滨海盐渍土防护林树种选择的研究

对北方沿海泥质海岸不同类型盐碱地进行造林树种选择试验，并以NaCI溶液处理结合沙培盆栽，测定树木生长指标及生理生化指标。通过综合判定，筛选出柽柳、沙枣、小胡23杨、绒毛白蜡、刺槐、群众杨、抗虫榆、白城杨、中林46号杨、辽宁杨等适合重、中、轻及苏打盐渍土类型的盐碱地造林树种。     

辽宁滨海盐碱地土壤改良及造林技术研究

试验于１９８９年至１９９５年设置在辽宁渤海湾泥质海岸的轻、中、重盐碱土和苏打盐渍土４块试验地上。在盘锦市大洼县拦海防潮堤含盐量为１０ｇ／ｋｇ的重盐土上筛选柽柳为先锋树种，五年后土壤盐分下降到４ｇ／ｋｇ左右。凌海市建业乡苏打盐渍土上沙枣可为抗碱耐涝先锋树种。在中盐碱地，群众杨、１０９柳与紫穗槐混交树高比纯林分别提高３％、１０％；胸径提高１２％、２５％。轻盐碱地可栽种群众杨、绒毛白蜡、１０９柳、刺槐，建立速生丰产林基地。     

滨海苏打盐渍土的改良与造林技术研究

根据土壤分布在河流入海平原处及土壤含盐量０．２％－０．３％，ＰＨ８．５－１０．０、碱化度５０％－６０％，总碱度０．８－１．０，总碱度占阴离子之和的４０％左右等指标，确定滨海苏打盐渍土。改一的苏打盐渍 土选择林树种的顺序：沙枣，小胡杨，群众杨，绒毛白蜡。     

苏打盐碱地杨树品种选育试验

杨树是国内外广泛采用的造林树种,具有生长快,适应性强的特点.在我省西部苏打盐碱地区用来营造用材林、农田防护林、水土保持林及四旁绿化,杨树也是主要造林绿化树种.但是,杨树品种很多,特性各异,什么品种适宜苏打盐碱地生长,是造林中值得注意的问题.为此,我场从一九六七年开始进行苏打盐碱地杨树品种的选育试验.一九七三年又从省内外引进一批杨树品种,在苗圃里观测生育状况和抗性.将少数品种的     

盐碱地造林树种及其特性

盐碱地造林树种及其特性贾福平，贾翠萍盐碱土、盐渍土、盐碱地、盐渍化土壤等是泛指含盐、碱、硝等有害盐类的低产土壤的通称，它包括盐土及盐化土壤、碱土及碱化土壤各种土类。我国有近四亿亩盐碱地，这一巨大的土地资源，有很大的开发利用潜力。因此，利用和改良盐碱地...     

抗盐碱中华红叶杨在天津滨海新区栽植试验

2004-2008年在天津滨海新区低、中、重盐碱地试验种植抗盐碱中华红叶杨。结果表明:抗盐碱中华红叶杨确实是盐碱地绿化好树种。     

盐碱地影响林木生长及抽干的研究

通过多年试验得知,河北省盐碱地区,除有害盐分障碍林木生长以外,土壤粘重、透气性差等,也是影响林木生长的主要原因,有的导致抽干,通过整地等可改善土壤物理性质,加速林木生长,减少抽干;另外,盐碱土脱盐之后土壤产生碱化现象,碱化土对林木破坏性很大,可以选择抗碱性强的树种、地面盖沙和用紫穗槐与乔木混交造林等措施,减轻碱化,促进林木生长。     

盐碱地育苗技术

盐碱地造林是改良利用盐碱地的重要措施之一。在盐碱地上造林 ,选用盐碱地上育出的苗木适应性强 ,对提高造林成活率和苗木生长状况均有良好的作用 ,而且有时由于圃地选择的限制也须在盐碱地育苗。由于土壤含盐量的影响 ,盐碱地育苗有一定的难度 ,因此盐碱地育苗的关键技术就是防盐保苗。1　树种选择不同树种的抗盐能力差异很大 ,同一树种在不同的生长发育期抗盐能力也不同。一般幼苗期抗盐性较差 ,成苗较强 ,随着年龄的增加 ,抗盐性继续增强 ,但到年老阶段又较差。一般情况下 ,土壤含盐量在 0 .1%以下能正常生长的树种有杨、泡桐、女贞子等 …     

绒毛白蜡等树种耐盐力研究

对绒毛白蜡等５个滨海盐碱地引种的树种幼苗舅栽耐盐性试验,选取光合速率、叶绿素含量、细胞膜透性、丙二醛含量、游离脯氨酸含量５个耐盐性生理指标,对树处的耐直是进行了探讨,并结合以往室内与野外工作成果,采用综合打分法比较各树种的相对耐盐力,表明,绒毛白蜡耐力最中,其次为小胡２３号杨、群众杨、白城５号杨、中林４６号杨。     

泥质海岸防护林树种选择及造林工程技术研究

通过造林试验及对树种生理指标的测定，进行滨海盐碱地适地适树及配套工程技术探讨。结果表明：重盐土以柽柳为先锋树种，覆地膜可促进成活；苏打盐渍土以沙枣为优良改土树种，铺山皮土及压乱稻草有利于树木存活、生长；中盐土上，绒毛白蜡为耐盐的珍贵用材树种，掺沙可降低土壤盐分，能有效地提高苗期的造林成活率和保存率。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。