不同施肥处理对莴笋营养效应的研究

采用田间试验研究了不同施肥处理对莴笋产量、品质和经济效益的影响。结果表明,在CK(N15P5K10)基础上分别增施氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、硼肥或有机肥可使莴笋增产19.4%~66.4%,以施用有机肥菜籽粕增产作用最大。有机肥泥炭和菜籽粕处理使莴笋茎硝酸盐含量分别降低9.3%和18.0%。不同施肥处理均提高了莴笋叶和茎维生素C含量,菜籽粕处理莴笋叶维生素C含量增幅最大(为16.5%),泥炭和菜籽粕处理莴笋茎维生素C含量均显著高于其他处理。增施钾肥处理对提高莴笋叶还原糖含量作用最大(达10.0%),增施磷肥处理对提高莴笋茎还原糖含量效果显著。不同施肥处理均提高了莴笋叶必需氨基酸含量,硼肥( B)处理莴笋叶蛋氨酸/亮氨酸比值最高;泥炭处理对提高莴笋茎蛋氨酸/亮氨酸比值及甜味、鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例效果最佳。菜籽粕处理莴笋施肥利润最高,增施钾肥处理产投比高于其他处理。     

生物有机肥部分替代化肥对莴笋及土壤理化性质和微生物的影响

以莴笋为试材,通过田间试验,以不施肥(CK)和常规施肥(CF)为对照,研究常规施肥总施肥量减量20%(F1)和30%(F2),配施3000kg/hm^2(B1),6000kg/hm^2(B2)生物有机肥对莴笋干物质积累、养分吸收、肥料利用率及土壤理化性质和土壤微生物数量的影响,为莴笋合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明,与CF相比,F1B2处理莴笋根、茎、叶干物质积累量分别增加5.74%,22.19%和17.82%,氮、磷、钾养分积累量分别提高128.81%,113.19%和23.15%。化肥减量配施生物有机肥使氮、磷、钾肥的吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力均显著提高,常规施肥的土壤氮素、磷素、钾素依存率均最高。生物有机肥显著提高土壤养分含量,F1B2和F2B2处理土壤有机质含量比CF处理分别增加71.65%和58.51%,全氮、磷、钾含量分别增加84.53%,75.41%,19.94%和70.17%,72.13%,9.28%,碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别增加75.90%,17.06%,24.35%和42.94%,13.48%,11.42%。生物有机肥部分替代化肥可增加莴笋根际土壤细菌数和放线菌数,抑制真菌的生长。同CF相比,F1B2处理的好氧自生固氮菌、厌氧自生固氮菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量分别增加了1.36,6.10,47.50,23.76倍。细菌数量与有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、全氮含量呈显著正相关性,放线菌数量与全磷含量呈显著正相关,固氮菌和氮转化细菌的数量与碱解氮、全氮含量呈显著或极显著正相关。主成分分析综合得分表明,不同施肥处理土壤肥力次序为F1B2>F2B2>F1B1>F2B1>CF>CK。生物有机肥部分替代化肥不仅能提高莴笋养分积累量和肥料利用率,还能显著提高土壤养分含量,调节土壤微生物结构,改善莴笋根际土壤理化性状,综合对莴笋养分吸收积累和肥料利用效率的提高及土壤的培肥效果,F1B2处理最好,是实现肥料资源合理利用和改善土壤环境的良好施肥模式。     

