大豆灰斑病发生规律及防治技术研究

作者较系统地研究了我国春大豆产区主要病害灰斑病的发生和病害消长规律;在国内首次用自行筛选的一套鉴别寄主,鉴定出14个生理小种,明确了黑龙江省以及东北部分地区的病菌生理小种类型及分布。为育种工作提供了科学依据和抗源材料,配合育种部门,在短期内选育出和大面积推广了一批抗病新品种,并提出大豆灰斑病药剂防治技术。     

大豆灰斑病病叶、病荚、病粒间的关系及其对产量的影响

１９９２～１９９５年进行了大豆灰斑病田疃小区接种试验,获得了病叶率、病荚率、病粒率及大豆产量的系统资料。回归分析结果表明,大豆灰斑病病叶率与病英率、病粒率之间及病英率与病粒率之间均呈直线相关 叶率、病英率、病粒率与产昨损失率之间亦呈直线相关,相关系数均达极显著水平,拟合率在８０％以上。协方差分析结果表明,大豆品种的抗生对这一相关关系有一定的影响。     

大豆灰斑病叶部病害普遍率与严重度关系初步探讨

 1992~1995年在田间接种条件下对大豆灰斑病叶部发病情况进行系统调查,获得86组感病品种(合丰22)和66组抗病品种(合丰25)普遍率与严重度间对应关系数据,在计算机上分析了两者的关系(I-S关系)。结果表明,感病品种和抗病品种叶部病害的I-S关系均可用直线方程描述,其直线回归方程分别为:#br#SS_感=-2.8029+0.5252IS±6.4364(SS、IS-感病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#SR_抗=-0.3843+0.6334IR±3.7679(SR、IR-抗病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#协方差分析结果表明,大豆品种的抗病性对大豆灰斑病叶部病害的I-S关系有一定影响。     

东北春大豆灰斑病菌生理小种鉴定结果初报

 大豆灰斑病病原菌具有高度的变异性,能分化出许多生理小种,美国的Athow 1952年首次报道了大豆灰斑病病原菌的生理分化现象。     

峨山县主栽玉米品种灰斑病发生与流行规律研究

对2006-2014年峨山县3个主栽玉米品种灰斑病的发生流行规律进行了调查,并研究了同一品种不同播种期对病害发生流行的影响。结果表明,不同玉米品种开始发病及进入暴发流行期时间存在差异,病害发生严重度也不同。表现为发病越早的品种,受害的严重度越高。总体看,本县玉米灰斑病于7月上、中旬进入喇叭口期开始发病,当温度适宜、降雨量偏大、相对湿度偏高时,有利于灰斑病的发生与流行,8月中、下旬进入抽雄期至灌浆期时迅速暴发流行。播种期的早晚与病害的发生流行轻重和最终玉米产量的高低关系密切。株发病率、病情指数随播种期的推迟而上升,最后,导致的产量损失率随之也逐渐上升。玉米灰斑病发病始期在7月上旬,抽雄期至成熟期玉米灰斑病病情发展最快。     

黑龙江省大豆灰斑病研究现状

大豆灰斑病(Cercospora Sojina)是世界性病害,在各主要大豆生产国都有报道。我国在1921年就有对此病的记载。目前黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河北、山东、安徽、江苏、福建、四川、云南、广西等都有发生。以黑龙江省最普遍,损失严重。黑龙江省农科院合江农科所     

大豆灰斑病流行因子和预测预报的研究

1980—1989年调查结果分析表明,不同年份灰斑病流行程度与大豆生长季节的气象条件有关。6月下旬连续3天以上满足日平均气温≥18℃,日最低温度≥12℃,且相对湿度>80%或降雨量0.1mm以上(气象日)的气象条件,病菌就能侵入大豆叶片,经8—15天后叶片就会有病斑出现,温度越高,病害显症越早。大豆成熟前叶部病害发生程度与7天前气象日累加值呈显著指数相关。籽粒发病程度与大豆开花后20天至35天之间的降雨量、雨日、平均相对湿度和日平均温度≥20℃且日平均相对湿度≥85%的天数呈显著正相关,分别运用 Log-istic 函数和 Fuzzy 函数建立了较为准确的预测叶部和籽粒发病程度经验模型。     

