算,但结果受抽样方法、抽样密度、外推或插值方法等因素影响较大。应进一步加强遥感解译准确性、侵蚀因子精度等对CSLE全域覆盖计算结果影响的研究,完善模型参数数据库,率定因子值,实现参数本地化。     

基于GF-1卫星数据的农作物种植面积遥感抽样调查方法

GF-1号卫星是中国2013年4月26日发射的一颗高分辨率遥感卫星,为解决该新型卫星数据在农作物对地抽样遥感调查中的应用技术方法问题,该文针对GF-1号卫星数据的特点,研究了基于GF-1号卫星16m WFV传感器和2m/8m PMS传感器卫星数据的农作物种植面积遥感抽样调查方法。根据研究区物候历,选择农作物识别关键期的16m WFV传感器数据进行多时相农作物种植面积的中分辨率遥感提取;在中分辨率农作物面积遥感分类图基础上,计算研究区域的MORAN I指数,确定格网抽样单元的大小,进行多目标农作物的MPPS(multivariate probability proportional to size)抽样;对抽样单元采用2m/8 m PMS传感器卫星数据进行高分辨率农作物面积制图;最后根据MPPS抽样方法进行总体农作物种植面积的推断,并计算CV值,评价抽样精度。以江苏省东台市为研究区对GF-1号卫星数据进行了应用研究。研究结果表明,GF-1号卫星数据完全可以应用于县级农作物种植面积的提取,农作物种植面积提取精度优于90%。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.