利用微卫星标记分析中国和法国6个鸭群体的遗传关系

利用15个微卫星标记检测法国鲁昂鸭、合成品系INR A37与INR A444、北京鸭、金定鸭和绿头野鸭共6个群体223个个体的基因型,通过计算各项群体遗传参数,分析6个鸭群体的遗传结构和关系。结果表明:15个微卫星位点共检测到175个等位基因,其多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.245～0.884。鲁昂鸭的杂合度和PIC是最高的,其次是绿头野鸭,而其他4个鸭群基本处于同一水平。金定鸭和鲁昂鸭之间的奈氏标准遗传距离最远(DS=0.654),而法国2个鸭合成系之间最近(DS=0.140)。基于计算奈氏标准遗传距离所得数据,采用UPGMA方法构建了系统发生树,法国2个鸭合成系、北京鸭和鲁昂鸭聚为一类,而绿头野鸭和金定鸭聚为一类。综合分析,相对于金定鸭,法国的鲁昂鸭和北京鸭在遗传背景上更接近。     

我国部分地方鸭种的亲缘关系及起源分析

为揭示我国部分地方鸭种的亲缘关系及其起源,选取12对荧光标记微卫星引物,对12个地方鸭种及2个野鸭品种进行遗传多样性检测。利用Microsatellite-Toolkit软件将数据结果导入FSTAT和Dispan软件计算标准遗传距离DS、DA遗传距离,并对12个地方鸭群体与2个野鸭品种之间的遗传距离进行方差分析,最后基于标准遗传距离DS与DA遗传距离对14个鸭品种通过构建UPGMA系统发生树进行聚类分析。结果表明:该12个地方鸭种与绿头野鸭、斑嘴鸭之间的DA遗传距离(配对试验均数差异t检验)差异极显著(P<0.01),基于DS与DA遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统发生树都将14个品种聚为3类,并且斑嘴鸭单独聚为一类;可初步判定这12个地方鸭种起源于绿头野鸭,而与斑嘴鸭的遗传距离相对较远。     

我国家鸭品种资源遗传多样性保护等级分析

本研究旨在分析我国地方鸭品种资源遗传多样性保护等级,为更好地制定我国地方鸭品种资源保护方案提供理论依据.采用28个微卫星标记计算我国24个地方鸭品种间DR遗传距离、基因流(Nm)、多态信息含量(PIC)和杂合度,并采用Weitzman和Caballero两种遗传多样性保护理论,分析各品种在遗传多样性最大化保护中的相对重要性.结果表明,28个微卫星座位的Ewens-Watterson检验均属选择中立性,各位点平均多态信息含量为0.494 4;三穗鸭(SS)的观察杂合度最高(0.8648),大余鸭(DY)的观察杂合度最低(0.7208),靖西大麻鸭(JXD)的多态信息含量最高(0.581 6),金定鸭(JD)的多态信息含量最低(0.434 7);四川麻鸭(SC)和汉中麻鸭(HZ)之间的遗传距离最远(0.425 7),基因流最小(0.471 1),广西小麻鸭(XL)和靖西大麻鸭之间的遗传距离最近(0.166 4),基因流最大(1.380 8).Weitzman保护理论分析中,临武鸭(LW)、四川麻鸭(SC)、高邮鸭(GY)和北京鸭(BJ)的贡献率较高(>5.0%);Caballero保护理论分析中,绍兴鸭(SX)、四川麻鸭、巢湖鸭(CH)和兴义鸭(XY)具有较高的正贡献率(>0.2%),与Weitzman保护理论确定的等级顺序存在一定差异,主要原因是Weitzman保护理论没有考虑到品种内遗传多样性.在分析我国地方鸭品种资源遗传多样性保护等级时,应充分考虑品种问遗传多样性和品种内遗传多样性.绍兴鸭、四川麻鸭、巢湖鸭、兴义鸭、高邮鸭、临武鸭、汉中麻鸭、沔阳麻鸭(MY)、荆江麻鸭(JJ)、三穗鸭、恩施麻鸭(ES)、北京鸭、淮南麻鸭(HN)、云南麻鸭(YN)、攸县麻鸭(YX)、微山麻鸭(WS)16个品种对我国家鸭资源总体遗传多样性具有较高的贡献率,在品种资源保护中应当给予优先保护等级.     

中国地方鸭品种资源的分子遗传多样性

通过筛选的28个多态性较好的微卫星标记，检测了我国24个地方鸭品种的遗传多样性。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的遗传参数和群体间的遗传距离，采用邻接法构建了聚类图，并进行了系统发生分析。结果表明：28个微卫星座位在我国家鸭群体中的多态信息含量除APL23和APL79为中度多态外，其他座位均为高度多态座位，可以作为有效的遗传标记用于鸭种之间遗传多样性分析和系统发生关系的分析；我国所有家鸭群体平均杂合度（0．569）低于国内的家鸡和家鹅，其遗传多样性相对贫乏；聚类结果分析表明了各家鸭品种的分子系统发生关系与其育成史、分化及地理分布比较一致。     

云南地方绵羊品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用29个微卫星标记,对云南4个地方绵羊品种遗传多样性进行了检测,统计了各品种的等位基因频率,计算了遗传杂合度(H)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间的遗传距离。结果表明,29个微卫星位点除BM1206为中度多态,BM315为低度多态外,其余位点均为高度多态,各绵羊品种PIC值都在0.8左右,有较丰富的遗传多样性。     

