雏鸭腔上囊的生长及组织发育

通过对1～49日龄雏鸭腔上囊绝对质量和生长指数测定以及组织学观察,探讨雏鸭腔上囊生长及组织发育规律。结果:随日龄增长,腔上囊绝对质量逐渐增高;腔上囊生长指数21日龄达最高;黏膜大皱褶高、宽度、淋巴滤泡面积、皮质宽度均不断增加;小结相关上皮向腔面形成突起,并不断增高增宽。结果表明,雏鸭腔上囊1～14日龄生长较为缓慢,14～35日龄生长较快,35～49日龄发育基本趋于稳定,其中21～28日龄是雏鸭腔上囊生长发育的高峰时期,28日龄时,雏鸭腔上囊组织结构基本发育成熟。     

不同日龄鸡眼结膜相关淋巴组织的形态学观察

(目的)本试验旨在观察不同日龄鸡眼结膜相关淋巴组织(conjunctiva-associate lymphoid tissue,CALT)的形态结构,从而了解其不同时期的免疫状态。(方法)选择不同日龄的雏鸡,每个时期取3只雏鸡的下眼睑结膜制成冰冻切片,片厚5μm,然后进行H.E.染色。(结果)结果发现,鸡CALT的黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,常见杯状细胞。固有层内的淋巴细胞随着日龄增长逐渐增多,21日龄时可观察到生发中心,与淋巴滤泡相关的上皮常缺乏杯状细胞,27日龄CALT的各种组织结构基本成熟。(结论)结果表明,鸡CALT的组织结构随着日龄增长逐渐发育成熟,并在27日龄时其免疫功能基本达到成熟水平。     

鲤鱼消化管的形态学观察

运用大体解剖和常规组织学方法，对14尾全长300－380mm鲤鱼的消化管的形态进行了观察。结果表明，鲤鱼的消化管不发达，管壁由内向外分为黏膜、黏膜下层、肌层与外膜四层。口咽腔的黏膜内含有较多的味蕾；食管黏膜上皮的形态依皱襞部位而异：皱襞顶端为复层扁平上皮，侧部及基部则由数层粘液细胞和少量上皮细胞构成；食管后紧接前肠，无胃；除直肠外的肠壁固有层中均有不发达的肠腺分布。     

雏鸵鸟中枢淋巴器官的形态学观察

采用H.E和甲苯胺染色,对育雏期鸵鸟胸腺和腔上囊的解剖结构、组织学特点及肥大细胞在中枢淋巴器官的分布进行了观察,并用图像分析系统对肥大细胞的数量及形态特征进行了分析。结果显示：雏鸵鸟胸腺分叶少,仅分布在颈部后段两侧,且聚集在一起,髓质内有典型的Hassall小体;胸腺内肥大细胞分布较广,其中髓质和皮-髓交界处数量最多。腔上囊前部形成盲端,覆盖于泄殖道和粪道后段背侧,后部构成肛道背外侧壁,不形成真正的囊,其内表面皱褶上有密集分布的乳头;腔上囊小结单个分布并凸出于黏膜上皮;黏膜上皮为复层柱状上皮,移行至腔上囊小结处变为单层柱状上皮;腔上囊内肥大细胞主要分布在黏膜上皮。以上结果表明,雏鸵鸟中枢淋巴器官与其他禽类的同类淋巴器官存在明显的差异,且中枢淋巴器官内肥大细胞数量较多,不同器官或同一器官不同部位肥大细胞的形态、大小和颗粒染色深浅均有所不同。     

