西北风积沙区采煤扰动下土壤侵蚀与养分演变特征

为更好地理解西北风积沙矿区生态环境演变规律,以神东哈拉沟与上湾矿区为例,利用~(137)Cs示踪法分析了未采区、自恢复沉陷区(1、2、4、8 a沉陷区)与植被修复区(13 a沉陷区)的土壤侵蚀与养分特征,研究了矿区土壤侵蚀与养分的演变规律。结果表明:采煤扰动可以导致未采区土壤侵蚀强度增大与有机碳、微生物量碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮养分明显损失。开采沉陷后,沉陷区土壤侵蚀强度随着时间的推移呈现出先增加后降低的趋势;其中,地表沉陷后的最初2 a是土壤侵蚀急剧增大的时段。采煤扰动下,土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮养分的演变规律与土壤侵蚀演变密切相关。植被修复可以有效降低沉陷区土壤侵蚀强度与提高土壤养分含量。西北风积沙区采煤沉陷地表的生态恢复应该及时开展地表沉陷后的早起侵蚀防治,兼顾考虑植被修复与土壤微生物联合修复,以此促进土壤、植被正向演替。     

赣南红壤丘陵区137Cs示踪土壤侵蚀对土壤养分元素的影响

赣南红壤丘陵区是我国土壤侵蚀与土地退化比较严重的地区,以南丰县为例,应用137 Cs示踪技术探讨不同土地利用方式下土壤侵蚀与养分元素的关系。结果表明:(1)湿地松林、桔园、水田3种土地利用方式作用下土壤中137 Cs与养分元素分布差异显著,在垂直剖面上,湿地松林137 Cs含量呈指数递减分布,水田与桔园137 Cs含量因人为干扰在耕层内均匀分布;有机质与137 Cs有相似的分布特征;全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量均呈现一定表聚性。(2)位于坡地的2种土地利用方式中,湿地松林137 Cs、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有机质含量均表现为下坡>上坡>中坡;桔园137 Cs活度表现为中坡>下坡>上坡,全氮、碱解氮、速效磷表现为下坡>中坡>上坡,而速效钾、有机质最大值均出现在上坡。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤137 Cs与有机质、全氮、碱解氮显著正相关,表明小流域有机质、氮元素可能与137 Cs有相同的物理运移方式,pH与137 Cs显著负相关,速效磷、速效钾则与137 Cs不相关。(4)3种土地利用方式中位于小流域谷地的水田137 Cs、有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量最高,坡地上桔园坡面137 Cs与土壤养分元素含量均高于湿地松林地,表明一定程度的坡改梯桔园种植模式能有效缓解土壤侵蚀与养分流失,改善区域生态环境。     

采煤沉陷坡面土壤氮磷钾养分有效性的空间变异性

探索采煤沉陷坡面上土壤氮、磷和钾养分迁移转化的作用机理,对促进矿区生态环境综合整治的科学决策有重要理论和实践价值。以焦作九里山矿典型低潜水位采煤沉陷坑内的耕地和林地为研究对象,对比分析了土壤氮、磷和钾全量及有效态养分含量在不同土地利用类型(耕地和林地)、沉陷坡位(中心、坡底、坡中、坡顶和对照)和剖面深度(0～10、10～20、20～30、30～40、40～50 cm)的空间变异性。结果表明,沉陷坡面土壤养分含量空间变异性从大到小依次为:有效磷(118%)、有效氮(69%)、全氮(41%)、速效钾(27%)、全磷(19%)、全钾(4%)。相对于耕地,林地全磷和有效磷含量显著(P0.001)降低,速效钾含量显著(P0.001)升高。在沉陷坡面上,耕地土壤氮和钾的有效性在坡底凹陷区最大,而磷有效性在坡顶裂缝区最大;林地土壤氮、磷和钾的有效性均在坡底凹陷区最大,在中间坡面区最小。通过对土壤养分有效性在沉陷坡面上空间变异作用机理的分析,提出了低潜水位沉陷区土壤可持续管理的具体区划模式,以实现采煤沉陷区土地复垦改造的最小经济投入目标。     

