蝙蝠作为流行性乙型脑炎病毒宿主的研究

1986、1988、1990和1997年的7－8月，在云南省共捕获653只蝙蝠，其中棕果蝠（Rousettus leschenaulti)593只，金管鼻蝠（Murina aurata)60只，采集血清及剖取脑组织作病毒分离和抗体检查。用细胞法和乳鼠法分离到6株病毒，带毒率为0．96％，其中从捕自景洪的棕果蝠脑组织中分离到3株，从河口的棕果蝠血清中分离到2株，从捕自耿马的金管鼻蝠脑组织中分离出1株。棕果蝠和金管鼻蝠的带毒率分别为0．84％和1．67％。这6株病毒能引起C6／36和BHK21细胞病变和导致乳小白鼠或3－4周龄小白鼠发病和死亡，并具有典型的嗜神经病毒感染症状，经血凝抑制，补体结合，免疫荧光和中和试验鉴定。新分离的6株病毒均为乙脑病毒（JE virus)。同期用血凝抑制试验对采获的425份棕果蝠血清作乙脑病毒抗体检查。阳性153－份，阳性率为36％，人有较高的感染率，。本次从棕果蝠和金管鼻蝠体内分离出乙脑病毒属具有重要流行病学意义。     

马源轮状病毒血清3型引起的马驹腹泻

１９８７年３－７月，在１６８例马驹腹泻病例中观察到８９例（５３％）由轮状病一道因清３型引起，从６２病例粪便中共分离到５１株ＲＶ，分离株（ＣＨ－３）具有独特的毒ＲＮＡ电泳型且不同于该农场广泛流行的其他病毒株，用抗人和动物的ＲＶ血清１－１２型抗血清分别与ＣＨ－３病毒进行中和试验均呈阴性，但Ｃ－３病毒株双股ＲＮＡ能与马源ＲＶ血清３型株进行探针杂交。     

山羊流产病毒分离毒株SDS—聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析与研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳所具有的分子筛子电泳的双重效应和SDS（十二烷基硫酸钠）可直接列解病毒颗粒，打开病毒结构蛋白分子的非共价键而获得良好的分离效果等优势对从流产出羊胎儿中分离到的可致山羊流产的病毒进行RNA－PAGE（聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳）分析，基因组由6个RNA片段组成，其数量及带型分布与蓝舌病毒内蒙毒株（BTV－NM）完全不同。     

猪细小病毒自然弱毒株的分离与鉴定

猪细小病毒（porcineparvovirus，PPV）是引起母猪繁殖障碍的主要病原之一。第一株PPV是Mayr和Mahnel在１９６６年从细胞培养物中首次发现的，可能是细胞内潜伏感染的病毒。Caytwyight和Huck在１９６７年首次从流产胎儿脏器中分离到病毒，证明其为DNA病毒，并证实了其致病作用。在我国，潘雪珠于１９８３年首次分离到PPV犤１犦，此后，在我国各地陆续分离到了数株PPV。本研究从流行病学调查中分离到了一株PPV，并从形态学、血清学、生物学几个方面对其进行了鉴定，根据实验结果，推测该毒株可能是一株弱毒株，命名为闽－０１。１材…     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒的分离与鉴定

本文采用病毒分离鉴定的常规方法,从某番鸭养殖户自然死亡的番鸭中分离到1株病毒,用分离到的毒株试验感染1日龄敏感番鸭,其死亡率达100％,临床及病理变化与自然感染发病的番鸭基本一致,并可回收到该病毒,分离毒株与番鸭呼肠孤病毒有一定的血清学交叉反应。根据试验结果,初步确定该病毒为呼肠孤病毒。     

