四川盆地丘陵区坡地农林复合系统内部结构和系统综合效能的研究

针对四川盆地丘陵区农林生产特点和坡地农林复合系统特征,对其内部结构进行综合研究。分析了林带对农作物的正,负效应,依据林带间散射辐射分布规律、农地水土流失特征和农作物产量分布格局等方面与林带间距离的相互关系,提出了坡地林带间距离应不小于３倍林带平均高,才能保证农作物不至于减产;同时,对建成的坡地农林复合系统模式进行综合效能分析,表明,与农地系统对比,坡地农林复合系统提高了土地生产力、能量转化率、营养     

江苏淤泥质海岸带农林复合经营类型及模式择优

通过面上调查、走访农户、查阅资料的方法,归纳总结了江苏淤泥质海岸带农林复合经营类型,选择优化了农林复合经营模式。研究结果表明：江苏淤泥质海岸带农林复合经营类型主要有生态型、经济型和复合型3种,不同经营类型含有形式多样的经营模式;根据江苏淤泥质海岸带区域特征,建议选择林农、林果、林牧、林渔等复合经营模式作为该地区推广应用的优化模式,其主栽树种以杨树、水杉,农林比例以5：1、林带结构以复合配置为宜。     

海岸带农林复合生态系统建立技术

本文阐述了沿海防护林体系建设工程中进行农林复合经营的作用和建立农林复合生态系统的方法，对农林复合试验区的建立、林网树种选择、防护林带营造、模式结构和配置方式等方面作了探讨，提出海岸带农林复合生态系统的建立技术。     

海岸带农林复合系统可持续经营技术研究述评

对我国海岸带农林复合系统可持续经营的认识历史和研究进展进行了述评,分析了海岸带农林复合系统的构建机理及其在植物择优、模式配置、系统优化、区域调控4个层次上可持续经营的复合配置技术,并对海岸带农林复合系统可持续经营技术的研究前景进行了展望.     

农林复合模式研究与进展

文章对农林复合经营模式的发展历史、经营类型进行了概述，对其系统结构、生物物种设计原则、生态、经济、社会效益以及今后研究的重点进行了探讨，为农林复合经营模式在实践中的推广和理论研究的深入进行提供了理论依据。     

乌江流域山地农林复合经营模式研究

以乌江流域坡耕地为背景、调查总结了坡耕地水土流失的特点和农林复合经营复模式现状，分析论证了农林复合经营模式的生态经济的综合效益。提出了乌江流域林农复合经营的造林设计原则依据和布局与配置等系列实用技术，为长防工程建设这耕还林工种提供科学依据。     

农林复合系统研究概述

文章从农林复合系统的结构选择、对生态环境的影响和系统内部作物与环境相互作用三个方面对农林复合系统研究现状进行分析,并指出要在把握农林系统整体性的基础上,采用多种方式开展复合结构模式研究,重点开展农林复合系统种间相互作用机理的研究。     

榆林沙区农林复合经营的主要模式

榆林沙区农林复合经营的主要模式有：沙地综合治理模式、荒漠化土地立体开发模式、风沙滩地区区农林复合经营模式、滩地混农林业模式、沙区果园立体种植模式、庭院农林复合经营模式等。     

贵州喀斯特地区农林复合系统的分类

在国内外有关农林复合系统分类研究成果的基础上，结合贵州喀斯特地区的自然环境、社会经济状况以及农林复合系统的发展现状等，按功能分类法将贵州喀斯特地区农林复合系统分为4级：功能、结构、复合模式（组分）、经营方式。     

浅谈我国农林复合经营模式及研究进展

阐述了农林复合经营的概念、特点及意义,总结了我国农林复合经营的发展历史及模式,综述了国内的研究进展,为农林复合经营在实践中的推广和理论研究提供参考。     

Comparisons of Mayan forest management, restoration, and conservation

Numerous communities associated with at least five distinct ethnic Mayan groups in southern Mexico and Central America continue to rely upon forested areas as integral components of their agricultural systems. They carefully manage these areas so that forests provide food, raw materials, and animals. Management practices include removing and planting of woody and herbaceous species, apiculture, and seed harvest. Mayan agroforestry systems in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of Mesoamerica were evaluated to better understand traditional agroforestry system components and how indigenous Mayan agroforestry could be a part of regional forest conservation and restoration. Systems were within Mexican land grant areas (ejidos) or on contested land. Although these systems rely upon different woody species and management techniques, common among them are: (1) the use of multi-stage and successional pathways with forest as a part of the larger system, (2) species that are believed by traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) to accelerate forest regeneration - more than 30 tree species are recognized and managed as potential facilitators of forest regeneration and (3) direct human consumption of forest products at all stages of regeneration.     