藏东南区梯田和复合坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳和全氮空间分布格局的影响

[目的] 查明青藏高原东南部地区坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布格局及其对土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)顺坡迁移过程的影响,为该区土地资源利用及土壤资源保护提供科学依据。[方法] 利用¹³⁷Cs核素示踪技术,结合现场调查,研究藏东南地区梯田系列和复合坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间分布格局差异;采用相关分析,探明坡面土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度与同样深度(30 cm) SOC、TN面积浓度之间的相关性。[结果] ①在整个梯田系列内,土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度从坡顶到坡脚呈离散分布格局,上部梯田下坡部位土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度明显高于紧邻的下部梯田上坡土壤,且上坡梯田表现为土壤侵蚀,而下坡和坡脚梯田则表现为土壤沉积;在单个梯田景观内,土壤侵蚀速率主要呈上部坡位高,下部坡位低的趋势; ②复合坡坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率表现为先波动减少,然后逐渐增加的趋势,即坡顶部位土壤侵蚀速率相对较高,顺坡向下逐渐变小,在坡中部和下部表现为沉积,在坡脚部位土壤侵蚀速率又逐渐增加; ③梯田系列和坡耕地土壤¹³⁷Cs面积浓度与SOC,TN面积浓度之间均具有显著的相关关系(p＜0.05)。[结论] 在藏东南地区,梯田有效地改变了该区的土壤侵蚀空间分布格局,土壤¹³⁷Cs示踪技术可以较好地示踪该区坡耕地土壤、SOC和TN顺坡迁移和空间再分布状况,防控耕作侵蚀的危害也应当得到与水蚀同样的重视。     

龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀对有机碳迁移的影响

坡耕地土壤再分布对土壤有机碳(SOC,soil organic carbon)迁移的作用机制研究已成为土壤侵蚀学研究的热点,然而目前极少有研究关注地震后生态脆弱的龙门山地震带坡耕地土壤侵蚀机理及其导致的土壤有机碳再分布规律。该研究选择龙门山地震带内(都江堰市)一块陡坡耕地和一个梯田系列,采用137Cs法和野外调查,对比分析强震导致田埂垮塌和未受损情况下坡耕地土壤侵蚀空间变化特征和有机碳运移变化机理。结果表明,该区黄棕壤有效137Cs背景值为1 473 Bq/m2;坡度较小的坡式梯田内部上坡表现为侵蚀,下坡表现为沉积,同时,上部梯田的侵蚀速率高于下部梯田,但整个梯田系列净侵蚀量非常小,这表明梯田之间由于缺乏田埂的保护,水力也起着侵蚀、搬运上坡梯田土壤的作用,但是整个坡式梯田系列可以起到较好的保土作用,同时,坡式梯田内部主要以耕作侵蚀为主,是造成梯田上部坡位土壤流失严重的主要原因;陡坡耕地的地形为复合坡,由于田埂垮塌导致其土壤侵蚀速率显著高于坡式梯田系列,在整个坡面上,除了坡顶土壤侵蚀速率高之外,下坡坡度变大(曲率较大)的部位土壤侵蚀速率也非常高,同时,土壤沉积也发生在2个坡位(中下坡坡度较缓的部位和坡脚部位);在梯田系列和陡坡耕地上,SOC与土壤137Cs的空间变化规律较为一致。研究结果表明,在龙门山地震带,质量较好的石埂梯田仍然发挥着较好的土壤保持效果,同时,耕作侵蚀是该区坡耕地上一种重要的土壤侵蚀形式,在制定相应的土壤保持措施时,必须充分考虑耕作侵蚀的作用,才能有效地控制土壤侵蚀,此外,该研究结果还表明采用137Cs核素示踪技术可以比较科学地解释该区域的土壤侵蚀速率和SOC的空间变异规律。     