恩施自治州玉米灰斑病对产量损失的初步测定

恩施自治州地处湖北省山区,玉米种植面积很大,是主要粮食作物之一。在玉米的常年种植中,玉米灰斑病一直是我州玉米上的一种常见病害。由于许多玉米品种对灰斑病的抗性逐年丧失,以及在生产中高氮肥栽培和后期管理不足等各方面原因,玉米灰斑病已经逐渐成为我州玉米上的主要病害之一,玉米灰斑病的危害程度也呈逐年上升趋势,尤其是在中高海拔山区,玉米灰斑病危害严重,对玉米的产量造成较大损失。     

玉米三种叶斑病混发时的流行过程及产量损失研究

 通过2年的田间小区人工接种试验,观察比较了玉米大斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病单独及混合发生时的流行过程及对玉米产量损失的影响。结果表明,在病害混发初期,病害间无明显的负相关性,随着病情的发展,病害间的负相关性逐渐增大并达到显著水平,说明病害间有明显的抑制作用。病害混发时造成产量损失并不完全等于各病害单独造成损失之和,其中大斑病和弯孢叶斑病、弯孢叶斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失约为各病害单独造成损失之和的76%～88%,大斑病和灰斑病混合发生所造成的损失可近似看作两种病害各自引起产量损失之和,3种病害同时发生时最终损失率约为各自造成损失之和的67%～72%。     

浦北县香蕉叶斑病发生为害情况调查简报

香蕉叶斑病是浦北县近年来香蕉产区的一种重要病害。该病分有褐缘灰斑病、灰纹病和煤纹病等三种类型为害,其中以褐缘灰斑病最为严重。流行时,常造成蕉叶枯死,果实瘦小,产量损失严重,对香蕉生产构成很大威胁。为了摸清该病的发病规律,笔者从1990年开始对该病的田间发生为害情况作了系统观察;进行了产量损失测定;调查了该病与品种及栽培条件的关系,现简报如下。     

Diallel analysis of partial resistance to an Iranian strain of bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonascampestris pv. cerealis) in wheat

Six wheat genotypes with wide genetic variability for resistance to bacterial leaf streak were crossed in diallel fashion to determine the inheritance of resistance to this disease. Parental genotypes and their F1 hybrids were inoculated at the second leaf stage with an Iranian isolate of Xanthomonas campestris pv. cerealis . Two experiments were undertaken in a controlled environment chamber. Results showed that the genotypes IBPT66, IBPT84 and IBPT34 had a high level of partial resistance to the disease. General and specific combining abilities presented several significant positive or negative values, showing the importance of both additive and dominant genetic control for partial resistance to this bacterial disease. The resistant line IBPT66 could be a good donor of partial resistance to bacterial leaf streak in wheat.     

植物抗病研究进展与展望

植物在其整个生活史中随时经受多种病原的侵袭,在进化过程中植物发展出多种对抗病原的机制。植物抗病性研究是当前植物病理学研究的热点问题之一。培育具有广谱而持久抗性的植物品种是育种学家追求的目标。目前,关于植物非寄主抗性、抗病基因介导的抗性、microRNA相关的抗性、感病基因的研究以及基因编辑在植物抗病性中的应用等方面已取得了大量新的研究成果。本文就以上几个方面综述了近年来植物抗病研究中的最新进展,并提出今后研究和育种中的应用展望。     

Predicting quantitative host plant resistance against phoma black stem in sunflower

Phoma black stem is an important disease in sunflower, against which no specific management method is currently deployed in France. Relevant phenotyping methods for quantitative resistance are critical for integration of this trait into breeding programmes. Components of resistance associated with physiological resistance, and morphological traits associated with disease escape were measured on 21 sunflower genotypes under growth chamber (on seedlings), greenhouse (on adult plants), and field conditions, together with disease intensity in the field. Potential predictors were first selected for sensitivity and robustness from mixed model anova s. Analyses involving ranking tests and logistic regressions were then performed to identify predictors for field resistance. The identification of predictors for resistance involved analyses conducted in two broad steps: process‐oriented experiments, and epidemic‐oriented experiments. This stepwise approach departs from many studies aimed at identifying predictors for field resistance, which rely mainly on the computation of correlation coefficients between predictors and measured field disease variables. Predictors for quantitative resistance were identified: (i) lesion length and lesion expansion on stems of plants before flowering stage, and (ii) lesion length on first leaf petioles of seedlings. A high number of leaves and tall plants were associated with disease escape. Control genotypes for susceptibility and quantitative resistance were identified, and implications for breeding and improvements were derived from this work.     

