海岸带农林复合系统可持续经营技术研究述评

对我国海岸带农林复合系统可持续经营的认识历史和研究进展进行了述评,分析了海岸带农林复合系统的构建机理及其在植物择优、模式配置、系统优化、区域调控4个层次上可持续经营的复合配置技术,并对海岸带农林复合系统可持续经营技术的研究前景进行了展望.     

海岸带农林复合生态系统建立技术

本文阐述了沿海防护林体系建设工程中进行农林复合经营的作用和建立农林复合生态系统的方法，对农林复合试验区的建立、林网树种选择、防护林带营造、模式结构和配置方式等方面作了探讨，提出海岸带农林复合生态系统的建立技术。     

黑龙江省西部农林复合经营类型、模式及其效益分析

针对我省西部农林复合经营情况 ,通过开展定点试验研究和面上调查 ,总结出该区农林复合经营的类型和主要模式。通过具体实例对农林复合经营的综合效益进行分析 ,并提出该区具有地域特色和潜在发展前途的几种模式     

黑龙江省平原缓丘农区农林复合经营开发模式探讨

本文从黑龙江省西部平原缓丘农区的自然资源、气象状况及社会经济发展状况出发 ,对农林复合经营开发模式的类型及其效益进行探讨 ,提出了农林复合经营开发模式的基础、类型与结构组合设计原则 ,并讨论了农林复合经营开发模式的技术措施 ,为黑龙江省平原缓丘农区的资源合理利用 ,提供了理论依据     

农林复合经营对土壤化学性质的影响

本试验选取了拜泉县幼龄云杉纯林土壤、大豆土壤、落叶松—美国红云豆农林复合经营型土壤、杨树—水飞蓟和杨树—板蓝根林药复合经营型土壤等5种土壤类型作为研究对象,研究各种农林复合经营条件对土壤化学性质的影响。研究结果表明:实行农林复合经营对土壤化学性质有显著的影响,并因作物的品种而存在差异。总体来看,只要选择适宜的间作品种,一般对林地的土壤都有良好的改善作用。在本试验选择的3种农林复合经营类型中,杨树—板蓝根效果最好。     

辽宁西部低山丘陵区农林复合经营技术的研究

为探索辽宁西部半干旱地区低山、缓丘良种地貌类型农林复合经营的优化模式及经营管理技术，进行了树木与草本、果树与农作物复合经营试验，结果表明，在低山区林草复合经营可明显提高土壤耕作层的有机质和氮素含量，在缓丘区枣农复合经营为理想模式。     

榆林沙区农林复合经营的主要模式

榆林沙区农林复合经营的主要模式有：沙地综合治理模式、荒漠化土地立体开发模式、风沙滩地区区农林复合经营模式、滩地混农林业模式、沙区果园立体种植模式、庭院农林复合经营模式等。     

三峡库区农林复合经营模式研究

通过对秭归县境内长江一、二、三级支流的气候、海拔、立地条件等因子的研究 ,建立了二元、三元、多元农林复合经营模式类别 ,在此基础上组建了 1 0 0种能适应不同环境的农林复合经营模式类型 ,在三峡库区具有典型的代表性和广泛的实用性。     

杨树农林复合经营研究进展

摘要：杨树农林复合经营是杨树产业的一个重要发展方向,在全球范围逐步受到重视。本文整理了杨树农林复合经营模式、并综述了农林复合经营效益、胁地效应及他感作用等方面的研究进展。在此基础上分析了杨树农林复合经营研究中存在的问题及展望。     

农林复合模式研究与进展

文章对农林复合经营模式的发展历史、经营类型进行了概述，对其系统结构、生物物种设计原则、生态、经济、社会效益以及今后研究的重点进行了探讨，为农林复合经营模式在实践中的推广和理论研究的深入进行提供了理论依据。     

Agroforestry landscapes and global change: landscape ecology tools for management and conservation

Forest ecosystems are impacted by multiple uses under the influence of global drivers, and where landscape ecology tools may substantially facilitate the management and conservation of the agroforestry ecosystems. The use of landscape ecology tools was described in the eight papers of the present special issue, including changes in forested landscapes due to agricultural and forestry activities, landscape changes due to recent intensification of agriculture, and the impacts of agroforestry as compared to natural forest ecosystems. Landscape ecology can improve the economic, environmental and social values of agroforestry, and this knowledge should help to develop new management alternatives for agroforestry. We believe that these papers will inform management at the landscape level, especially in agroforestry landscapes, offering new tools for management and conservation.     