用137Cs示踪法研究密云水库周边土壤侵蚀与氮磷流失

运用137Cs核素示踪技术,研究密云水库周边地区及白河上游地区土壤侵蚀与氮、磷流失状况及其相互之间的量变关系.研究结果表明:从土壤表层(0～20 cm)137Cs分布规律基本符合地形地貌的变化规律,山坡上部的137Cs含量低于山坡中部与坡下部,但是如果山顶具有缓坡或山角下具有陡坡,则137Cs含量变化规律相反.根据土壤137Cs监测数据结果判定该地区基本属于轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀,部分地区侵蚀情况达到剧烈程度.不同景观与土地利用方式对土壤氮、磷分布有巨大影响:有机质、全氮、水解氮含量均是以灌丛土壤最高,林地次之,与流域内137Cs分布规律相符合;而农田中全磷、速效磷含量最高.不同区域土壤养分含量不同:水库上游地区土壤氮素、磷素含量均低于水库周边地区.证明不合理的人为活动严重的增强了土壤侵蚀程度与养分流失量.回归模拟了土壤中137Cs、(210Pb)与全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷含量之间的数学模型.这些模型在区域较小、景观单一的范围内可以定量分析、预报预测各采样区的全磷和有效态氮、磷含量的变化趋势.简化了监测与分析测试程序.扩大了核素示踪技术的应用范围.     

南方红壤丘陵区侵蚀沟道内土壤团聚体及有机碳特征

为了更好的揭示特殊地形下水蚀过程对土壤结构和有机碳含量分配的影响，选取典型南方红壤丘陵区-青原山小流域为研究区，采用核素137Cs示踪技术研究小流域侵蚀沟道的水土流失现状，分析了沟道侵蚀对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的影响。结果表明：侵蚀沟道的坡顶处137Cs含量最高，且高于背景值，属于沉积区，而坡上、坡脚属于中度侵蚀，坡中属于轻度侵蚀；侵蚀沟道顺坡而下侵蚀过程依次表现为绝对沉积、绝对侵蚀、相对沉积和绝对侵蚀，其中植被和地形因子是主导因素；沉积区相比于侵蚀区平均质量直径（Mean Weight Diameter，MWD）和大团聚体含量（粒径≥0.25 mm）更高，侵蚀区中相对沉积的坡中有着更稳定的土壤团粒结构；沉积区各个粒径的土壤团聚体有机碳含量均高于侵蚀区，侵蚀区的土壤团聚体有机碳更趋向于均匀分配，土壤理化性质的空间差异也会影响土壤团聚体有机碳含量。侵蚀沟道中土壤侵蚀模式与传统坡面并不一致，土壤结构及相关碳组分主要受地形和植被支配下的土壤侵蚀程度影响。关键词：土壤；侵蚀；侵蚀沟道；团聚体；有机碳；137Cs     

薄层黑土区流域尺度土壤养分对侵蚀-沉积的响应

分析薄层黑土区流域尺度土壤养分与土壤侵蚀速率之间的空间分布关系,可为土壤侵蚀退化评价提供重要的科学依据。基于土壤样品采集与分析测定,结合~(137)Cs示踪技术,对比了典型薄层黑土区流域侵蚀区和沉积区的土壤养分含量,明确了流域尺度土壤养分含量及其空间分布对侵蚀—沉积速率的响应。结果表明:(1)在流域尺度土壤侵蚀对土壤养分含量有重要影响,侵蚀部位土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO_3—N)和速效磷(AP)含量较之沉积部位分别降低27.4%,21.1%,29.2%和54.1%,SOC和TN含量在侵蚀部位和沉积部位存在极显著差异,AP含量在侵蚀部位和沉积部位存在显著差异,而NO_3—N含量在侵蚀部位和沉积部位无显著差异。(2)土壤SOC、TN和AP含量与土壤侵蚀速率呈极显著负相关关系。(3)流域尺度土壤SOC和TN含量空间分布与土壤侵蚀—沉积速率的空间分布呈相反的变化趋势,表明在研究流域土壤侵蚀是造成土壤质量退化的关键驱动因子。     