鸡鼻黏膜及其淋巴组织发育的组织学观察

为了观察不同日龄鸡鼻黏膜及其淋巴组织(NALT)的形态结构,从而了解其不同时期的免疫状态。选择不同日龄的鸡胚和雏鸡,每个时期取3只鸡胚或雏鸡的鼻组织制成冰冻切片,片厚5μm,然后进行H.E.染色。结果发现,胚胎18日龄即可辨认鼻腺结构;出壳后1日龄时,鼻内黏膜形态结构发生变化,表面形成假复层柱状纤毛上皮;7日龄时,鼻泪管口处首先出现淋巴集合体(NALT);21日龄时,鼻后孔处呼吸黏膜中也形成了发达的NALT,且初次发现淋巴小结,此外在鼻甲黏膜中也形成明显的NALT;35日龄时,鼻黏膜厚度显著增加,几乎达到成熟水平,鼻腺管周围也出现NALT,而且在鼻腺管上皮下存在大量弥散性淋巴细胞。表明鸡鼻黏膜以及NALT的组织结构随着日龄增长逐渐发育成熟,并在35日龄时基本达到成熟水平。     

不同日龄舍饲滩羊网胃组织形态学变化研究

选取40、60、120、180和240日龄(d)的滩羊网胃,应用石蜡切片法比较网胃底黏膜上皮厚度、乳头高度和宽度、肌层厚度等结构的变化。结果表明:各日龄舍饲滩羊网胃壁都有黏膜、黏膜下层、肌层和浆膜4层结构;黏膜上皮都为复层扁平上皮,上皮基底部细胞变化较明显,从40 d到120 d上皮基底为立方形细胞,层数逐渐减少,180 d和240 d上皮基底形成一层柱状细胞;上皮表层在120 d有脱落细胞,180 d和240 d上皮轻度角化;应用显微测微尺测得黏膜上皮厚度、肌层厚度、乳头高度和乳头宽度从40 d到240 d依次增加,黏膜上皮厚度和乳头宽度变化不明显。说明舍饲滩羊网胃壁组织形态随日龄增加都有不同程度的变化,所测定各日龄上皮角化不明显。     

鸡气管黏膜及其淋巴组织发育的组织学观察

为了观察不同日龄鸡气管黏膜及其淋巴组织的形态结构,了解其不同时期的免疫状态,选择不同日龄的鸡胚和雏鸡,每个时期取3只鸡胚或雏鸡的气管组织制成冰冻切片,HE染色。结果:18和20日胚龄时,气管黏膜初步形成假复层柱状纤毛上皮;出壳后至14日龄时,黏膜层厚度变化不大,黏膜仍较薄,柱状纤毛排列整齐,另外,此阶段气管黏膜固有层中存在较为明显的黏液腺;21日龄时,黏膜固有层中细胞分布较之前日龄明显密集;35日龄时,气管黏膜结构处于快速变化时期,部分黏膜固有层中细胞排列较之前日龄更加紧密,但同时旁边其他黏膜固有层组织结构仍然较为疏松,被大量的黏液腺泡所占据;56日龄时,气管黏膜厚度显著增加,其中出现较明显的淋巴聚集物;90日龄时,气管黏膜中的淋巴聚集物明显增多,而且出现生发中心。结果表明,蛋鸡气管黏膜组织结构呈现日龄相关性变化,但56日龄之前发育较慢,以非特异性免疫为主,而在56日龄后形成较为明显的气管黏膜淋巴组织,从而具有了执行特异性免疫的结构基础。     

绿海龟消化道组织学观察

通过常规组织学切片方法,对绿海龟的消化道进行组织学观察.结果发现除口腔和泄殖腔外,消化道均由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层和外膜层组成.消化道各段的结构差异主要集中在黏膜层和肌层.其中食管黏膜存在特殊的高度角化倒齿结构,而非常见的皱襞,且食管黏膜层下有较发达的纵行骨骼肌.食道的黏膜上皮为复层扁平上皮,胃、小肠和大脑均为单层柱状上皮.除食管外,消化道各殷的肌层均由内环外纵的平滑肌组成,且环形肌均较纵行肌发达.肠道各段黏膜固有层中均有见弥散的淋巴组织.     

