冬小麦拔节期追肥与土壤湿度的生物效应

以冬小麦为试验材料．利用盆栽试验研究了拔节期不同土壤水分条件下不同施氮处理对其叶片光合速率、硝酸还原酶、根系长度及数目、根冠比、养分吸收及籽粒产量的影响．结果表明．在干旱条件下．不论施肥与否．适当增加土壤湿度均能改善小麦的生长状况。增加产量。在低水条件下．增加施肥量不能相应增加产量，在中、高水情况下．基肥结合拔节期追施氮肥可以促进冬小麦生长．使其籽粒产量显著提高，氮肥一次施用的效果不如基肥加拔节期追肥处理。在中水条件下．2／3氮肥基施．1／3氮肥拔节期追施是干旱地区冬小麦较佳的水肥耦合模式．     

旱地莜麦多目标动态施肥模式研究

建立莜麦籽粒产量、生物产量、籽粒蛋白质产量、总蛋白质产量与施氮总量及追施比例之间的效应方程,求解不同边际利润下的最佳施氮量及追施比例。结果表明施氮量改变,直接影响最佳追施比例、籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和生物产量等,施氮量在17.25～120.75kg/hm2区间内,各种目标产量随施氮量的增加而稳定增加,在合理的施氮量区间内实现既定产量,施氮总量与追施比例可以消长互替,降低追施比例则增加氮素总量,或增加追施比例则可以减少氮素总量。得出了不同目标产量时的最佳氮肥用量与追施比例和对应于氮肥不同用量的最佳追施比例及理论产量的动态施肥模式的数学方程。     

秸秆还田配施氮肥对冬小麦产量及氮素调控的影响

以周麦23为供试材料,采用裂区设计的大田试验研究了关中地区秸秆还田配施不同氮肥水平对冬小麦产量及氮素调控的影响。结果表明：相较于单施氮肥处理,秸秆还田配施氮肥处理冬小麦产量在低施氮量处理时有降低的趋势,在高施氮量处理时有增加的趋势,但两者间的差异不显著;秸秆还田配施氮肥能有效提高冬小麦的氮素利用效率,冬小麦的氮肥表观利用率提高了1．6％～9．1％;秸秆还田措施配施适量的氮肥有降低冬小麦百公斤籽粒需氮量的趋势。综合考虑到生产成本及潜在环境污染的可能性因素,在秸秆还田条件下,试验地区冬小麦施氮量以252～321 kg·hm-2为宜。     

灌水量及减氮模式对冬小麦产量及水氮利用的影响

为探究关中平原冬小麦合理的减氮模式及相应的灌水量,以灌水量为主处理、减氮模式为副处理开展冬小麦田间裂区试验,灌水量设90 mm和150 mm,参照本地习惯施氮(尿素CO,施氮量210 kg·hm~(-2))设置减氮模式,施氮量为150 kg·hm~(-2),有3种施氮类型:尿素+硝化抑制剂(DMPP)、控释氮肥和尿素掺施(PCU)和控释复合肥(SF),另以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,对小麦产量、水分和氮肥利用效率及土壤硝态氮残留状况进行分析。结果表明:灌水量和减氮模式两因素及其交互作用对冬小麦有效穗数、千粒重、籽粒产量、土壤硝态氮残留量及水分和氮肥利用效率均有显著影响;灌水量对冬小麦产量的影响随减氮模式而变,与灌水90 mm相比, PCU150和DMPP150处理在灌水量150 mm时产量降低,SF150和N0处理产量有所增大;灌水90 mm时,减氮模式PCU150和DMPP150较习惯施氮CO210减少施氮28.6%,籽粒产量和有效穗数显著增加,分别增产17.4%和11.6%,水分利用效率提高17.5%和13.5%,氮肥利用效率增加64.3%和58.4%, 0～200 cm土层硝态氮残留量减少57.8%和45.6%。关中平原在冬小麦全生育期灌水90 mm,采用尿素加硝化抑制剂基施、树脂包膜尿素基施60%+尿素拔节期追施40%两种减氮模式,冬小麦可维持较高产量和水肥利用效率。     

不同氮肥运筹对冬小麦产量、蛋白质及其组分的影响

2003～2004年在大田节水栽培条件下,研究了3个施氮水平(157.5 kg/hm2、226.5 kg/hm2、295.5kg /hm2)下氮肥一次性底施与分次施用(底肥 拔节期追肥)对两个小麦品种(强筋麦济南17与中筋麦石家庄8号)品质和产量的影响.结果表明:节水栽培条件下不同氮素水平及等量氮肥一次性基施与分次施用两小麦品种产量差异不显著,过量施用氮肥产量反而有所下降;施氮越多,氮肥生产力越低;不同处理对两品种小麦籽粒蛋白质及其各组分的影响也同样没有达到显著水平.     