典型黑土区农业流域土壤侵蚀-沉积对土壤养分和酶活性的影响

研究农业流域土壤侵蚀—沉积对土壤养分和酶活性的影响可为土壤侵蚀退化评价提供重要科学依据。选择典型薄层黑土区的宾州河流域为研究区,在流域上游、中游和下游各选取2个代表性坡面,基于¹³⁷Cs示踪技术估算土壤侵蚀—沉积速率,分析流域和坡面尺度土壤侵蚀—沉积对土壤养分(有机质、全氮和速效磷)和土壤酶活性(转化酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶)的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤侵蚀速率在流域上游最大,分别是流域中游和下游的1.9,11.2倍;坡面尺度上土壤侵蚀速率在坡中部最大,分别是坡上部和坡下部的1.3~2.6,2.8~12.2倍。(2)在流域尺度上,土壤有机质空间分布与土壤侵蚀速率空间分布呈相反的变化趋势,土壤全氮和速效磷含量在流域下游皆大于流域中游;坡面尺度上土壤有机质、速效磷含量、转化酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均表现为坡下部>坡中部,说明农地土壤侵蚀降低土壤养分含量和酶活性。(3)流域沉积区土壤沉积速率对土壤有机质、速效磷含量、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响。(4)土壤有机质和速效磷含量对土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响,表明土壤侵蚀—沉积引起的土壤养分再分布是造成土壤酶活性空间分异的重要原因。     

川北山区坡耕地土壤活性有机碳对土壤侵蚀的响应

为探明侵蚀对坡耕地土壤活性有机碳的影响,利用137 Cs示踪技术,并结合土壤理化分析,研究了川北山区坡耕地土壤侵蚀所引起的土壤再分配对土壤有机碳与活性有机碳空间变异性的影响。结果表明,川北山区坡耕地土壤侵蚀是水蚀和耕作侵蚀共同作用的结果,强烈的耕作导致坡上部发生严重的土壤侵蚀;侵蚀对坡耕地土壤有机碳与活性有机碳分布影响较大,土壤有机碳与活性有机碳含量与137 Cs含量呈显著正相关,坡上部土壤有机碳与活性有机碳含量贫瘠,而在坡下部相对富集。因此,山区坡耕地土壤肥力的空间分布特征在今后的土地施肥管理中应引起关注。     

Impacts of soil erosion on organic carbon and nutrient dynamics in an alpine grassland soil

The impact of soil erosion on the nutrient dynamics in alpine grassland soils is still an essential problem. Selecting a grass-covered hillslope in eastern Tibet Plateau, the cesium-137 (¹³⁷Cs) technique was used to determine the impacts of soil erosion on soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK). The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that there were distinct soil redistribution patterns in different hillslope positions because of the influences of slope runoff, plant coverage and grazing activity. For the upper slope, soil erosion first decreased downward, followed by soil deposition in its lower part. In contrast, for middle and toe slopes, there was an increasing soil erosion along a downslope transect. Across the lower slope, soil erosion showed an irregular variation. Influenced by the selective transport of water erosion, SOC, TN and TP storage decreased with increasing soil erosion in upper, middle and toe slopes. In contrast, SOC, TN and TP storage varied little with soil erosion in the lower slope. On the whole hillslope, TK storage also varied little with soil erosion due to the large amount of potassium elements derived from soil parent materials. Particularly noteworthy was the greatest storage of SOC, TN and TP in the lower slope where most obvious net soil erosion occurred, which is closely related to the humus accumulation combined with gravel separation as well as weathering and pedogenesis of parent rocks induced by soil freeze-thaw.     