利用微卫星标记分析兴义鸭的遗传多样性

文章旨在阐明兴义鸭的遗传多样性,为其保种与开发利0用提供参考依据。采用20对引物扩增兴义鸭的微卫星片段和判型,计算每个微卫星座位的有效等位基因数(Ne)、等位基因频率(P)、基因杂合度(H)及多态信息含量(PIC)。结果显示:20对微卫星引物在兴义鸭群体中均检测到多态,共检测到85个等位基因,平均每个微卫星基因座等位基因数4.2500个,群体平均杂合度H=0.6850,平均多态含量PIC=0.6284,平均有效等位基因数Ne=3.4449个,其中AJ272578、AJ515883、AJ515889、AJ515895、AJ515897、AJ515900表现为中度多态,剩下的14个位点均表现出高度多态性,试验结果表明,在兴义鸭具有丰富的遗传多样性,具有重要的保种价值和选育开发潜能。     

4个地方绵羊品种系统发生关系的微卫星分析

试验旨在研究地方绵羊品种的遗传变异,为种质资源评价、保护和利用提供理论数据。利用5个微卫星标记分析4个地方绵羊品种的遗传多样性,根据等位基因组成及频率进行群体遗传统计分析;基于品种间标准遗传距离(Ds)和Nei氏遗传距离,分别构建UPGMA系统发生树。4个地方绵羊品种共检测到70个等位基因,各位点等位基因数(Na)在10~18之间;4个地方绵羊品种平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.81~5.68个,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.6152~0.7373,平均遗传杂合度(H)为0.6711~0.7820;4个地方绵羊品种间遗传分化系数为0.0847,标准遗传距离(Ds)和Nei氏遗传距离晋中绵羊与乌珠穆沁羊为最大(0.5775、0.6126),小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊为最小(0.1542、0.1955),首先小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊聚为一类,晋中绵羊与广灵大尾羊聚为另一类,然后两类聚在一起形成一大类。结果表明,4个地方绵羊品种遗传变异大、多样性丰富;品种间遗传分化小,但小尾寒羊和乌珠穆沁羊与晋中绵羊和广灵大尾羊间已有明显分化。选择的5个微卫星座位均为高度多态位点,可作为有效遗传标记用于绵羊品种遗传多样性和系统发生关系分析。各地方绵羊品种分子聚类关系与其形成史、分化及地理分布基本一致。     

新疆3个地方品种驴微卫星遗传分析

研究利用8个微卫星标记检测新疆3个地方驴品种的遗传多样性。计算了各群体的平均遗传杂合度(h)、多态信息含量(PIC)和群体间遗传距离。结果表明:8个微卫星基因座在3个地方驴群体中均表现高度多态,3个地方驴群体的平均多态信息含量PIC(0.7568),遗传杂合度h(0.7841)都高于国内其他品种驴,说明新疆地方驴遗传多样性丰富,群体遗传变异程度较高,育种潜力大。聚类分析表明和田驴先与喀什驴聚为一类然后与吐鲁番驴聚类,与史料及地理分布一致。     

利用8个微卫星标记分析7个鸭群体的遗传多样性

研究应用8个微卫星标记对7个鸭群体进行了遗传多样性检测。利用等位基因频率计算了各群体的基因杂合度、多态信息含量及群体间的遗传距离,并根据遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明:8个微卫星标记中除SMO13(PIC=0.480)和APL83(PIC=0.372)为中度多态外,其余标记均为高度多态,可作为有效的遗传标记用于鸭群体间遗传多样性分析和系统发生关系分析。7个鸭群体在微卫星座位的平均杂合度在0.514～0.646,最高的莆田黑鸭为0.646,最低的康贝尔鸭为0.514。从聚类分析结果来看,北京鸭与中型母本、小型母本聚为一类;康贝尔鸭和金定鸭聚为一类;莆田黑鸭与山麻鸭聚为一类。     

4个地方绵羊品种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

文章宗旨是(目的)研究地方绵羊品种的遗传变异,为种质资源评价、保护和利用提供理论数据.(方法)利用5个微卫星标记分析4个地方绵羊品种的遗传多样性,根据等位基因组成及频率,进行群体遗传统计分析.基于品种间标准遗传距离(DS)和Nei氏遗传距离,分别构建UPGMA系统发生树.(结果)4个地方绵羊品种共检测到70.0个等位基因,各位点等位基因数(Na)在10.0～18.0之间;4个地方绵羊品种平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为3.81～5.68个,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.615 2～0.737 3,平均遗传杂合度(H)为0.671 1～0.782 0;4个地方绵羊品种间遗传分化系数为0.084 7,标准遗传距离(DS)和Nei氏遗传距离晋中绵羊与乌珠穆沁羊都为最大(0.577 5,0.612 6),小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊都为最小(0.154 2,0.195 5),首先小尾寒羊与乌珠穆沁羊聚为一类,晋中绵羊与广灵大尾羊聚为另一类,然后两类聚在一起形成一大类.(结论)结果表明4个地方绵羊品种遗传变异大、多样性丰富;品种间遗传分化小,但小尾寒羊和乌珠穆沁羊与晋中绵羊和广灵大尾羊间已有明显分化.选择5个微卫星座位均为高度多态位点,可作为有效遗传标记用于绵羊品种遗传多样性和系统发生关系分析.各地方绵羊品种分子聚类关系与其形成史、分化及地理分布(相)基本一致.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.