不同日龄火鸡胸腺组织形态结构的研究

为了探索火鸡胸腺随日龄变化的规律,协助做好火鸡的免疫与疾病研究,分别取28,58和88日龄火鸡的胸腺,采用石蜡组织制片,H-E染色,在显微镜下进行对比观察,比较不同日龄火鸡胸腺的组织形态结构。结果表明,火鸡胸腺由表面的被膜和中央的实质构成,被膜伸入实质将其分成许多大小不等的胸腺小叶,每一个小叶又由外周的皮质和中央的髓质组成。且随着火鸡日龄的不断增加,胸腺小叶的面积逐渐增大,数量逐渐增多,皮质部和髓质部的面积也同时增大,皮质内胸腺细胞和巨噬细胞及髓质内胸腺小体和髓质上皮细胞的数量逐渐增多。     

鸡胚免疫器官组织学发育过程观察

通过对孵化至12-21日龄鸡胚的免疫器官胸腺、脾及腔上囊进行组织学连续性观察，较为详细地描述了鸡胚免疫器官的组织发育过程。观察结果显示，胸腺的组织结构发育和形成较早，自12日龄起胸腺就已形成原始的胸腺小叶；虽然脾在12日龄时就已初具轮廓，但脾直到18日龄才开始隐约形成形态可辨的红髓和白髓；腔上囊淋巴滤泡自鸡胚发育到17日龄时即渐趋明显，但完整的滤泡皮质和髓质结构在出壳前仍然处于分化成熟阶段。     

羊驼生殖器官的解剖与生殖生理学特性

综述了羊驼生殖器官的解剖结构与发情、排卵、交配、妊娠和分娩等生殖生理学特征及生殖相关问题。雄性羊驼生殖器官主要特征是睾丸相对较小,缺精囊腺,阴囊位置靠近肛门,阴茎为纤维性类型,阴茎形成S形弯曲,交配时伸出包皮,包皮口朝后,排尿时尿流向后方。雌性羊驼生殖器官主要特征是子宫为双角子宫,子宫颈皱襞不发达,子宫黏膜结构与猪和马的相似。羊驼为单胎动物,交配诱导排卵,通常是单个排卵,即仅有一个卵泡破裂。雌性羊驼无明显的发情表现,性成熟母羊驼空怀状态随时接受交配,交配为卧式交配。妊娠率较高,妊娠与否可以通过多种妊娠检测方法来确定;自然情况下很少有难产发生,遇有特殊情况才需要助产。     

日本技术性贸易壁垒对中国禽肉产品出口影响的实证分析

日本作为中国排名前四的禽肉出口市场,一直利用其科技优势以及苛刻的检疫检测制度实施技术性贸易壁垒,对中国的禽肉出口造成极大的限制,使中国禽肉出口量在波动中呈下降的态势。本文利用扩展的引力模型,分析日本技术性贸易壁垒对中国禽肉产品出口的影响,从而得出相应的结论。最后,从政府、行业协会、企业这三方面为禽肉产品出口提出相关建议。     

Lesions of the enteric nervous system and the possible role of mast cells in the pathogenic mechanisms of migration of schistosome eggs in the small intestine of cattle during Schistosoma bovis infection

The enteric nervous system in the small intestine of cattle during Schistosoma bovis infection was studied by histological stains and immunohistochemical methods. Lesions due to migration of schistosoma eggs were located mainly in the mucous and the submucous layer overlaying the submucous vascular arcades. Granulomas destroyed ganglia, neurons, nerves fibre strands and nerve fibres. Ganglia situated within or near granulomas were infiltrated by mast cells, eosinophils, lymphocytes, globule leukocytes, neutrophils and macrophages. Mast cells were in close contact with degenerating neuronal perikarya. Whereas vasoactive intestinal peptide-like immunoreactivity in the nerves and neurons in the ganglia within and around granulomas was increased, the neurofilament-like immunoreactivity was reduced. Compared to the myenteric and external submucous plexuses, the internal submucous and mucous plexuses were the most damaged. These changes imply reduced functional capacity in the nervous tissue which might cause reduced motility, malabsorption and partly account for the loss of body weight and condition and failure to thrive which occur in schistosomosis.Biotinylated affinity purified swine anti-rabbit and mouse anti-rabbit immunoglobulins reacted nonspecifically with a subset of mast cells. The reaction revealed many mast cells in early forming granulomas and around schistosome egg tracts and infiltration of mast cells into the ganglia of intestinal nerve plexuses. The observation shows a localized, Type I hypersensitivity reaction suggesting for the release of mast cell-derived chemical mediators in the intestinal reaction to trap or evict S. bovis eggs and to cause diarrhoea.     