137Cs tracing of the spatial patterns in soil redistribution,organic carbon and total nitrogen in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

The southeastern Tibetan Plateau, which profoundly affects East Asia by helping to maintain the stability of climate systems, biological diversity and clean water, is one of the regions most vulnerable to water erosion, wind erosion, tillage erosion, freeze–thaw erosion and overgrazing under global climate changes and intensive human activities. Spatial variations in soil erosion in terraced farmland (TL), sloping farmland (SL) and grassland (GL) were determined by the ¹³⁷Cs tracing method and compared with spatial variations in soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (total N). The ¹³⁷Cs concentration in the GL was higher in the 0–0.03 m soil layer than in the other soil layers due to weak migration and diffusion under low precipitation and temperature conditions, while the ¹³⁷Cs concentration in the soil layer of the SL was generally uniform in the 0–0.18 m soil layer due to tillage-induced mixing. Low ¹³⁷Cs inventories appeared at the summit and toe slope positions in the SL due to soil loss by tillage erosion and water erosion, respectively, while the highest ¹³⁷Cs inventories appeared at the middle slope positions due to soil accumulation under relatively flat landform conditions. In the GL, the ¹³⁷Cs data showed that higher soil erosion rates appeared at the summit due to freeze–thaw erosion and steep slope gradients and at the toe slope position due to wind erosion, gully erosion, freeze–thaw erosion and overgrazing. The ¹³⁷Cs inventory generally increased from upper to lower slope positions within each terrace (except the lowest terrace). The ¹³⁷Cs data along the terrace toposequence showed abrupt changes in soil erosion rates between the lower part of the upper terrace and the upper part of the immediate terrace over a short distance and net deposition on the lower and toe terraces. Hence, tillage erosion played an important role in the soil loss at the summit slope positions of each terrace, while water erosion dominantly transported soil from the upper terrace to the lower terrace and resulted in net soil deposition on the flat lower terrace. The SOC inventories showed similar spatial patterns to the ¹³⁷Cs inventories in the SL, TL and GL, and significant correlations were found between the SOC and ¹³⁷Cs inventories in these slope landscapes. The total N inventories showed similar spatial patterns to the inventories of ¹³⁷Cs and SOC, and significant correlations were also found between the total N and ¹³⁷Cs inventories in the SL, TL and GL. Therefore, ¹³⁷Cs can successfully be used for tracing soil, SOC and total N dynamics within slope landscapes in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau.     

中国西南薄层砾石土喀斯特坡地土壤的137Cs分布特点

The fallout radionuclide cesium-137(137 Cs) has been widely employed as a tracer for assessment of soil loss from thick uniform soils;however,few studies have been conducted on thin stony soils on slopes underlain by carbonate rocks which are widely distributed in karst areas.Information derived from 137 Cs measurement of soil samples collected along a carbonate rock slope with thin stony soil where neither soil erosion nor deposition occurred was used to investigate the characteristics of 137 Cs redistribution in a karst area of Southwest China.The results indicated that the 137 Cs inventories of the surface soil on the slope studied were much lower than that of the local 137 Cs reference inventory and the 137 Cs activities were much higher than those on slopes with thick uniform soils.The spatial distribution of 137 Cs inventories was characterized by considerable variation.The high 137 Cs depletion in the stony soil of the slope studied was mainly because a considerable proportion of the fallout input of 137 Cs could be lost with runoff and the dissolution of carbonate particles in the soil promoted the loss of 137 Cs.These demonstrated that the rates of soil loss could not be estimated from the degree of depletion of the 137 Cs inventory relative to the local reference inventory for the thin stony soil of the rocky slope underlain by carbonate rocks in the study area in the way that has been widely used in areas with thick uniform soils.     

