1-甲基环丙烯处理对西洋梨常温贮藏的保鲜效果

为了探索西洋梨采后的常温保鲜方法,以“早红考密斯”为试材,研究了1-甲基环丙烯处理对西洋梨果实在20℃条件下生理代谢的影响。结果表明,在20℃贮藏条件下,1-MCP处理能明显延缓果实硬度的下降和色度的改变;抑制果实乙烯的合成,降低果实的呼吸速率,推迟乙烯、呼吸峰出现,并降低峰值。1-MCP处理与对照相比,乙烯释放高峰和呼吸高峰推迟6 d出现,同时降低了峰值,乙烯释放高峰和呼吸高峰分别仅为对照的69.6%和79.8%;1-MCP处理抑制了可溶性固形物含量和丙二醛含量的快速上升;在贮藏12 d时,果实的过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别为对照的 144.7%、113.5%、141.4%;另外,1-MCP还可以抑制果实的腐烂,降低果实腐烂率。因此,1-MCP处理可抑制西洋梨货架期的后熟衰老进程,有利于保持果实品质,提高贮藏效果。     

1-MCP复合杀菌剂对西州蜜甜瓜常温贮藏品质的影响

为了探究不同保鲜剂复合杀菌剂对甜瓜的保鲜效果,以西州蜜甜瓜为试验材料,研究了抑霉唑硫酸盐、ClO₂、咪鲜胺、1-MCP、1-MCP复合抑霉唑硫酸盐和无菌水对甜瓜常温贮藏下品质的影响。结果表明,与对照无菌水相比,所有保鲜剂均可显著抑制甜瓜采后腐烂与失重,维持果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量,提升贮藏品质。1-MCP与1-MCP复合杀菌剂处理可显著抑制西州蜜果实的呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率,呼吸峰值较对照无菌水分别降低43.7%和37.5%,乙烯释放峰值较对照无菌水分别降低47.9%和53.7%,呼吸峰值和乙烯释放峰值出现时间均推迟3 d。其中1-MCP复合杀菌剂对果实可滴定酸和Vc含量保持效果显著,与对照无菌水相比,可滴定酸含量提高40.0%,Vc含量提高38.2%,对西州蜜甜瓜的保鲜效果最好。     

叶面喷钙对金丝小枣钙素营养及果实品质的影响

为探究叶面喷施钙肥对金丝小枣钙素营养、果实发育及品质的影响,以20年生乐陵金丝小枣为试材,以喷清水为对照,进行叶面喷施有机钙(柠檬酸钙,0.2%)和无机钙(硝酸钙,0.2%)试验,生长期间分4次测量果实生长指标以及叶片、果实中钙含量,收获期对一些果实品质指标进行测定。研究结果表明:叶面喷施有机钙和无机钙均可提高金丝小枣果实和叶片的Ca含量、果实可溶性糖含量、单果重、果形指数。喷施两种钙肥还可显著提高叶片SPAD值,改善叶片氮素营养。喷施柠檬酸钙可显著提高果实优质果比例,并降低劣质果比例。两种钙肥均可改善金丝小枣营养状况,促进金丝小枣果实发育,并且柠檬酸钙的效果优于硝酸钙。     

浸钙对黑宝石李果实采后品质和延缓衰老的影响

采用不同浓度CaCl₂溶液浸泡黑宝石李采后果实，研究对其果实品质和延缓衰老的影响，达到延长贮藏期的目的。 结果表明：浸钙处理可显著抑制采后贮藏过程中果实可滴定酸含量、硬度和可溶性糖含量的下降，浸钙处理降低了果实可溶性固性物含量；贮藏期间浸钙处理后乙烯释放量显著低于对照，且峰值出现的时间比对照推迟15 d；浸钙处理可保持采后贮藏过程中果实较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和较低的丙二醛(MDA)含量，维持细胞内活性氧代谢平衡，显著降低膜脂过氧化作用，从而延缓果实成熟衰老进程，较好的保持了果实品质。4种钙浓度处理中以1％和2％CaCl₂溶液浸果效果较好。     

