近50年河南省夏玉米生产潜力及产量差时空变化特征

利用河南省96个县1961—2010年气象资料和夏玉米实际产量,采用逐步订正模型,计算了近50年河南省夏玉米光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力,分析了光温生产潜力与气候生产潜力、光温生产潜力与实际产量两种产量差的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)光温生产潜力由北向南、由东向西递减,近50年呈极显著下降趋势,全省平均每10 a减少696.8 kg·hm-2,北、中大部分站点和南部的部分站点下降幅度较大。(2)气候生产潜力南部高于北部、东部高于西部,近50年变化趋势不明显。光温生产潜力与气候生产潜力之间的产量差呈极显著下降趋势,平均每10 a减少958.7 kg·hm-2。(3)夏玉米实际产量极显著增加,光温生产潜力与实际产量之间的产量差极显著下降,平均每10 a减少1 718.0 kg·hm-2,但71.9%的站点产量差大于24 000 kg·hm-2,产量潜力仍有较大提升空间。降水是制约河南省西部夏玉米产量的主要因素,可通过灌溉提高产量;后期热量不足影响北部玉米产量进一步提高,选用中早熟品种和改进栽培技术是提高产量的途径;东部可通过增加灌溉面积、选用优良品种和科学施肥等措施缩小产量差。     

新疆阿拉尔垦区棉花种植气候生产潜力分析

:采用作物生长动态统计模型,对阿拉尔垦区棉花种植的光合、光温、光温水、光温土、光温水土生产潜力进行计算和分析.结果表明:该垦区棉花种植的光温生产潜力远大于现实生产力,现实了生产力的224.09%,光热资源丰富;光温土生产潜力与现实生产力接近,现实了生产力的116.33%,土壤肥力限制因子很大;光温水、光温水土生产潜力都远小于现实生产力,分别只有现实生产力的22.26%和11.10%,水是最重要的制约和影响棉花气候生产潜力的关键因子.垦区光热条件是棉花气候生产潜力最突出的优势,土壤水肥条件是限制气候生产潜力的主要可控因子.     

黑龙江省气候变化及其对玉米生产潜力的影响

基于全球气候变化这一不争的事实,本研究以黑龙江省为例,在收集1980—2009年气象站点农业气象资料的基础上,首先运用线性倾向率方法分析了近30年来黑龙江省的气候变化特征;其次运用AEZ模型测算了30个站点1980—2009年30年来的光温和气候生产潜力,分析了30年来黑龙江省玉米光温和气候生产潜力的变化趋势。最后结合现实生产力数据分析了玉米的增产空间。结果表明:(1)1980—2009年30年间,黑龙江省温度表现为升高趋势,而降水则表现为减少的趋势。(2)伴随着温度的升高,光温生产潜力表现为增加趋势,气候生产潜力则随着降水量的减少而呈减少趋势;(3)相对于光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力上限值而言,玉米的增产潜力空间均表现为减小趋势,但增产空间仍较大,相对于光温生产潜力而言还有66%的增产空间,相对于气候生产潜力也仍有51%的增产空间。     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲主要作物气候生产潜力分析

采用作物生长动态统计模型,对渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花种植的光合、光温、光温水、光温土和光温水土生产潜力进行计算和分析。分析结果显示:研究区冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花种植的光温生产潜力远大于实际生产力,分别实际生产力的161.06%,134.15%和196.71%,光热资源丰富;光温土生产潜力与实际生产力较接近,分别为冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花实际生产力的80.40%、66.97%和98.20%,土壤肥力限制因子很大;光温水和光温水土生产潜力都远小于实际生产力,分别为冬小麦、夏玉米和棉花实际生产力的10.36%和5.17%、8.63%和4.31%、12.68%和6.31%%,水是制约作物气候生产潜力的最关键因子,没有灌溉,颗粒无收。渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲光热资源是作物气候生产力最突出的优势,土壤水肥条件是限制作物气候生产力的主要可控因子,改善土壤水肥条件是实现作物气候生产潜力的有效途径。     

华北地区冬小麦生产潜力数值模拟及其自然正交分析

利用自然正交分解(EOF)对由机理性作物生长模型模拟的华北地区冬小麦的光温和气候生产潜力结果进行了分析,揭示生产潜力在时空上的分异规律。首先在中国科学院禹城综合试验站进行了冬小麦田间试验,测定了冬小麦生理生态及干物质积累过程等试验数据。根据试验数据对WOFOST模型进行了改进,获取了相关模型参数并对模型进行了充分验证,验证结果表明模型可以较好地模拟冬小麦生长过程。随后利用验证后的WOFOST模型模拟了华北地区42个站点1961—2006年冬小麦的光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力,并对其进行EOF分析。结果表明华北地区光温生产潜力呈东北高西南低的变化趋势,气候生产潜力大致呈南高北低的趋势,该结果与以往研究结果较为一致。EOF分析则表明,影响光温生产潜力最重要的因子是辐射,其次是温度。影响气候生产潜力最重要的是降水,其次是该区域光温条件的综合效应。     