川中丘陵区人工刨地耕作方式下紫色土坡耕地侵蚀速率的137Cs和210Pbex双核素示踪法研究

Purple soils are widely distributed in the Sichuan Hilly Basin and are highly susceptible to erosion, especially on the cultivated slopes. Quantitative assessment of the erosion rates is, however, difficult due to small size of the plots of the manually-tilled land, the complex land use, and steep hillslopes. 137Cs and 210Pbex (excess 210Pb) tracing techniques were used to investigate the spatial pattern of soil erosion rates associated with slope-land under hoe tillage in Neijiang of the Sichuan Hilly Basin. The 137Cs and 210Pbex inventories at the top of the cultivated slope were extremely low, and the highest inventories were found at the bottom of the cultivated slope. By combining the erosion rates estimates provided by both 137Cs and 210Pbex measurements, the weighted mean net soil loss from the study slope was estimated to be 3100 t km-2 year-1, which was significantly less than 6930 t km-2 year-1 reported for runoff plots on a 10°cultivated slope at the Suining Station of soil Erosion. The spatial pattern of soil erosion rates on the steep agricultural land showed that hoe tillage played an important role in soil redistribution along the slope. Also, traditional farming practices had a significant role in reducing soil loss, leading to a lower net erosion rate for the field.     

Variation of chemical properties as affected by soil erosion on hillslopes and terraces

The variation in soil nutrients is crucial to the understanding of productivity of soil undergoing erosion overall, as the latter can result in a decline in soil quality and crop production in the whole landscape. Two toposequences (a long slope and terraced field series) were selected from hilly areas of the Sichuan Basin, China, to determine the effects of soil redistribution rates and topographic changes on P, K and CaCO₃ contents, and examine the contribution of water and tillage erosion to the variation and distribution pattern in these chemical properties within different landscapes. For the long slope, soil loss occurred at upper slope positions and soil accumulation was present at lower slope positions. However, terrace banks create a line of zero downslope transport of soil, and lead to abrupt changes in ¹³⁷Cs inventories over very short distances between the upper (or lower) part of the terrace and the lower (or upper) part of the neighbouring terrace. Extractable K concentrations are significantly related to ¹³⁷Cs inventories on both the long slope and terraced fields, which suggests that the distribution of extractable K is closely linked to soil redistribution. However, it is noticeable that no close relationship between extractable P concentrations and ¹³⁷Cs inventories was found on the terraced fields, while there was a highly significant correlation between the two variables on the long slope. The variation in extractable P by soil redistribution was enhanced on the long slope, but was concealed on the terraced fields due to the presence of CaCO₃. It is suggested that the variation in extractable P not only depends on soil redistribution in relation to fine soil particles, but is also influenced by other factors such as P‐fixation onto CaCO₃, the concentration of which itself is linked to soil erosion and redistribution. Therefore, extractable P dynamics with reference to soil erosion are relatively complex on carbonate‐rich soil and parent materials in areas such as those represented by the Sichuan Basin. Tillage erosion, the dominant soil redistribution process on terraced fields, was found to be a major contributor to the variation in soil chemical properties in the terraced field landscape, while water erosion plays an important role in the variation in soil chemical properties in the long slope landscape. In the case of carbonate‐rich soils or parent materials, however, tillage erosion did not create accumulations of extractable P in depressions, whereas water erosion results in extractable P losses at upper slope positions and accumulation at lower slope positions.     

砒砂岩不同类型区土壤氮磷养分特征

砒砂岩区生态环境脆弱，侵蚀剧烈，研究不同类型砒砂岩区土壤氮（N）、磷（P）养分特征，可为该区的植被恢复及生态修复提供理论依据和数据支撑。该研究以内蒙古准格尔旗什布尔太沟裸露区、二老虎沟覆土区和特拉沟覆沙区为研究对象，根据流域长度分别在什布尔太沟、二老虎沟和特拉沟的沟口至沟头处，各选5、8和4个断面，共计17个土壤断面，于各断面不同坡位，采集共计153个样点的土样，测定0～20 cm土层全氮（Total Nitrogen，TN）、氨氮（Ammonia Nitrogen，AN）、硝态氮（Nitrate Nitrogen，Ni）、全磷（Total Phosphorus，TP）及速效磷（Available Phosphorus，AP）含量。结果表明：1）砒砂岩土壤TN含量0.24～1.39 g/kg、AN含量5.07～30.70 mg/kg、Ni含量0.76～5.87 mg/kg、TP含量0.10～0.57 g/kg及AP含量0.97～7.63 mg/kg。2）覆土区土壤N、P养分平均含量最高，覆沙区次之，裸露区最低；同类型区内土壤AN、Ni和AP含量相关系数较高，整体上速效养分间的相关性相对更强。3）同类型砒砂岩区，坡顶与坡底附近，土壤TN、AN、Ni、TP和AP含量相对较高；阴坡土壤AN、Ni和AP整体养分水平高于阳坡。综上，可根据砒砂岩不同类型区不同坡位土壤N、P养分特征，因地制宜地进行植被恢复，遏制该区水土流失强度，促进砒砂岩区生态系统修复。     