Characterization of white mold disease avoidance in common bean

White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a devastating fungal disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) worldwide. Physiological resistance and disease avoidance conferred by plant architecture-related traits contribute to white mold field resistance. Our objective was to further examine white mold disease avoidance in common bean. A comparative map composed of 79 quantitative trait loci (QTL) for white mold resistance (27), disease avoidance traits (36) and root traits (16) was generated. Thirteen white mold resistance QTL, six with strong and seven with weak associations with disease avoidance traits, were observed. Root length and lodging QTL co-located in three regions. Canopy porosity and height, and lodging were highly correlated with disease severity score in field screening trials conducted from 2000 to 2011. Resistance to lodging was extremely important for reducing disease severity in both dry and snap bean (r?=?0.61 across 11 trials). Avoidance traits were less effective in reducing disease severity in trials with heavy disease pressure. Dry bean lines with physiological resistance in combination with disease avoidance traits did not require fungicide application to protect yield potential under moderate and heavy disease pressure. Given the complexity of disease resistance as evidenced by the comparative QTL map, marker-assisted breeding for disease avoidance is not recommended at this time. Instead, selecting for resistance to white mold in the field, in combination with high yield potential and acceptable maturity, is the recommended strategy for improving both disease avoidance and physiological resistance to white mold in cultivars with commercially acceptable agronomic traits.     

Association of seedling and adult plant resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerotium rolfsii</Emphasis> in Jerusalem artichoke (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Helianthus tuberosus</Emphasis> L<Emphasis Type="Italic">.</Emphasis>) under field conditions

Stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii is an important problem for Jerusalem artichoke production. Host plant resistance is the most promising method to control disease. If resistant genotypes can be identified in seedlings and this resistance is closely related to resistance at maturity, the evaluation of disease resistance in adult plants could be curtailed or omitted, increasing the speed and efficiency of screening. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between resistance to S. rolfsii in Jerusalem artichoke in seedling and in adult stages under field conditions. Field experiments were set up in different soil fertility environments in the rainy season during July to October 2014. In each environment, 10 varieties of Jerusalem artichoke with differences in resistance to S. rolfsii were planted and inoculated either 15 or 45 days after transplanting. Higher disease incidence was observed on adult plant stage, but disease severity was similar for both plant stages. The correlations between seedling and adult responses were positive and significant for disease incidence, area under disease progress curve and severity index. Screening for resistance to S. rolfsii in Jerusalem artichoke can be carried out on seedlings, thus improving the efficiency of selection.     

小麦黄矮病及其抗性育种研究进展

由大麦黄矮病毒(barley yellow dwarf viruses, BYDVs)侵染引起的小麦黄矮病(wheat yellow dwarf disease)是世界小麦上的主要病害之一, 对小麦生产及粮食安全构成了严重威胁。本文综述了BYDVs的生物学特征、分类地位、致病机理及抗性育种等相关研究, 并基于相关研究进展, 提出了进一步扩大抗性基因挖掘、加快优异抗病基因克隆、加强抗病机理研究等方面的建议, 旨在为我国小麦黄矮病抗性育种及科学防治提供一定的参考。     

Evaluation of sorghum germplasm used in US breeding programmes for sources of sugary disease resistance*