外源硝酸钙对水培生菜生长及矿质元素吸收的影响

为有效提高水培生菜产品的营养品质和矿物质含量,试验设置0.1%、0.3%、0.5%3个浓度硝酸钙进行叶面喷施处理,以喷施蒸馏水为对照,对不同处理下生菜生长、产量、品质及矿质元素吸收量进行统计分析。结果表明,硝酸钙叶面喷施处理诱导了SOD、POD、CAT活性的升高。硝酸钙处理28 d,各处理维生素C含量低于对照组,但差异不显著;0.5%处理硝酸盐含量显著高于对照,其他处理与对照组差异不显著;0.3%处理可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量显著高于对照。外源硝酸钙处理可增加叶片数、根长、根冠比,0.3%处理单株产量升高5.9%,可增加生菜地上部分磷、钾、钙含量,钙元素较对照升高最多,为30.8%,铁升高5.3%,镁下降3.2%。0.1%处理铁、镁含量较对照分别升高30.0%、20.3%。但随着处理浓度的升高镁、铁含量下降,0.5%处理较对照分别下降13.1%、1.1%。随着硝酸钙处理浓度的增加地上部锌逐渐从叶片转移至根,0.5%处理地上部分锌含量最低,为110.1mg·kg-1,较对照下降25.8%。综上,适当浓度的硝酸钙可增加水培生菜钙和部分微量元素含量,增加营养品质,施用过量会影响矿物质元素吸收平衡。本研究结果为指导水培生菜生产过程中应用叶面喷施硝酸钙形成高营养品质,提高微量矿物质元素提供了理论依据。     

外源硒对芒果硒含量及果实营养品质的影响

探讨叶面喷施和土施外源硒对芒果叶片和果实硒含量、果实矿质元素含量及营养品质的影响，以期为富硒芒果的安全生产提供理论依据和技术支持。以“桂热 82号”芒果为试材，叶面喷施以亚硒酸钠为硒源，设置0.0、25.0、50.0、100.0、150.0和 200.0 mg/L 6个浓度水平，于生理落果结束后，每 15 d喷施一次，连喷 2次。土施设置亚硒酸钠处理和硒酸钠处理，施肥量为 10 g/株，于花期沟施。结果表明，芒果叶片和果实中的硒含量随着叶面喷硒浓度的增加而递增。叶面喷施 50 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实 Vc含量，200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著提高果实K、可滴定酸含量，100～ 200 mg/L亚硒酸钠可显著降低果实Zn、Ca含量。土施相同量的亚硒酸钠和硒酸钠均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量。土施硒酸钠叶片和果实硒含量显著高于亚硒酸钠。土施 10 g/株亚硒酸钠显著降低果实 Ca、Mg含量，土施 10 g/株硒酸钠显著提高果实 K、Vc含量，降低果实 Ca含量。叶面喷硒和土壤施硒均可显著提高芒果叶片和果实硒含量，其中叶面喷硒提高幅度远大于土壤施硒提高幅度。土施硒酸钠比亚硒酸钠更容易被芒果吸收。富硒芒果生产上推荐叶面喷施 25.0～ 50.0 mg/L亚硒酸钠，或者土施 10 g/株硒酸钠。     

高压静电场处理对红元帅苹果采后品质的影响

该研究利用自制的高压静电场保鲜实验台产生的-50 kV/m和-100 kV/m高压静电场处理红元帅苹果，贮藏过程中每4d测定1次果实呼吸强度、内源乙烯释放量、果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量变化，并在贮藏结束时，对果实品质进行感官评定。实验结果表明：高压静电场处理使红元帅苹果的乙烯释放高峰推迟4 d，乙烯释放高峰值显著低于对照，并且使果实呼吸跃变推迟8 d。高压静电场处理苹果，在20℃条件下贮藏24 d，果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量显著高于对照，果实新鲜程度、脆性、硬度、粉性、甜味和苹果味等感官指标显著比对照好（p<0.01)，表明高压静电场处理对保持红元帅苹果的采后品质具有显著作用。     

