新疆葡萄贮运保鲜现状与产业技术提升途径

新疆葡萄种植面积和产量均居全国第一,也是我国葡萄保鲜产品最大生产销售区,但是新疆葡萄贮运保鲜现状不容乐观,产业系统保鲜技术也亟待提升。本文通过分析新疆主栽品种葡萄的采收期及主要贮运特征,指出新疆葡萄贮藏及运输保鲜技术存在的问题,并探讨了新疆鲜食葡萄贮运保鲜产业技术提升途径,为我国新疆葡萄贮运保鲜产业的健康发展提供理论基础。     

Application of Error Compensation Methods in High Precision Machining of Globoid Worm

鲜食葡萄始终占主导地位是我国葡萄产业发展的一个突出特点.长期以来,我国鲜食葡萄贮运保鲜业一直比较滞后,基本是季产季销,地产地销.因此,我国鲜食葡萄集中产区经常出现采后"运不出、贮不进、销不掉"的被动局面,阻碍了鲜食葡萄产业在适宜栽植区的快速发展.一些非适宜产区为了填补当地鲜食葡萄市场空白,也在积极发展鲜食葡萄生产,其结果必然导致生产成本提高,不利于我国鲜食葡萄的区域化种植和商品化生产基地的建设.     

红地球葡萄的贮运保鲜技术

在鲜食葡萄中，通常认为红地球葡萄是耐贮运的品种。但是，随着该品种在我国的迅速推广和采后大量的贮运保鲜，果实腐烂、干梗和漂白等现象屡屡发生，损失很大。这也进一步说明，该品种具有“耐贮不好贮”的特点。有些人单纯误认为是某一种措施所致，这是一种偏见。现就影响红地球葡萄贮运保鲜的主要因素、解决途径与方法加以简述。     

教授级讲学团直通车抵辽宁、山东、河南葡萄产区

——中国葡萄产业的一个突出特点是:鲜食葡萄占主导。据有关资料表明,中国鲜食葡萄产量(近200万t)已居世界第一位。而辽宁省的葡萄产业目前已跃居全国第二位,其中95%为鲜食品种,成为全国最大的鲜食葡萄产区。山东、河南鲜食葡萄产量也可观。如此大的鲜食葡萄产业必须有相应的栽培和贮运保鲜技术来支撑,才能走进良性循环轨道。     

红地球葡萄贮藏保鲜技术

自红地球品种由美国加州大学欧姆教授（H．P．Olme）培育并发表（１９８０年）至今仅有２２年历史。由于其具有果粒硕大、果肉脆硬、外观艳丽、较耐贮运等特性，使该品种很快风靡世界，成为美国、智利、澳大利亚、南非等新型鲜食葡萄出口国最主要的出口品种之一，也成为我国进口鲜食葡萄的主导品种。红地球品种的大量涌入，极大地刺激了我国果农生产的积极性，到２００１年，我国红地球葡萄的栽培面积估计已超过３万hm２，成为继巨峰之后发展速度最快的鲜食葡萄品种。为适应红地球品种发展的需要，国家农产品保鲜工程技术研究中心从１９９…     

葡萄采后生物保鲜技术研究进展

综述了国内外应用于鲜食葡萄采后生物保鲜剂的种类、保鲜机理及其应用技术,包括对葡萄果实采后病原菌的抑制和品质调控作用,并对其应用进行了展望,旨在为完善葡萄生物保鲜技术和服务于生产提供参考.     

红提葡萄贮藏保鲜技术

本文简要介绍了信息技术在葡萄保鲜中的应用,并就操作要点进行了详细说明,以期为鲜食葡萄的贮藏保鲜提供科学依据。     

鲜食葡萄保鲜潜力表达关键影响因素和控制技术解析及其贮藏期潜力预警

本文对鲜食葡萄保鲜潜力表达的关键影响因素和控制技术进行了解析并对贮藏期进行了预警,包括:葡萄保鲜潜力表达质量形成影响因素及其入贮质量控制技术,果实保鲜潜力表达水分影响因素及其控制技术,葡萄保鲜潜力表达温度影响因素及其控制技术,葡萄保鲜潜力表达防腐影响因素及其防控技术,以及葡萄保鲜控制技术实施情况解析与贮藏期潜力预警。旨在指导果农和经营者对所贮鲜食葡萄保鲜潜力和贮藏期进行预测和预警,并根据实际情况对所贮鲜食葡萄的贮藏期和贮藏量进行确定。     

微型库在新疆葡萄保鲜中的应用

新疆是我国最大的葡萄产区，栽培面积约４．７万ｈｍ２，产量７０多万ｔ，由于采后贮运保鲜技术滞后，无核白和田红等品种７０％用于制干，而特产大粒的马奶、木纳格及红地球、秋黑等优良鲜食新品种采后因保鲜技术落后，损失率高达３０％～４０％。微型节能冷库简称微型库，作为适应当前农业生产体制和市场经济运行机制的产地保鲜设施，自１９９７年在新疆地区推广应用以来，倍受各级政府的重视，现已开发５０００多座，为新疆地区葡萄减损、保值、增值和农业产业结构调整发挥了特有的作用。１新疆葡萄贮藏特点１．１生物学特点新疆地区葡萄…     

红地球品种葡萄规范性工业化贮藏保鲜技术

介绍红地球品种葡萄的果穗果实特征特性及贮运特征特性,提出规范性工业化贮藏工艺技术和独特保鲜技术,旨在为我国红地球品种葡萄的产业化贮藏保鲜提供技术支持。     

葡萄气调贮藏分析

概述了葡萄气调贮藏研究与应用状况,分析了葡萄气调贮藏的可能性,总结了葡萄气调贮藏应用与研究发展的方向。     

葡萄贮藏保鲜库管理关键技术

贮藏库管理技术在葡萄果实贮藏中起着极其重要的作用.介绍了葡萄贮藏库管理中的消毒灭菌、入贮预冷、包装箱码垛、贮藏温湿度、通风换气和葡萄进出库等各环节的关键技术要点,为葡萄贮藏生产管理提供参考借鉴.     