The role of complex agroforestry systems in the conservation of forest tree diversity and structure in southeastern Ghana

The role of different agroforestry systems in the conservation of plant diversity and forest structure has not been directly compared in many agricultural dominated landscapes. In this study, we investigated tree diversity and forest structure in a complex agroforestry landscape traditionally grown for cocoa and mixed food crops and compared these to the natural forest in southeastern Ghana. The study was carried out using 36 25 m × 25 m plots. There was significant difference [95% Confidence Interval (95% CI)] in the native forest/non-crop tree species richness between the natural forest and the agroforest farmlands but species richness was similar between the cocoa and mixed food crops agroforests. The density of native forest/non-crop trees was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the natural forest but similar between cocoa and mixed food crops agroforest. Similarly, the basal area of native forest/non-crop trees was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the natural forest but comparable between cocoa and food crops agroforest. Of the 20 most abundant native forest/non-crop trees recorded, 12 of them showed significant responses (P < 0.05) to land use change with nine of the species significantly abundant in the natural forest relative to the agroforest systems. Eighteen native forest/non-crop trees species in the agroforestry systems were commonly recorded as being used; 100% of them being used as fuel wood with 83.3 and 77.8%, respectively, used as medicines and materials. The findings of this study suggests that although complex agroforestry systems are a poor substitute for the natural forest the heterogeneous mosaic landscape in which complex agroforestry forms part can be strategically managed to maximize the benefits of both sustainable agriculture production and conservation of plant diversity by acting as buffer between protected areas and intensively managed areas.     

Evolution of agroforestry based farming systems: a study of Dhanusha District, Nepal

This paper examines how agroforestry-based farming systems evolved in the Dhanusha district of Nepal following the conversion of forest into agriculture during the early 1950s. Some data are from two focus group discussions with agroforestry farmers and one meeting with agroforestry experts. The farmers?? discussion traced the development of farming practices from 1950 to 2010 to identify the drivers of land use change. The experts?? discussion resulted in a scale to differentiate the prevailing farming systems in the study area considering five key components of agroforestry: agricultural crops, livestock, forest tree crops, fruit tree crops and vegetable crops. Data related to the system components were collected from the randomly selected households. The study reveals that land use had generally changed from very simple agriculture to agroforestry, triggered by infrastructure development, technological innovations, institutional support (subsidies and buy-back guarantees) and extension programs. A range of farming systems with varying degrees of integration was evident in the study area: simple agriculture; less integrated agroforestry; semi-integrated agroforestry and highly integrated agroforestry. The three types of agroforestry systems, which are the focus of this study, varied significantly in terms of farm size, cropping intensity, use of farm inputs, tree species diversity, tree density, home to forest distance and agricultural labour force.     

Increasing Tree Cover in Degrading Landscapes: ‘Integration’ and ‘Intensification’ of Smallholder Forest Culture in the Alutilla Valley,Matiranga, Bangladesh

Research was conducted in Alutilla Valley in eastern Bangladesh to identify the nature of existing agroforestry systems and to identify potential agroforestry models that could ameliorate currently degrading forest resources Data were collected through farmer participatory research and a structured quarterly survey in two villages. Qualitative and supplementary quantitative analysis methods were used to assess the financial potential of agroforestry systems. Various patterns of agroforestry exist in the study site, but all have two common principles, namely ‘integration with agriculture’ and ‘multi-functionality’. Two agroforestry models suitable for adoption by farmers have been identified. Multi-strata agroforestry, based on a fruit and timber tree canopy with vegetables and tuber species in the understorey, can be practiced in the shifting cultivation fields near settlements. Fruit and timber tree-based conservation agroforestry is well suited to manage large-scale biologically depleted landscapes. Both systems yield early financial returns, facilitating the change from shifting cultivation to multi-strata agroforestry or fruit and tree-based conservation agroforestry.     

Alternate cycle agroforestry

Agroforestry research and design has heavily favored intergrated production of annuals and perennials, that is production of tree crops on the same parcel of land and at the same time as production of food crop annuals. For areas having high population densities and intensive modes of agricultural production, integral agroforestry may be appropriate, but for areas of sparse population where extensive agriculture is practiced or marginal hill lands, alternate cycle agroforestry may prove more suitable. Alternate cycle agroforestry, in the form of modified forest swidden systems, is discussed and compared to integral agroforestry systems. Advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed relative to their use on marginal hill and forest lands.The author wishes to thank N.T. Vergara, L.S. Hamilton, A.T. Rambo and K.F.Wiersum at the Environment and Policy Institute of the East-West Center for their comments.     

Tree Culture of Smallholder Farmers Practicing Agroforestry in Gunung Salak Valley,West Java,Indonesia

This paper investigates the types of agroforestry system that exist in Gunung Salak Valley, West Java, Indonesia in order to characterize the differences in their basic structure and associated crop plant diversity. Data were collected through rapid rural appraisal, field observation and focus groups, followed by household survey of a sample of 20 agroforestry farmers. Five main agroforestry systems (homegardens, fruit tree system, timber tree system, mixed fruit–timber system, and cropping in the forest understory) exist in the study area, and all of them exhibit a noticeable diversity in terms of both species composition and utilization. Products from farming accounted for an average 24 % of household income. They comprised agroforestry products which contributed IDR 3.25 million/year and other agricultural products contributing IDR 1.66 million/year. The observed agroforestry systems include not only a form of forest dominated by ‘cultivated trees’, but also an anthropogenic vegetation formation derived from agricultural antecedents. In land-use classifications agroforestry systems are not recognized as forestry, but like forests they provide tree products and services. Classification will always be disfunctional if a binary system is applied, thus a more sophisticated approach should be adopted that incorporates the economic and environmental characteristics of a wider range of systems.     