1-MCP对冷藏花牛苹果生理活性及香气合成相关酶活性的影响

以花牛苹果为试材,研究了1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理对花牛苹果冷藏期间果实呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率及香气成分相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,1-MCP能够显著抑制冷藏期间花牛苹果果实呼吸强度和乙烯生成,推迟呼吸和乙烯释放高峰的出现,同时能够抑制花牛苹果香气合成的相关酶活性,从而延缓果实的后熟与衰老,有效保持花牛苹果贮藏期间的生理品质。冷藏120 d,果实LOX酶活性峰值较同期对照降低了21.6%;PDC酶活性于冷藏180 d时达到最大,较同期对照低了51.5%。1-MCP 处理降低了AAT酶活性峰值,但并未推迟峰值的来临。     

喷施钙对肥城桃果活性钙含量及其在亚细胞分布的影响

【目的】肥城桃是山东特产,但经常发生缝合线褐变、 不耐储藏等问题,补充钙肥是减轻其生理病害的有效措施。了解肥城桃的需钙规律,为肥城桃补充钙素营养提供理论依据和技术指导。【方法】以11年生红里肥桃为试材,从花后一个月开始,每隔30 d在选取的肥桃果树上喷施钙肥。试验设3个处理: 1)喷施0.5%氨基酸钙溶液; 2)喷施0.5%硝酸钙; 3)喷施清水为对照。从4月28日起每隔30 d采样,测定果皮、 果肉、 果核、 果仁总钙含量及果肉钙组分含量,在成熟期取果实用透射电镜观察果肉细胞内钙的亚细胞分布。【结果】3个处理果实中的钙含量均以幼果期最高,随着果实的成熟,全钙、 水溶性钙、 果胶酸钙含量均呈下降趋势,喷钙处理在一定程度上提高了果皮、 果肉、 果核及果仁的总钙含量,其中果肉总钙含量变化最明显,在果实成熟期,喷施氨基酸钙及硝酸钙的处理果肉总钙含量分别增加了68%、 77%。通过电镜观察,喷钙果肉细胞中钙均匀分布于细胞壁、 细胞膜、 液泡膜上,液泡中有钙的堆积; 未喷钙细胞壁中钙的分布减少,细胞膜、 液泡膜上钙也均匀分布; 发生褐变的果肉细胞内钙分布很少且不均匀。【结论】肥城桃果实中全钙含量随着果实生长而迅速下降。喷施钙肥能提高果实全钙尤其是水溶性钙及果胶钙的含量,增加细胞壁钙的分布,有利于缓解果实发育过程中钙含量的下降。喷施氨基酸钙和硝酸钙都能增加肥城桃果肉的不溶性果胶含量,提高果实硬度。     

设施蔬菜辣椒生长发育、果实品质及内源激素对外施赤霉素的响应

以陇椒2号为试验材料,研究了有机复合基质栽培下叶面喷施GA_3对设施蔬菜辣椒生长发育、果实产量、品质及内源激素的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施200 mg·L~(-1)和250 mg·L~(-1)GA_3均显著增加了辣椒生育期的植株株高和干物质积累量,降低了落花落果率,增加了辣椒长度、直径、果皮厚度、单果重和产量,二者之间没有显著差异。喷施200 mg·L~(-1)的GA_3植株株高、干物质积累量、单果(鲜)重和单株平均产量与对照(清水)相比分别提高11.8%,22.5%,16.1%和7.6%。叶面喷施200 mg·L~(-1)和250 mg·L~(-1)的GA_3均显著增加了辣椒果实中维生素(Vc)、可溶性蛋白、还原糖及可溶性糖含量,改善了辣椒果实的品质。喷施200 mg·L~(-1)的GA_3处理辣椒果实Vc、可溶性蛋白及可溶性糖含量在盛果期和拉秧期与对照(清水)相比分别增加了19.7%和22.6%,18.4%和14.8%,15.0%和14.9%。此外,叶面喷施200 mg·L~(-1)和250 mg·L~(-1)的GA_3均显著增加了辣椒果实脱落酸(ABA)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)平均含量,而对玉米素(ZR)平均含量没有显著影响。从经济效果考虑,叶面喷施200 mg·L~(-1)GA_3三次是设施蔬菜辣椒栽培中高产优质的实用技术。     