葡萄SO2伤害与影响因素研究

综述了影响葡萄SO2伤害的内外因素。品种是影响葡萄耐SO2的主要因素。气候条件,采前技术措施,采收技术,采后预冷和贮藏温度、湿度对贮藏中葡萄SO2伤害都有一定的影响。     

三个特色无核葡萄品种规范性贮藏保鲜技术

介绍无核白(Thompson Seedless)、克瑞森无核(Crimson Seedless)和火焰无核(Flame seedless)三个特色葡萄品种的果穗果实特征特性及贮运特征特性,提出三个无核品种葡萄的规范性贮藏工艺技术和独特保鲜技术,旨在为我国无核品种葡萄的产业化贮藏保鲜提供技术支持。     

红地球葡萄贮藏保鲜技术

对红地球葡萄采后的生物学特性,包括病原菌种类与侵染规律、干梗、漂白以及脱粒等主要问题进行阐述,同时对红地球葡萄从采收到贮藏运输过程中的保鲜技术要点进行了详细说明.     

四个环渤海湾产区主栽软肉型品种葡萄规范性贮藏保鲜技术

介绍巨峰(Kyoho)、玫瑰香(Muscat Hambury)、龙眼(Longyan)和泽香(Zexiang)四个环渤海湾产区主栽软肉型品种葡萄的果穗果实特征特性及贮运特征特性,提出这四个品种葡萄的规范性贮藏工艺技术和独特保鲜技术,旨在为我国环渤海湾产区主栽软肉型品种葡萄的产业化贮藏保鲜提供技术支持。     

Effect of continuous 0.3 μL/L gaseous ozone exposure on fungicide residues on table grape berries

The persistence of residues of some fungicides, commonly applied in table grape vineyards to reduce bunch rot, was investigated during the cold storage of ‘Thompson Seedless’ table grape stemmed berries in atmospheres of air or 0.3 μL/L ozone enriched air. Grape berries were sprayed with a mixture of boscalid, iprodione, fenhexamid, cyprodinil, and pyrimethanil solutions, dried in air for 24 h, and packed in plastic clamshell containers in expanded polystyrene boxes. The boxes were stored either in ozone or in ambient air atmosphere (2 °C, 95% RH) for 36 d. Residue analyses were done initially and at 12-d intervals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Residues of boscalid, iprodione, fenhexamid, and pyrimethanil declined during storage in air, but cyprodinil residues did not change significantly during 36-d storage. Storage in the ozone atmosphere markedly accelerated the rates of decline of fenhexamid, cyprodinil, and pyrimethanil, but not those of boscalid or iprodione. At the end of storage, degradation of fenhexamid, cyprodinil, or pyrimethanil was 1.6-, 2.8-, or 3.6-fold higher, respectively, in the ozone atmosphere compared that in air. Despite their structural similarity, pyrimethanil declined more rapidly in an ozone atmosphere than cyprodinil. Fenhexamid declined in both air and ozone more rapidly than the other fungicides; at the end of storage period, only 59.2% or 35.5% of the initial residue remained after air or ozone storage, respectively. Our results have shown that gaseous ozone treatment during storage has a great potential for degrading contemporary fungicides related to table grape production.     

Preharvest applications of growth regulators and their effect on postharvest quality of table grapes during cold storage

Over 54,600 ha of table grapes (Vitis vinifera), mainly cvs. ‘Thompson Seedless’, ‘Flame Seedless’ and ‘Redglobe’, are planted in Chile. Almost the entire production is exported to the USA, Europe, Asia, or one of several Latin American countries, which typically requires 15–40 d of maritime transportation. During this period, several physical, physiological, and pathological factors cause table grape deterioration. Because berry size is the main quality factor in international markets, farmers often overuse the growth regulators, gibberellic acid (GA₃) and forchlorfenuron (CPPU), in an effort to increase berry size. We examined the effect of preharvest growth regulators on seedless (‘Thompson Seedless’, and ‘Ruby Seedless’) and seeded (‘Redglobe’) table grape cultivars during cold (0 °C) storage plus a shelf life period of 3 d at 20 °C. The overuse of GA₃, eight instead of two GA₃ applications on Thompson Seedless, and the use of one GA₃ application on Redglobe and ‘Ruby Seedless’, increased berry pedicel thickness and lowered cuticle content but induced shatter and predisposed grapes to gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. In contrast, CPPU increased berry pedicel thickness and cuticle content but did not increase shatter or gray mold incidence. Clusters that were subjected to overuse of combined GA₃ and CPPU were highly sensitive to shatter, had the thickest pedicel, and developed a high gray mold incidence during cold storage. Hairline, a fine cracking developed during cold storage, was induced on ‘Thompson Seedless’ and ‘Ruby Seedless’ by growth regulators, but no hairline occurred on ‘Redglobe’ table grapes. Therefore, berry quality during cold storage is greatly influenced by growth regulator management in the vineyard.