鸡新城疫强毒株的分离及其人工感染试验

采用鸡胚接种法从安徽凤阳某患病鸡群中分离到一株病毒，经HA、HI试验及知清中和接种鸡胚试验，确定为新城疫病毒。参照国际上规定的新城疫病毒力判定的标准及其方法，测定该分离株的鸡胚是小致死量平均死亡时间（MDT）、1日龄鸡脑内接种致病指数（ICPI）和6周龄鸡静脉内接种致病指数（IVPI）分别为44h、1．74和2．39。表明该分离株具有与新城疫病毒发型相类似的毒力，属强毒力毒株。用该分离株对16日龄的鸡、鹅、鸭分别进行了人工试验感染，其发病率均为100％，而死亡率为分别为40％－80％、40％－60％和0。     

猪生殖-呼吸道综合征病毒(PRRSV)分离鉴定及其与欧、美PRRSV抗原的比较

在我国吉林省某地猪生殖－呼吸道综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ）抗体阳性猪群的４头２日龄弱仔猪实质脏器中分离到２株ＰＲＲＳＶ。间接荧光抗体试验（ＩＦＡ）结果表明,ＰＲＲＳＶ（ＬＶ．ＶＲ－２３３２）抗血清与２个分离株呈阳性反应;分离到病毒的弱仔猪血清与参考株（ＬＶ．ＶＲ－２３３２）也呈阳性反应;而分离株与ＨＣＶ、ＰｒＶ、ＰＰＶ、ＴＧＥＶ、ＰＥＤＶ和ＨＥＶ无交叉抗原。以上试验证明,我们已成功地分离到２株地方性ＰＲＲＳＶ。进一步用六种ＰＲＲＳＶ单抗（Ａ～Ｆ）进行ＩＦＡ试验,结果２个分离株与ＶＲ－２３３２的荧光反应谱相同。说明它们之间在抗原结构上具有同源性。     

从疑似PRRS流产胎儿分离PRRSV的研究

采用猪肺巨噬细胞和Ｍａｒｃ－１４５细胞培养对国内暴发流行ＰＲＲＳ的某地猪场进行了病毒分离，从流产胎儿分离出特征性致细胞病变因子，用ＰＲＲＳＶＳＤＯＷ－１７单克隆抗体进行间接免疫荧光染色，证明从４头流产胎儿分离到４株ＰＲＲＳＶ（ＣＨ－ｌａ，ＣＨ－１ｂ，ＣＨ－ｌｃ，ＣＨ－ｌｄ）这４株毒均可在猪肺巨噬细胞和Ｍａｒｃ－１４５ 细胞上生长，并产生特征性ＣＰＥ变化，用ＰＲＲＳＶ美国分离毒株ＶＲ－２３３２和ＮＶ     

猪伪狂犬病毒DQ株的分离鉴定和生物学特性的研究

从黑龙江大庆某猪场采集流产死亡的仔猪大脑、扁桃体等病料组织接种BHK-21细胞,分离到1株病毒,经PCR检测、直接荧光法检测,血清中和试验,证实分离到的病毒为伪狂犬病毒,命名为PRV DQ株,该病毒经克隆纯化后测得其毒价为108.36TCID50/ml,对热、胰蛋白酶、氯仿、乙醚敏感,15日龄哺乳仔猪接种该分离株后发病死亡。     

猪细小病毒氢氧化铝疫苗研究

选用从国内浙江省某猪场流产死胎中分离的猪细小病毒强毒（简称浙PV－Z株），通过仔猪肾原代细胞增殖后，经甲醛灭活，再配以20％的氨氧化铝胶佐剂制成猪细小病毒氢氧化铝疫苗。该疫苗免疫性好，免疫程序简单。小剂量肌注豚鼠和猪，均能激起明显的抗体应答反应，疫苗对豚鼠接种2次HI价可达到1：320以上（通常1：640－1：1280）。对成年猪接种疫苗0．2ml,0.5ml,1.0ml免疫2次，或用2．0ml免疫1次，HI价范围在1：20－1：320之间，疫苗对胎儿的保护率可达到98．7％。实验室和田间跟踪试验显示该疫苗具有保存期长、耐热、安全、免疫保护率高等特点。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.