Abscisic acid improves tomato fruit quality by increasing soluble sugar concentrations

Abscisic acid (ABA) is crucial in fruit maturation and senescence and is considered as the other ripening control factor other than ethylene. Important components in ripening fruit are soluble sugars, which make the fruit sweeter and carotenoids, important flavor compounds in ripened fruit. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of foliar ABA and calcium (Ca) fertilizer treatments (individually and in combination) on determinate beef-steak greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaf chlorophylls and carotenoids, fruit carotenoids, and soluble sugar concentrations. Foliar spray treatment of 500 mg L^?1 ABA increased zeaxanthin (ZEA) and β-carotene (BC) in tomato leaf tissue. Increases in Ca fertilizer treatments significantly decreased tomato leaf violaxanthin (VIO), but no effect on other carotenoids. The application of 500 mg L^?1 ABA foliar spray significantly increased glucose and fructose concentrations in tomato fruit tissue. Foliar application of ABA treatments can increase overall chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and fruit quality.     

小分子有机物质螯合钙肥的应用效果

采用盆栽试验,将两种小分子有机物(氨基酸、糖醇)为主剂的螯合钙肥与单质硝酸钙和市场钙肥产品糖醇钙(糖醇螯合钙)比较,研究叶面喷施和根施两种施肥方式对小白菜生长、品质和养分吸收的影响。结果表明：与硝酸钙和糖醇钙相比,无论是喷施还是根施,两种小分子有机物质螯合钙肥都能在不同程度上提高小白菜的钙吸收量,提高其生物量,改善品质;喷施和根施小分子有机物螯合钙肥Ⅰ与分别施用硝酸钙相比,小白菜生物量分别提高了33.63％和31.55％;喷施和根施小分子有机物质螯合钙肥Ⅱ与施用硝酸钙相比,小白菜的生物量分别提高了18.95％和49.95％。与硝酸钙相比,两种小分子有机物质螯合钙肥喷施可使植株钙累积量分别平均提高5.31％和6.84％;根施则使植株钙累积量分别提高13.51％和45.31％。另外,喷施、根施两种小分子有机物质螯合钙肥与施用硝酸钙与糖醇钙相比,均不同程度地提高了小白菜的Vc和可溶性蛋白含量,降低了硝态氮含量。因此,以氨基酸和糖醇为主剂的螯合钙肥无论采用喷施还是根施,都能对小白菜起到良好的增产提质效果。     

Effect of foliar and soil application of urea on leaf nutrients concentrations,yield and fruit quality of pomegranate

The influence of foliar application of 1% urea and four rates of urea (100, 200, 300 and 400 g tree^?1) as soil application (deep fertilizer placement) were studied on leaf nutrients concentrations, yield and fruit quality of ‘Malas e Torsh e Saveh’ pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Trees that received 300 and 400 g urea as soil application showed positive significant response on fruit yield, average fruit weight, aril weight percent of fruit, 100 arils weight, fruit diameter and TSS. Foliar application of urea had also significant effects on average fruit weight, aril weight percent of fruit and 100 arils weight. Nitrogen concentration increased linearly in leaves with the increase in rate of urea-applied. According to results, deep soil application of urea under the conditions of this study was more effective on pomegranate fruit yield and quality characters than foliar application of urea.     

EFFECT OF VARIOUS FOLIAR SPRAYS ON SOME FRUIT QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND LEAF NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF THE PEACH CULTIVAR ‘ANDROSS’

The effect of various products applied as foliar sprays on some fruit quality attributes and leaf nutritional status of the peach cultivar ‘Andross’ for a three year period is reported. Foliar application of all calcium (Ca) products plus boron (B), did not affect mean fruit weight compared to the control. Application of profical plus calcium phosphite plus power 7-B resulted in an increase of flesh firmness. Low flesh firmness was measured at the potassium nitrate (KNO₃) and Chelan-K treatments. Foliar application of all Ca and K products did not alter significantly total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, and length and width of pits in comparison to the control. The highest amount of compact pits (without visual split) for the three year period was measured after foliar application of silene-K. Profical plus calcium phosphite plus power 7-B, and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) plus power 7-B gave also good results for the three years. Foliar application of agriphos, chelan-K, silene-K, and KNO₃ resulted in an increase of K concentration of leaves compared to the control. Foliar application of CaCl₂, bcazin, power-Ca, profical and calcium phosphite plus profical resulted in an increase of Ca concentration of leaves compared to the control for all the years. The efficacy of the foliar sprays varied from year to year indicating the influence of the climatic conditions on tree nutrition.     