控释尿素与尿素配施对杭白菊栽培土壤生物学特性的影响

【目的】尿素和控释尿素是杭白菊栽培中常用氮肥,其对杭白菊产量和品质的影响已多有研究,但未见尿素与控释尿素配施对杭白菊栽培田土壤特性的影响研究。【方法】采用大田试验,以施氮量为120 kg/hm2、P5O2106kg/hm2、K2O 189 kg/hm2为基础,设:对照1不施氮肥(CK1);适量施氮肥仅施尿素,50%基施,15%7月15日追施,25%8月15日追施,10%10月15日追施(T1);尿素与控释尿素配施,基施为控释尿素(150 d)与尿素等比例混合基施,施用量占总施氮量的50%,追施为控释尿素(90 d)与尿素等比例混合8月15日追施,施用量占总施氮量的50%(R1)。减量施肥施N量为90 kg/hm2、P5O280 kg/hm2、K2O 142 kg/hm2,也设3个处理:对照不施氮肥(CK2);减量仅施尿素(T2);减量尿素与控释尿素配施(R2)。减量施肥方式同适量施肥。【结果】1)适量施肥土壤有效氮含量高于减量施肥,控释尿素与尿素适量配施、减量配施的土壤有效氮含量分别高于仅施尿素的33.55%、120.35%;2)杭白菊生育期内,适量施肥土壤细菌、真菌数量高于减量施肥。各处理土壤细菌、放线菌数量均呈单峰曲线,细菌最大值出现在7月,放线菌出现在8月。不同适量施氮方式土壤真菌数量呈单峰曲线,减量施肥呈双峰曲线。适量控释尿素与尿素配施土壤细菌、真菌数量比仅施适量尿素分别增加10.39%、39.83%,比减量施肥分别增加46.44%、51.81%;仅施尿素时适量施肥土壤放线菌数量比减量施肥增加127.84%,尿素与控释尿素不同配施量土壤放线菌数量差异不显著;3)减量施肥控释尿素与尿素配施、仅施尿素土壤过氧化物酶活性比相同施肥方式适量施肥分别增加76.79%,164.14%;相同施肥量仅施尿素土壤多酚氧化酶活性高于控释尿素与尿素配施。仅施尿素时适量施肥土壤磷酸酶活性高于减量施肥,尿素与控释尿素配施则反之;施肥方式相同减量施肥土壤脲酶活性高于适量施肥。【结论】适量施肥有利于提高土壤有效氮含量,增加土壤细菌、放线菌数量,控释尿素与尿素配施效果优于仅施尿素;施适量尿素土壤放线菌数量高于减量施肥,控释尿素与尿素配施对土壤放线菌数量影响不显著;控释尿素与尿素适量配施可降低土壤多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,因此本实验条件下,适量控释尿素与尿素配施有利于维持土壤良好的生态环境。     

不同生态条件下氮肥优化管理对杂交中稻稻米品质的影响

在四川省温江和射洪试验点,采用单因素随机区组试验设计,以‘F优498’水稻品种为试验材料,研究了不同氮肥处理[普通尿素优化施肥、减氮15%优化施肥、增氮15%优化施肥,PASP（聚天门冬氨酸）尿素1次施肥、2次施和优化施肥]对稻米品质的影响。结果显示,温江的碾米品质、外观品质和籽粒粗蛋白含量较优;射洪的峰值黏度和崩解值较高,消减值较低,蒸煮食味品质较好,同时直链淀粉含量较高。随着氮肥的施用,稻米碾米品质、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量显著提高,崩解值显著降低;同时导致射洪生态点的峰值黏度增加,消减值减少;温江生态点的稻米外观品质变优,峰值黏度减小,消减值增加。较农民经验性施肥处理,普通尿素优化处理和PASP尿素处理提高了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量,降低了温江垩白粒率和垩白度,改善了外观品质;氮肥优化处理降低了峰值黏度和崩解值,提高了消减值,使稻米蒸煮食味品质变差,同时提高了射洪精米率和温江整精米率。较优化施肥处理,PASP尿素处理降低了两试验点的精米率、整精米率和温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪的垩白粒率和垩白度,使外观品质变差;同时PASP尿素1次施肥和2次施肥处理降低了直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量;PASP尿素优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的峰值黏度、崩解值和温江直链淀粉含量,提高了两试验点的籽粒粗蛋白含量和射洪直链淀粉含量。较优化施肥处理,减氮15%和增氮15%优化施肥处理降低了两试验点的直链淀粉含量、整精米率及温江垩白粒率,增加了射洪垩白粒率和垩白度。与PASP尿素1次和2次施肥相比,PASP尿素优化施肥显著降低了垩白度、峰值黏度和崩解值,增加了消减值和籽粒粗蛋白含量;同时导致射洪生态点的整精米率降低,垩白粒率和直链淀粉含量增加;温江生态点的垩白粒率降低,整精米率增加。综合稻米碾米品质、外观品质、淀粉RVA、直链淀粉含量和籽粒粗蛋白含量的关系,射洪PASP尿素2次施肥处理稻米综合品质较好,温江优化施肥处理稻米综合品质较好。     