西藏气候变化及其对作物产量潜力的影响

以西藏1971—2010年6个代表性气象站气象资料为依据,运用线性倾向率方法分析了近40年来西藏气候变化的特征,同时分析了6个农业主产区40年来青稞、小麦的光温与气候生产潜力的变化趋势,并结合现实生产力数据分析了青稞和小麦的增产空间。结果表明：（1）1971—2010年 40年间,西藏温度和降水量均表现为升高趋势,6个农业主产区平均气温升高了2．26℃,远大于全国1．1℃?100a －1的平均气温升高速度;（2）伴随着温度的升高,青稞和小麦的光温生产潜力分别以每年53 kg?hm －2和107 kg?hm －2的速度增加,气候生产潜力也随着降水量的小幅升高而有所增加,平均每年增加94 kg?hm －2和110 kg?hm －2 ;（3）青稞与小麦的光温和气候生产增产空间均表现为减小的趋势,但至目前,青稞的光温和气候增产空间仍有10385 kg?hm －2和5969 kg?hm －2 ,小麦的光温和气候增产空间仍有9040 kg?hm －2和5197 kg?hm －2 。     

基于GIS和迈阿密模型的全球灌溉需水量计算

通过计算光温生产潜力、气候生产潜力、光温潜力需水量、灌溉需水量以及衍生的可持续垦殖率指标，以解决农业生产潜力、农田熟制、灌溉定额、宜农荒地垦殖适宜性评价等农业发展问题。以迈阿密模型为理论基础，利用GIS空间分析的研究方法，计算出了上述指标的高精度全球分布场，得出全球光温生产潜力为2 260×10⁸ t干物质，气候生产潜力为1 253×10⁸ t干物质，灌溉需水量总计为12 441 km³。主要结论有：热带雨林区除外，全球气候生产潜力高值区同当前农业区高度吻合，表明农田气候潜力已经被人类充分利用；在温带地区，可持续覆膜雨养垦殖率＞2/3的地区适宜开垦宜农荒地，发展雨养农业。根据迈阿密模型计算得出的灌溉需水量可作为制定农田喷灌定额的重要依据；覆膜滴灌节水效果最佳，可持续覆膜滴灌垦殖率为各种垦殖率中最大值，可作为指导宜农荒地资源开发和多熟制农业发展的主要指标。     

南疆地区农业资源生产潜力分析与评价——以阿拉尔垦区为例

本文针对阿拉尔垦区主要农作物的光合生产潜力、光温生产潜力、天然状态下光温水生产潜力、光温水土生产潜力及灌溉保证下的土壤生产潜力进行了计算和分析。结果表明,水分和肥力是限制该区生产潜力发挥的主要因素。在此基础上,对提高本地区农业资源生产潜力的主要措施进行了讨论。     

近45年气候变化对哲盟作物生产潜力的影响

分析哲盟近４５年气候变化对作物生产潜力的影响,结果表明：光合物产潜力有减少的趋势;温度升高使得光温生产潜力变幅减少;受降水变率大的影响,气候生产潜力变幅最大。并从生产潜力的角度,说明了解决农业灌溉问题和充分利用热量的增加是适应气候变化,提高作物现实生产力的关键。     

川中丘陵区气候变化及其对春玉米生产潜力的影响——以遂宁为例

根据川中丘陵区6个站点1971—2013年逐日气象数据资料,分析川中丘陵区气象因子变化,并以遂宁地区为例研究了气候变化对春玉米生产潜力的影响。结果表明：(1) 研究区年日照时数、降水量变异系数分别为14.79%和18.71%,年际间差异明显,且日照时数呈逐年降低趋势,日照时数气候倾向率为-72.69 h·10a^-1,而年平均温度和相对湿度年际间差异不大。(2) 玉米生育期日照时数、降水量、平均温度和相对湿度的变化与年气候变化一致,玉米生育期日照时数和降水量的年际间差异更明显。(3) 研究区春玉米光温生产潜力和气候生产潜力均呈逐年波动下降的趋势,光温生产潜力与玉米生育期日照时数和温度极显著相关,而气候生产潜力与玉米生育期日照时数和相对湿度极显著相关,与降雨量呈显著相关关系。可见,日照时数是该区春玉米光温和气候生产潜力发挥的首要限制因子,而降雨量和相对湿度则是制约春玉米气候生产潜力的关键因子。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.