PCR-based detection of an emerging avian pneumovirus in US turkey flocks.

Avian pneumovirus (APV) or turkey rhinotracheitis virus (TRTV) is an important respiratory pathogen of domesticated poultry in many countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia. Until recently, the United States was considered free of APV. In late 1996, an atypical upper respiratory tract infection appeared in turkey flocks in Colorado and shortly thereafter in turkey flocks in Minnesota. An avian pneumovirus (APV-US) that was serologically distinct from the previously described TRTV was isolated as the primary cause of the new syndrome. The nucleotide sequence of a fragment of the APV-US fusion gene was determined and used to develop a polymerase chain reaction-based assay that specifically detects APV-US viral nucleic acid sequences in RNA extracts of tracheal swabs and turbinate homogenates. The assay is highly sensitive in that it can detect <0.01 TCID50 of APV. The availability of this assay enables the rapid and accurate determination of APV-US in infected poultry flocks.     

家禽主要组织相容性复合体结构的研究进展

主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)存在于所有高等脊椎动物的基因组中,表现为高度多态和多基因的特性。MHC在免疫应答和病毒抵御上发挥着重要作用,不同家禽的MHC结构差异一定程度上可以解释其抗病性的差异。本文对近年来在鸡、鹌鹑、火鸡、鸭、鹅和其他几种禽类MHC结构研究方面的进展进行综述,对不同家禽MHC结构进行对比分析,有利于了解不同家禽品种间的遗传关系,促进家禽抗病育种的研究。     

Pathogenicity of embryo-adapted serotype 2 OH strain of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens and turkeys

The pathogenicity of serotype 2 OH strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) to specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos and 2-wk-old SPF chickens and turkey poults was investigated. The virus was pathogenic for chicken embryos after five passages as evidenced by pathologic changes in inoculated embryos. The embryo-adapted virus was not pathogenic for 2-wk-old SPF chickens and turkey poults as indicated by lack of clinical signs, gross or microscopic lesions in the bursa of Fabricius of inoculated birds. Bursa-to-body-weight ratios of the inoculated chickens and turkey poults were not significantly different from those of uninoculated controls. Virus-neutralizing antibodies to serotype 2 IBDV were detected in inoculated chickens and turkeys. Results of this study indicated that the embryo-adapted serotype 2 OH IBDV isolate that is pathogenic for chicken embryos is infectious but not pathogenic in chickens and turkeys.     

禽类全血DNA不同提取方法的比较

以4个不同禽类品种(金定鸭、长乐灰鹅、象洞鸡和闽南火鸡)为试验材料,采用4种不同方法从其全血中提取DNA,比较不同方法的DNA提取效率。结果表明:由于品种之间DNA存在差异,DNA的质量和产率也有显著差异,金定鸭全血DNA用树脂法效果最佳;长乐灰鹅和闽南火鸡全血DNA用酚-氯仿法效果最佳;而盐析法是提取象洞鸡全血DNA的最佳方法。     

The effect of infectious bursal disease virus on the immune system of turkeys

In 1979 it was reported that an infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolated from a case of respiratory disease of turkeys differed antigenically from the chicken isolates of this virus. We injected turkey poults with the turkey-originating TY89 and chicken-originating BD/6 isolates of IBDV and studied their effects on antibody production to the virus, serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), antibody response to sheep erythrocytes, in vitro response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to mitogens, and microscopic structure of the bursa of Fabricius. The chicken isolate BD/6 caused a significant decrease in the response to sheep erythrocytes, lower serum IgG, transient decrease in the response of lymphocytes to PHA, and mild microscopic lesions in the bursa of Fabricius. The turkey isolate TY89, however, caused no obvious damage to the immune system of the infected poults. We suggest that a partial and transient functional disorder of the immune system of poults can occur after infection with IBDV originating from chickens, even if the poults exhibited no clinical signs.