控释氮肥比例对土壤氮含量和玉米氮素吸收利用的影响

通过大田试验,研究相同氮肥施用量的条件下,不同比例控释尿素与普通尿素混合施用对土壤氮含量、玉米植株氮素吸收利用及产量的影响。结果表明:施氮显著提高了0-20,20-40cm耕层土壤碱解氮和全氮含量。全施普通尿素时,一次施肥可提高前期土壤氮含量,而2次施肥则有利于提高后期土壤氮含量;与普通尿素施肥相比,掺混一定比例的控释尿素一次性底施可显著提高各生育时期耕层土壤含氮量。适宜比例的控释尿素与普通尿素掺混施用可在一定程度上增加玉米中后期的氮素积累量,提高氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和肥料贡献率以及玉米功能叶关键酶活性,在相同氮肥水平下,其一次性底施的效果甚至超过普通尿素2次施用。随控释尿素比例的增加,玉米产量呈先增后减趋势,以75%控释尿素+25%普通尿素处理产量最高,比普通尿素一次施增产12.09%(2014年)和21.58%(2015年),比普通尿素2次施肥增产8.27%(2014年)和14.19%(2015年)。因此,普通尿素掺混75%比例的控释尿素进行一次底施,不仅能够协调在整个玉米生育期土壤对氮素的供应,实现玉米的有效增产,而且还能够减少施肥次数和劳力投入。     

延迟释放型包衣尿素对水稻生长和氮素吸收的影响

通过田间试验比较研究了普通尿素和延迟释放型包衣尿素在不同施用量、不同施肥方式(普通尿素为基肥+两次追肥;延迟释放型包衣尿素为接触施肥方式)条件下对移栽稻生长过程和氮素吸收的影响。结果表明,延迟释放型包衣尿素在比普通尿素施氮量(N150kg/hm2)减少30%(N105kg/hm2)和50%(N75kg/hm2)时,对水稻生长不会产生任何不良影响;由于包衣尿素在田间的养分释放动态与水稻对氮素的吸收规律吻合,施用包衣尿素的水稻产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率均显著高于普通尿素处理,其中水稻产量增加12.7%～14.4%,吸氮量增加27.5%～32.7%;普通尿素和氮肥用量减少30%和50%的包衣尿素3个处理的氮肥利用率分别为19.9%、58.8%和89.9%。此外,施用包衣尿素比普通尿素水稻的子粒粗蛋白质含量提高9.2%～12.2%。     

不同氮肥处理春玉米温室气体的排放

春玉米种植过程中会造成直接和间接的温室气体排放。该文采用生命周期的方法综合评估了不同施肥处理下的温室气体排放,目的是筛选出既能保证产量和经济效益,又能有效减排的措施。4种不同的施肥处理包括：当地传统施肥方式、尿素处理、硫包衣尿素、尿素添加双氰胺处理。采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续监测土壤 N2O排放,并计算了不同肥料处理的N2O排放总量;计算了肥料生产、运输、农田耕作管理能源消耗、种子生产等的温室气体排放,计算了春玉米全生命周期中温室气体排放总量、单位产量、万元产出的温室气体排放量。结果表明,不同处理施肥造成的N2O排放量、全生命周期中温室气体排放总量、单位产量排放强度和净收益排放强度的排序均为传统施肥处理＞尿素处理＞尿素添加双氰胺处理＞硫包衣尿素处理。传统施肥处理的N2O排放总量极显著高于其他3个处理（P＜0.01）;硫包衣尿素处理的N2O排放总量显著低于尿素处理（P＜0.05）,与尿素添加双氰胺处理无显著差异（P＞0.05）。不同处理的全生命周期排放总量、单位玉米产量排放量和万元净产值排放量变化范围分别是2.56～4.11 t/(hm2·a)、216.6～364.1 kg/t和1.15～2.19 t/万元。和传统施肥处理相比,硫包衣尿素处理可分别降低温室气体（greenhouse Gas,GHG）排放总量、单位玉米产量排放和万元净产值碳排放37.8%、40.5%和47.3%,尿素添加双氰胺处理可降低36.5%、38.6%和45.9%。化肥尤其是氮肥的生产在春玉米种植过程中对碳足迹的贡献最大,占42.4%～55.0%;玉米生产过程中的N2O排放次之,占20.8%～26.1%。在保证粮食产量和经济效益的前提下,硫包衣尿素处理和尿素添加双氰胺处理2种施肥方式具有较低的碳排放强度,可作为当地较为合理的施肥方式进行推广。     