Impact of Supplemental Calcium Chloride on Yield,Quality, Nutrient Status,and Postharvest Attributes of Tomato

Little is known regarding the impact of calcium chloride applications during growth and development on tomato postharvest quality. This trial investigated supplemental calcium chloride applications on yield, nutrient content, texture, and postharvest quality of tomato fruit. Calcium (Ca) nutrient solution concentrations were: 60, 180, and 360 mg·L^?1 calcium, while foliar applications were (0, 1, and 2% calcium chloride w/v). Plants grown with 60 mg·L^?1 Ca had a high incidence of blossom end rot, which was not affected by calcium chloride sprays. Fruit nutrient concentrations were affected by calcium delivered through the nutrient solution. As fruit cluster position increased, fruit nutrient concentrations significantly decreased. Foliar calcium chloride sprays affected fruit soluble solids content and dry weight, but did not affect texture. Pericarp elasticity increased concomitantly with calcium in the nutrient solution. Postharvest disease incidence was not affected by calcium treatment, though weight loss during storage was negatively affected by calcium chloride sprays.     

混施微生物菌剂和有机肥对‘新红星’苹果解袋后果实品质的影响

以5年生‘新红星’苹果果树为试材,探究不同施肥处理(T1,有机肥;T2,微生物菌剂+有机肥;T3,微生物菌剂;CK,对照)对‘新红星’苹果解袋后果实内在品质、呼吸速率、乙烯释放率、果实硬脆性及相关酶和基因表达的影响。结果表明,与传统单一施肥相比,施加含微生物菌剂的有机肥显著提高了果实可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量及糖酸比。解袋后0~12 d果实呼吸速率及乙烯释放速率显著上升,12~15 d趋于平稳。果实解袋后第9、12、15 d,T2组果实可溶性固形物含量相对于CK组高出2.63%、5.89%、8.78%;可溶性糖高出6.89%、6.71%、12.86%;糖酸比高出15.85%、19.25%、17.08%,且差异显著。施加含微生物菌剂的有机肥处理(T2)显著提高了果实的总香气含量,其含量相对于CK、T1、T3组分别高出16.69%、9.06%、6.25%。混施微生物菌剂和有机肥有利于解袋后苹果果实着色,使果皮细胞排列紧密整齐,对提升果实脆度,减缓果实硬度下降具有重要作用。细胞壁关键酶果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性在解袋后一直处于上升状态,其中T2组PME、PG活性及MdPME、MdPG表达量均低于CK组,因此果实在解袋后保持较高的硬脆度。综上所述,混施微生物菌剂和有机肥(T2)对提高‘新红星’苹果果实品质及延长货架期具有重要作用。     

氮素形态、用量及施用时期对小青菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响

采用田间试验研究了氮素形态、用量及施用时期对小青菜产量和硝酸盐含量的影响。结果表明,等氮量施肥下,产量最高的是硝酸钙,尿素+微量元素处理;尿素,有机无机复混肥和碳酸氢铵处理间无显著差异,DMPP处理产量最低;追施微量元素能提高小青菜的产量。硝酸盐含量随着收获时期的延后而降低,有机无机复混肥处理则略有升高,但未达到显著水平;收获期取样时,不同氮肥对硝酸盐的积累是:硝酸钙＞DMPP＞尿素＞有机无机复混肥＞尿素+微量元素＞碳酸氢铵。配施微量元素及氮磷钾的协同吸收均能降低硝酸盐含量。综合考虑产量和品质指标,以有机无机复混肥处理效果较好。小青菜产量和Vc含量随着施氮量的提高而提高,但硝酸盐含量也随之提高;小青菜产量和Vc含量随着施氮时期的延后而降低,硝酸盐含量高峰出现在追肥后20d左右。