不同微喷灌灌水量对冬小麦生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

为研究微喷灌模式下不同灌水量对冬小麦生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,于2015年10月开展了大田试验。以"小偃22号"为供试品种,研究高水W3(拔节期和开花期各灌水60 mm)、中水W2(拔节期和开花期各灌水40 mm)、低水W1(拔节期和开花期各灌水20 mm)和全生育期不灌水W0 4个处理下冬小麦的生长、产量及水分利用效率。结果表明:随着灌水量的增加,各处理的生长指标呈上升趋势,处理W1、W2、W3的籽粒产量分别较处理W0增产17.75%、35.78%和36.72%,但W2和W3处理间无显著差异;处理W2的水分利用效率和收获指数最高,较处理W3提高了0.22 kg·m~(-3)和0.01。综合对比冬小麦生长、产量和水分利用效率,得出拔节期和开花期各灌水40 mm为冬小麦最优灌水量。     

耕作模式与氮肥运筹对土壤主要理化性状及作物产量的影响

在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作条件下,以小麦品种矮抗58和玉米品种郑单958为材料,研究了不同耕作方式(小麦季深耕、玉米季免耕;小麦季旋耕、玉米季免耕)及不同氮肥总量(540,420,300 kg·hm~(-2))和不同氮肥运筹方式(不同追肥比例及追肥时期)对豫东潮土和豫南砂姜黑土物理性状及氮含量的周年变化以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:深耕能显著降低潮土和砂姜黑土20~40 cm土层土壤容重,显著提高两类土壤20~40 cm土层土壤总孔隙度以及田间持水量,且深耕处理下两类土壤周年作物产量分别比旋耕处理增加4.30%和2.63%;土壤全氮以及碱解氮含量均随着氮肥施用总量的增加而升高,在氮肥施用量相同条件下,追施氮肥前土壤全氮和碱解氮含量随着底施氮量的增加而升高,追施氮肥后随着追氮量的增加而增加。研究认为,本试验条件下,考虑到经济效益,建议采用小麦季隔年深耕而玉米季免耕直播的耕作方式,在潮土区的B1C3(小麦季300 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按照底肥与拔节期追肥之比为1∶1施入,玉米季240 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,按底肥与拔节期追肥大喇叭口期追肥之比为2∶1∶1施入)施肥模式,和砂浆黑土地区的B2C1(小麦季240 kg·hm~(-2)全底施,玉米季180 kg·hm~(-2)纯氮,底肥与拔节期追肥之比3∶1施入)施肥模式为两地最优的氮肥施用模式。     

旱地分期施用氮肥对小麦产量和品质的影响

采用田间小区结合盆栽试验，对旱地氮肥不同分配方式与小麦产量和品质的关系进行了研究。结果表明，氮肥分期施用比一次作底肥施用不仅能增加小麦产量，而且能改善其籽粒品质，孕穗期和扬花期追施氮肥，能提高小麦蛋白质、面筋含量和沉淀值。，它们分别从１５．０％，２８．２１％和３１．９７ｍＬ；而产量最高是氮肥播种前作底肥和拔节期追施２次施用的处理。     

半干旱黄土区不同施氮水平冬小麦产量形成与氮素利用

在黄土高原南部旱地,采用田间试验研究了氮肥用量对冬小麦生长、产量及氮素累积和吸收利用的影响,确定不同施氮量条件下,冬小麦生长后期地上部干物质和氮素向籽粒转移的差异,明确合理的氮素用量。供试土壤在有效氮缺乏,肥力中等偏下。试验设不施氮(N1),每公顷分别施80,160和240 kg N(分别以N2,N3和N4表示)。试验期间分期测定了地上部及各器官(茎叶、穗、颖、籽粒)生物量的变化和吸氮量变化。结果表明:氮肥用量合适,小麦增产效果特别突出,每公顷施80 kg N,每kg N增产小麦籽粒33 kg,几乎达最大增产值。小麦由氮肥中吸收的氮素远高于由土壤中吸收的氮素。随施氮量增加,同一生育期小麦植株含氮量升高,而后期降低幅度增大;吸氮量显著增加,至灌浆期或收获期达峰值。施用氮肥对后期籽粒氮素累积有十分重要的作用,籽粒累积的氮素大部分来源于生长前期累积在营养体中氮素在灌浆期间的转移。从氮素效率和氮对环境影响来看,每公顷施用80kg N是最佳选择。     

施氮时期对夏玉米生长、干物质转运与产量的影响

为探索不同施氮时期对陕西关中地区夏玉米生长和产量的影响,通过桶栽施氮试验,研究了施氮总量相同的情况下,不同施氮时期对夏玉米的生长、产量和干物质分配转运的影响。试验设置7个施氮处理:N0不施氮(对照);N1拔节期一次性施入;N2大喇叭口期一次性施入;N3吐丝期一次性施入;N4拔节期、大喇叭口期分次施入;N5拔节期和吐丝期分次施入;N6拔节期、大喇叭口期和吐丝期分三次施入。结果表明:N4处理植株的产量显著高于其它处理,相对于拔节期一次施肥的N1处理增加了5.56%;N4处理的叶面积、成熟期干物质较其它处理高,相对于N1处理分别增长了8.03%和8.29%;N2、N5和N6处理的产量和干物质量无显著性差异,相对于N1处理产量分别增长了4.0%、4.7%和4.1%,N1、N3处理的产量和干物质量较其它处理低,说明分次施肥可以提高玉米的产量和干物质量,最佳施肥方案为拔节期、大喇叭口期分次施入;N3、N5处理的干物质转运率相对较低,相对于产量较高的N4处理转运率分别降低5.5%和8.6%,但其花后同化物累积量相对于N4处理分别提高4.1%和7.8%,绿叶面积相对于其它处理较高,表明吐丝期追施氮肥可以延缓叶片衰老,从而提高玉米的产量。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.