不同氮素形态及配比对土壤养分和酶活性及玉米产量的影响

通过两年大田随机区组试验,研究不同形态氮素运筹对0～30 cm耕层土壤养分和酶活性及对玉米产量的影响。所有处理进行分层操作,设置不施氮肥(CK)、普通尿素一次施肥(PU1)、普通尿素传统施肥(PU2,60%种肥+40%追肥)、普通尿素分层施肥(PU3,上层20%N+中层30%N+下层50%N)、缓释尿素(PCU)与普通尿素(PU)配施分层施肥[上层20%N(普通尿素)+中层30%N(配施)+下层50%N(配施),PCU1(PCU∶PU=中3∶7、下3∶7)、PCU2(PCU∶PU=中5∶5、下5∶5)、PCU3(PCU∶PU=中3∶7、下5∶5)、PCU4(PCU∶PU=中5∶5、下3∶7)]共8个处理。结果表明:在0～10 cm土层中,处理PU2的土壤养分和酶活性较高,除CK外,其它处理间无显著差异。缓释尿素与普通尿素配施处理(PCU1、PCU2、PCU3、PCU4)的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量分别比普通尿素的处理(PU1、PU2、PU3)在10～20 cm土层提高0.48%～5.66%、2.61%～7.64%、11.57%～43.30%,PCU4处理含量最高,分别为24.30 g/kg、1.61 g/kg、84.28 mg/kg;在20～30 cm土层提高0.68%～7.32%、3.37%～9.04%、2.51%～26.17%,PCU2处理含量最高,分别为24.13、1.33、72.23 mg/kg。缓释尿素与普通尿素配施处理(PCU1、PCU2、PCU3、PCU4)的脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶活性比未配施缓释尿素的处理(PU1、PU2、PU3)在10～20 cm分别提高2.49%～8.33%、7.25%～28.12%、1.05%～13.79%、14.57%～73.16%,PCU4处理酶活性最高,分别为0.60 mg/g、1.04 mol/L、29.15 mg/g、0.98 mg/g,20～30 cm土层提高9.52%～15.91%、9.60%～32.14%、12.26%～36.39%、26.40%～45.42%,PCU2酶活性最高,分别为0.60 mg/g、1.07 mol/L、25.27 mg/g、0.87 mg/g。缓释尿素与普通尿素配施处理较全部施普通尿素PU3产量两年分别提高1.78%～15.85%和2.32%～24.56%,PCU4产量最高达13 016和13 899 kg/hm2。缓释尿素与普通尿素配施施肥方式能提高耕层10～30 cm土壤养分含量和酶活性,促进玉米生长并显著增加玉米产量,其中PCU4处理施肥方式最佳。     