韩国山林农业概况与类型

"山林复合经营项目"是韩国在1999年为了增加林业从业者的收入而正式实施的,主要包括短期收入、木材生产和复合山地管理3种类型。截至2005年,该项目在韩国国内的168个市(区)都得到了推广。文中主要介绍韩国山林农业系统,分析该系统存在的问题并探讨与之相应的解决方案,提出应在开发更可行的复合农林经营模式的基础上加大对林业从业者的培训和奖励力度并改善对复合农林业的支持制度。     

Abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates in annual crops, agroforestry and forest ecosystems in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve of Western Ghats, India

Biologically mediated soil processes rely on soil biota to provide vital ecosystem services in natural and managed ecosystems. However, land use changes continue to impact on assemblages of soil biota and the ecosystem services they provide. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of land use intensification on the distribution and abundance of soil invertebrate communities in the Nilgiri, a human-dominated biosphere reserve of international importance. Soil invertebrates were sampled in 15 land use practices ranging from simple and intensively managed annual crop fields and monoculture tree plantations through less intensively managed agroforestry and pristine forest ecosystems. The lowest taxonomic richness was found in annual crops and coconut monoculture plantations, while the highest was in moist-deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. With 21 ant species, agroforestry systems had the highest diversity of ants followed by forest ecosystems (12 species). Earthworms and millipedes were significantly more abundant in agroforestry systems, plantations and forest ecosystems than in annual crop fields. Ants, termites, beetles, centipedes, crickets and spiders were more abundant in forest ecosystems than in other ecosystems. It is concluded that annual cropping systems have lower diversity and abundance of soil invertebrates than agroforestry and natural forest ecosystems. These results and the literature from other regions highlight the potential role that agroforestry practices can play in biodiversity conservation in an era of ever-increasing land use intensification and habitat loss.     

Unexpected lack of influence of tree rows on the dynamics of wheat aphids and their natural enemies in a temperate agroforestry system

Trees at low density and cereals may be combined in silvoarable agroforestry systems: tree rows and their companion vegetation introduce an heterogeneity in the cropped field that may modify the dynamics of insects crop pests and their predators. This hypothesis was tested in tree-wheat systems by monitoring aphids and their predators for two years in southern France, in two fields in 2006 and one in 2007. Tree row vegetation diversity was either suppressed by weeding or stimulated by seeding flowering species that could attract adult predators of aphids. The dynamics of aphids and predators were recorded by tiller sampling and yellow trap monitoring. Between 3500 and 5000 aphids were collected from each studied field. Surprisingly, no differences could be evidenced on the dynamics of both aphids and their predators between agroforestry and monocropping plots, nor between weeded and flowered plots. The heterogeneity induced by the tree row in the cropped field was probably not strong enough to alter the populations dynamics. A high landscape diversity in the area due to nearby forest patches and fallows may have blurred the impact of the tree lines. Different results may be expected in areas with lower biodiversity like cereal monocropping zones.     

P transformations in cacao agroforests soils in the Atlantic forest region of Bahia,Brazil

Little is known about the phosphorus (P) fractions and P lability of agroforest soils in tropical regions, particularly those of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforests. We hypothesized that the effect of P fertilization on the distribution of P fractions in the soil based on the source-sink relationship differs for different cacao agroforestry systems. The cacao agroforestry systems studied were the following: open cacao-cabruca, closed cacao-cabruca, cacao + erythrina, mixed cacao + rubber tree, and cacao + rubber tree intercropping. A natural forest and an unfertilized pasture were used as reference systems. The P fractions were determined using the Hedley sequential extraction method, and the P transformation processes were evaluated via structural equation modeling. The impact of low P fertilizer input on the P fractions varied according to the specific environmental conditions of each cacao production system. Consequently, there was high dissimilarity among all of the cacao sites. In all of the cacao agroforestry systems, there was an increase in inorganic P (Pi), especially the labile fraction (resin-Pi and NaHCO₃-Pi), but organic P (Po) increased only in the cacao + erythrina system and in the rubber tree planting row of the cacao + rubber tree intercropping system. As a result, the fitted structural models indicated that the inter-relationships of the geochemical processes were more important for determining the P availability than the biological processes. However, the Po concentrations and relative proportion were high in all of the cacao agroforestry systems, thereby revealing the high potential of supplying P to plants via the mineralization process in the eventual removal of mineral fertilization.