日本北海道地区森林、牧场、草原和玉米田温室气体排放及模型研究

Information on the most influential factors determining gas flux from soils is needed in predictive models for greenhouse gases emissions.We conducted an intensive soil and air sampling along a 2 000 m transect extending from a forest,pasture,grassland and corn field in Shizunai,Hokkaido (Japan),measured CO 2 ,CH 4 ,N 2 O and NO fluxes and calculated soil bulk density (ρ b ),air-filled porosity (f a ) and total porosity (Φ).Using diffusivity models based on either f a alone or on a combination of f a and Φ,we predicted two pore space indices: the relative gas diffusion coefficient (D s /D o ) and the pore tortuosity factor (τ).The relationships between pore space indices (D s /D o and τ) and CO 2 ,CH 4 ,N 2 O and NO fluxes were also studied.Results showed that the grassland had the highest ρ b while f a and Φ were the highest in the forest.CO 2 ,CH 4 ,N 2 O and NO fluxes were the highest in the grassland while N 2 O dominated in the corn field.Few correlations existed between f a ,Φ,ρ b and gases fluxes while all models predicted that D s /D o and τ significantly correlated with CO 2 and CH 4 with correlation coefficient (r) ranging from 0.20 to 0.80.Overall,diffusivity models based on f a alone gave higher D s /D o ,lower τ,and higher R 2 and better explained the relationship between pore space indices (D s /D o and τ) and gases fluxes.Inclusion of D s /D o and τ in predictive models will improve our understanding of the dynamics of greenhouse gas fluxes from soils.D s /D o and τ can be easily obtained by measurements of soil air and water and existing diffusivity models.     

Relating Intensity of Soil Redistribution to Land Use Changes in Abandoned Pyrenean Fields Using Fallout Caesium‐137

Fallout caesium‐137 has been used to trace soil redistribution in abandoned fields located in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. A total of 28 fields with different lengths, slope angles and time since abandonment were selected on a representative south‐facing slope of the Estarrún valley. The local reference inventory and the magnitude and spatial distribution of ¹³⁷Cs inventories within these fields were documented and used as a basis for assessing patterns of soil redistribution. The local reference inventory was estimated to be 4,500 Bqm⁻². Within the fields, the average ¹³⁷Cs inventory at the top of the slope was 3,920 Bqm⁻², and accumulation of soil at the bottom of the slopes was demonstrated by an average ¹³⁷Cs inventory of 5,320 Bqm⁻². Deviations from the reference inventory were highest for fields with the longest slopes that had been abandoned for less than 30 years. Here, increases in the ¹³⁷Cs inventory, relative to the reference inventory, in excess of 20% were found at the bottom of the slopes. Considering all the fields and all geomorphic positions within the fields, the greatest ¹³⁷Cs losses and gains were found in the fields with the longest duration of abandonment, indicating more intense soil redistribution. Irrespective of the timing of abandonment, the ranges of ¹³⁷Cs inventories in the fields were found to be proportional to the water erosion index. The ¹³⁷Cs technique demonstrated that patterns of sediment redistribution were closely related to the topographic and physiographic characteristics of the slopes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.