常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施用对旱作春玉米产量及氮素利用的影响

  【目的】  通过田间试验研究施氮量和施肥方式对旱作春玉米产量、经济效益、干物质累积量、氮素累积利用和土壤无机氮残留的影响,为春玉米高产及高效施肥提供理论支撑。  【方法】  本研究采用裂区试验,以施肥方式为主处理,包括常规尿素一次施肥 (OF)、常规尿素分次施肥 (TF) 和常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥 (MF);施氮量为副处理,设0、60、120、180、240、300 kg/hm2 6个施氮水平(N0、N60、N120、N180、N240、N300)。在玉米十叶期 (V10)、吐丝期 (R1)、灌浆期 (R3)、成熟期 (R6) 分别采集植株样品,测定植株生物量,并按器官分类测定不同部位的氮含量。  【结果】  1) 3种施肥方式下,随着施氮量的增加产量逐渐增加,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm2后,产量不再显著增加。MF施氮处理的平均产量较OF和TF处理分别显著提高了5.0%和4.2%,经济效益分别提高了7.9%和25.7%。2) 增施氮肥显著增加了干物质累积量,当施氮量达到240 kg/hm2后,收获期干物质累积量不再显著增加。N240处理吐丝期和收获期的干物质累积量MF较OF分别增加了19.5%和12.5%。3) 增施氮肥显著增加了花前、花后和氮素总累积量。MF方式的N240处理氮素总累积量较OF和TF方式分别显著增加了32.7%、20.9%。4) 增施氮肥显著增加了收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量以及茎氮、叶氮转移量。相同施氮量下,收获期茎、叶、籽粒氮含量和茎、叶氮向籽粒的转移量都表现为MF>TF>OF,且MF方式显著高于OF方式。5) 相比OF和TF方式,MF方式显著提高了氮肥农学效率、偏生产力和表观回收率,显著降低了无机氮残留和氮表观损失。  【结论】  常规尿素掺混控释尿素一次施肥方式在施氮量为240 kg/hm2时,显著提高了春玉米的产量、经济效益、氮素累积量和肥料利用率,降低了土壤无机氮残留,为当地高产和高效施肥的最佳方式。     

控释尿素配施控释氯化钾对土壤肥力和牡丹生长的影响

通过研究控释尿素和控释氯化钾配施对土壤供肥能力和牡丹生长的影响,为牡丹大范围种植中控释肥替代传统化肥提供理论依据。以农民习惯普通尿素配施氯化钾基肥加追肥2次的处理为对照,通过大田试验,研究不同用量控释尿素(135,270,405 kg/hm~2)和控释氯化钾(90,180,270 kg/hm~2)交互一次性施肥对土壤养分供应能力和"黄翠羽"品种牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)生长的影响。结果表明:25℃静水浸提条件下,控释尿素和控释肥氯化钾的累积养分释放率分别在84,112天达到80%,养分持续供应能力显著高于普通氮钾肥。等施肥量下控释肥处理较农民习惯施肥显著提高0—20 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量68.0%～157.8%,铵态氮含量46.6%和速效钾含量16.1%～122.6%;提高了牡丹株高8.6%、茎粗25.3%和单株花数25.1%。控释氮钾配施对土壤硝态氮含量、牡丹叶片净光合速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率具有显著交互作用。试验条件下优选的控释尿素和控释氯化钾用量分别为270,90 kg/hm~2。一次性基施控释尿素和控释氯化钾较习惯施肥省时省工,提高土壤肥力,促进牡丹生长,在牡丹种植中具有较高的推广价值。     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

Role of hydrocolloids in the creaming of oil in water emulsions

The influence of guar gum and xanthan gum on the creaming of 10% oil in water emulsions has been investigated. The presence of very low concentrations of the polysaccharides (typically < approximately 0.075%) was found to induce depletion flocculation of the emulsion droplets and increased the rate of creaming. However, at higher polysaccharide concentrations (typically > approximately 0.1%) the creaming rate was reduced due to the increased viscosity of the aqueous phase. For most systems a delay period was noted before creaming started, which was found to be dependent on the zero shear viscosity of the continuous phase and independent of polysaccharide type. The delay period increased significantly at zero shear viscosities approaching 1 Pa s. A mathematical model has been used to fit the creaming rate profiles and a simple exponential relationship obtained between delay time and polysaccharide concentration.