Ergot or sugary disease of sorghum has become an important constraint in North and South American countries that rely on F₁ hybrid seeds for high productivity. The objective of this research was to determine the vulnerability of various germplasm sources and publicly bred sorghum lines to sugary disease ( Claviceps africana ) in the United States. Flower characteristics associated with sugary disease resistance were also studied. A-/B-line pairs, R-lines, putative sources of resistance and their hybrid combinations with an A₃ cytoplasmic male-sterile source were evaluated using a disease incidence, severity, and dual-ranking system. Trials were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and repeated in at least two planting dates. Planting dates and pedigrees had significant effects on overall ranking for resistance. A-lines were most susceptible to sugary disease. R-lines were more susceptible than B-lines with respect to incidence and severity of the disease. Newer releases of A- and B-lines were more susceptible to sugary disease than older releases. Sugary disease reaction of A-lines was a good indicator of disease reaction of B-lines. Tx2737, a popular R-line, was highly susceptible to sugary disease in spite of being a good pollen shedder because the stigma emerged from glumes 2–3 days before anthesis. The combination of flower characteristics associated with resistance were least exposure time of stigma to inoculum before pollination, rapid stigma drying after pollination, and small stigma. An Ethiopian male-fertile germplasm accession, IS 8525, had good levels of resistance. Its A₃ male-sterile hybrid had the highest level of resistance in the male-sterile background. IS 8525 should be exploited in host-plant resistance strategies.     

建立小麦条锈病周年病圃监测品种抗性持久性的研究初报

 在甘肃天水县汪川设立了小麦条锈菌的周年病圃,圃中病菌基本上可不断繁殖,实现周年循环。抗病性各种不同的38个品种,在病圃中经历了1979—1984年五年鉴定,结果指出:1.病圃可用于区分垂抗和可能水抗品种,前者抗病性逐年明显减弱,而后者则在一定范围内波动而无明显的变异。2.病圃中小种组成基本上可反映在地区的小种组成,且能有较早侦查或监测新小种发生发展的能力。周年病圃值得进一步改进,以使之成为鉴定持久抗性和监测新小种发展的有力手段.     

甘蔗花叶病抗病性鉴定接种新技术研究

研究了甘蔗花叶病抗病性鉴定的一种新技术—甘蔗生长期切茎接种法。此法和传统苗期手指摩擦接种法相比,接种后发病率极显著地高于手指摩擦接种法,且发病均匀、结果稳定,可以有效地区分不同甘蔗品种(材料)之间对病害的抗感性。比较11个甘蔗品种材料生长期切茎接种法和田间自然感病法对SrMV-HH1的抗性鉴定,结果表明:两种方法发病率呈正相关,且相关程度极密切,相关系数达0.9997,鉴定所得的抗病性和抗病等级结果完全一致,说明切茎接种法鉴定结果能真实反映甘蔗品种材料的自然抗感性;此外该方法简便实用、可操作性强、接种工效高,因此可以对大批量材料进行鉴定和筛选。     

Effect of varietal resistance on the yield loss function of wheat to nodorum blotch

Cultivar disease resistance ratings to nodorum blotch (caused by Parastagonospora nodorum) provide critical information to growers to assist with disease management. However, less has been done in terms of yield losses from diseases under different cultivar resistance scenarios. The purpose of this study was to characterize yield and quality loss responses to wheat nodorum blotch as influenced by variety partial resistance, epidemic intensity, and environment. The trial series includes four site/years in Western Australia. Five varieties, Magenta, Calingiri, Trojan, Janz, and Scout were used for all four trials. These varieties represented resistant/susceptible categories MRMS, MS, MSS, S, and SVS, respectively, and were selected on the basis that they were adapted to the western region, had similar maturities, and were resistant to diseases that were potential contaminants. Trials were sown in a strip-plot design with three replicates and five disease levels, with intersecting main-plots of varieties and disease levels, which facilitated comparisons across disease levels within varieties. Current categories of resistance were well reflected in yield and quality responses. A negative exponential relationship was observed between yield and disease, with a nonlinear yield loss function for both flag leaf and glume infection. This indicates that yield is most affected during early stages of disease on flag leaves and glumes. The functional form of yield loss response over four site years was similar among varieties, but varieties differed in their extent of disease expression. Partial resistance in commercial wheat varieties reduced yield loss by 40%–60% of losses observed in susceptible varieties.