沿海湿地生物多样性保护及复合农林业利用

在分析沿海湿地生物多样性保护所面临的机遇和挑战的基础上,论述了沿海湿地生物多样性保护与利用的哲学观点、主要威胁和制约因素,提出了沿海湿地生物多样性保护的运行路径、通道驿站和微观方法等,以及在建立防护林体系中进行复合农林业经营的构想,简述了沿海湿地生物多样性保护及利用所做的工作和今后重点开展的内容,为沿海湿地生物多样性保护及复合农林业利用提供依据。     

池杉在海岸带滨海草甸盐渍土中的生长表现

对新会市海岸带复合农林业试验区的池杉林带进行了生长调查。结果表明：池杉在pH值为8．15，盐分含量为0．515％的海岸带滨海草甸盐渍土中生长良好，5年生林带平均树高达5．9m以上，胸径达10．7锄以上，已开始起到防护作用；13年生时树高达11．2m，胸径达17．9cm，年平均树高、胸径分别为0．86m和1．38cm，生长较为迅速，可作为我省海岸带复合农林业防护林带的主要树种。地下水位对池杉的树高和胸径生长有一定的影响，在海岸带营造池杉林带时，宜选择地下水位低于50cm的立地。     

A general classification of agroforestry practice

Present classification schemes confuse agroforestry practices, where trees are intimately associated with agricultural components at a field scale, with the whole farm and forest systems of which they form a part. In fact, it is common for farming systems to involve the integration of several reasonably discrete agroforestry practices, on different types of land. The purpose of a general classification is to identify different types of agroforestry and to group those that are similar, thereby facilitating communication and the organized storage of information. A new scheme is proposed that uses the ‘practice’ rather than the ‘system’ as the unit of classification. This allows an efficient grouping of practices that have a similar underlying ecology and prospects for management. A two stage definition of agroforestry is proposed that distinguishes an interdisciplinary approach to land use from a set of integrated land use practices. Four levels of organization are recognized through analysis of the role of trees in agricultural landscapes: the land use system, categories of land use within systems, discrete groups of components (trees, crops, animals) managed together, and functionally connected groups of such discrete practices in time and space. Precedents for this form of analysis are found in the literature and it conforms with generally accepted methods of systems analysis. Classification of major types of agroforestry practice proceeds primarily according to the components involved and the predominant usage of land. A secondary scheme further classifies these in terms of the arrangement, density and diversity of the tree components involved. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Filling the gap: improving estimates of working tree resources in agricultural landscapes

Agroforestry plantings and other trees intentionally established in rural and urban areas are emerging as innovative management options for addressing resource issues and achieving landscape-level goals. An understanding of the ecosystem services contributed by these and future plantings would provide critical information to policy and program developers, and a comprehensive inventory would contribute to estimating the cumulative effects of these plantings. Trees used in these practices are not explicitly inventoried by the primary national forest resource inventory of the United States: the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the USDA Forest Service. The FIA program currently limits its inventories to trees in forests meeting specific size and density criteria, but the draft FIA Strategic Plan suggests the addition of an “other treed land inventory” (excluding urban forests). In this study, we use FIA data to estimate the agroforestry and other tree resources of the Midwest and document some obstacles to effective inventories of agroforestry practices. We compare our estimates of forestland area in the Midwest to those derived from MODIS (MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Vegetative Continuous Fields (VCF). The differences between these two estimates, particularly in sparsely forested states, support the idea that the expansion of the FIA program to an all-tree inventory would fill an important gap. We propose minor modifications to the inventory that would lead to an improved assessment of agroforestry and other tree resources and practices.     

Global and European policies to foster agricultural sustainability: agroforestry

Agroforestry is a sustainable land management system recognized worldwide but not implemented in a extensive form in temperate and developed countries. Agroforestry has been promoted in the last decades at global level as it provides more efficient and sustainable farming systems. This review aims at summarizing the main research findings explaining why agroforestry is a sustainable land management that fulfils and is affected by different Global, Pan-European and European policies as well as how innovation is currently fostered in Europe, therefore linking research, policy and innovation. This review specially targets researchers and policy makers working in integrated land systems. There is a global and European recognition of the role that agroforestry can play to provide products but also to deliver highly important ecosystem services. However, the promotion of agroforestry practices at European level is still not well addressed by the Common Agricultural Policy. The clear identification of agroforestry practices, the link of management plans to establish agroforestry pursuing a final eligible tree density for the Pillar I payments should be addressed as initial steps to foster agroforestry in Europe. There is a lack of knowledge transfer that promotes agroforestry at field level, which should be approached by using stakeholder integration within the policy development as it is currently done by the EIP-Agri.

     

Driving forces for agroforestry uptake in Mediterranean Europe: application of the analytic network process

The factors that determine the implementation of four alternative agroforestry practices or no agroforestry on a theoretical 200 ha farm in Mediterranean Europe were examined using an analytic network process (ANP) model. The four agroforestry practices considered were implementation of a form of (i) high natural and cultural value agroforestry, (ii) agroforestry with high value trees, and agroforestry for (iii) arable and (iv) livestock systems. The ANP model was developed in a participatory manner through a systematic series of quantitative questionnaires and workshops with agroforestry researchers. In general, all the Mediterranean agroforestry systems were associated with high benefits and opportunities, but also with high costs and high risks. The greatest benefits were attributed to high natural and cultural value agroforestry systems, which greatly contributed to the highest priority of this system. Overall ranking of priorities for the agroforestry management alternatives show robustness in the sensitivity analysis. The “no agroforestry” land use became the preferred option when costs were given a weighting of 0.50 or greater.