川滇高山栎种群统计特征的海拔梯度变化

川滇高山栎广泛分布于横断山地区,属于亚高山硬叶栎林,是中国植被非常特殊的类型.种群统计是种群生态学研究的核心,主要研究种群在时间和空间上的数量变化规律.本文采用标准地法和样方收获法,对卧龙林区五个海拔梯度的川滇高山栎种群的大小结构、高度结构和生物量结构等方面探讨川滇高山栎种群的海拔梯度变异性规律.结果表明(1)川滇高山栎种群径级分布表现为两类,一类为海拔3000 m以下地带的双峰型,径级峰值出现在2 cm～4 cm,约占70.33%;另一类为海拔3000 m以上地带的单峰型,径级峰值出现在1 cm～3 cm,约占76.35%.(2)川滇高山栎种群高度级分布表现为两类,一类为海拔3000 m以下地带,高度级峰值出现在2 m～3 m左右,约占65.38%;另一类为海拔3000 m以上地带,随高度级增大,高度级百分率呈递减趋势.(3)川滇高山栎种群总生物量随海拔升高呈递减趋势,其平均总生物量为26 408.7 kg·hm-2,各器官平均生物量大小排序为干＞枝＞叶＞皮,其生物量占种群总生物量的百分率分别为29.85%、18.54%、18.54%和6.91%.海拔2 720 m～2 920 m地带川滇高山栎种群地上部分器官生物量,干枝叶1皮的比例约为4321;海拔3 020 m～3 120 m地带川滇高山栎种群地上部分器官生物量,干枝叶皮的比例约为4221.     

文县杨个体生物量生长规律研究

采用标准木法对文县杨地上部分生物量进行了调查,分析了地上部分各器官生物量与株高、胸径的相关关系,结果表明:文县杨地上部分生物量各器官的比例为树干56.12%、干皮7.8%、叶9.5%、枝21.4%、枝皮5.2%,其大小顺序依次为树干＞枝＞叶＞干皮＞枝皮;地上部分质量、树干质量、树皮质量、叶质量、枝质量等与株高和胸径均呈...     

海南沿海木麻黄人工林林下植被生物量

采用样地调查法,对海南沿海木麻黄人工林林下植被进行调查、并测定其生物量。结果表明:木麻黄人工林林下灌木层地上部分生物量大于地下部分生物量,草本层地下部分生物量大于地上部分生物量;灌木层各器官的生物量分配规律为干(3.41 t·hm-2)根(3.19 t·hm-2)叶(2.10 t·hm-2)枝(1.41 t·hm-2),干和根的生物量比例较大;灌木层、草本层生物量与总生物量均呈正相关关系,灌木层生物量与草本层生物量则呈负相关关系,说明灌木层与草本层存在竞争。     

巴郎山川滇高山栎群落植物科组成的海拔梯度特征

川滇高山栎林是中国植被非常特殊的亚高山硬叶栎林类型,广泛分布在横断山地区。为了阐明川滇高山栎群落植物科组成对海拔梯度的响应,用群落学调查方法研究了组成群落的植物科沿海拔梯度(15个海拔梯度,海拔2 200 m~3 600 m)的变化特征。研究结果表明:巴郎山川滇高山栎群落植物科的分布区类型,有世界分布31科、热带分布21科和温带分布21科,分别为占42.47%、28.77%和28.77%。川滇高山栎群落的植物科数具有低海拔比高海拔多的特点,在海拔3 100 m以上,分布的植物科数没有变化。在各个海拔梯度以世界分布科占主要地位,其次为热带分布科和温带分布科。热带分布科随海拔的升高具有递减的趋势,温带分布科随海拔的升高出现2个峰值。在海拔2 200 m~2 800 m范围,热带分布科和温带分布科相当,海拔2 900 m以上,温带分布科明显增多。     

川中丘陵区人工柏木林生物量模型及碳计量参数

人工柏木林（Cupressus funebris）是川中丘陵区主要的森林类型。确定其含碳率和生物量模型,对精确估算人工柏木林生态系统中的植被碳储量,进一步研究该生态系统的碳循环及碳汇大小提供基础数据。通过金堂县、盐亭县野外样地样品采集与室内分析测试获得柏木整株及各器官的含碳率、生物量（共计采集样株56株）,建立生物量模型。结果表明：（1）柏木各器官生物量按大小排列为干（46.45%）>根（22.87%）>枝（15.80%）>叶（8.56%）>皮（6.33%）。地上部分生物量占总生物量的比为77.13%,地下部分占22.87%。（2）柏木单株总平均含碳系数为0.4903±0.0197。各器官含碳系数按大小排列为枝>干>叶>皮>根。干的含碳系数与根、皮之间差异显著(P<0.05),根的含碳系数仅与皮之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,皮的含碳系数仅与根之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,枝和叶的含碳系数仅与干之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。（3）不同地方柏木各器官含碳系数略有差别,变化幅度为0.44～0.57,金堂县柏木整株和...     

巴朗山川滇高山栎群落水平结构的海拔梯度特征

采用标准地法对卧龙自然保护区4个海拔梯度川滇高山栎群落水平结构进行了研究,结果表明:(1)在各个海拔梯度上物种以川滇高山栎为主,其相对密度分别为61.40、65.67、77.21和62.27;随海拔升高伴生木本植物种类逐渐减少,从11种减少到3种.(2)有随海拔升高,川滇高山栎群落物种相对频度大于2.0以上的物种数量具有先升高后降低的趋势,川滇高山栎是各个梯度出现频度最大的物种.(3)川滇高山栎群落物种重要值大于5.0以上的物种数量具有随海拔升高先升高后降低的趋势,川滇高山栎在从低到高的4个海拔梯度上重要值分别为68.47、80.37、119.93和84.01.(4)林分平均树高和林分平均地径具有随海拔升高而降低的趋势,海拔每升高100 m树高和基径分别平均降低0.18 m和0.22 cm.(5)按株频度计算,在巴朗山阳坡各个海拔梯度的川滇高山栎种群多为聚集分布;而丛频度计算,在高海拔和低海拔地带川滇高山栎种群格局呈聚集分布,在中等海拔区域川滇高山栎种群格局呈随机分布或均匀分布.     

红豆树容器苗各器官生物量和水分分配规律研究

对不同高度等级2年生红豆树Ormosia hosiei容器苗各器官的生物量和水分分配规律进行研究。结果表明,处于不同高度时期各器官生物量和水分分配规律不同:(1)红豆树容器苗单株生物量及各器官生物量都随着高度的增加而增加,各器官生物量分配顺序从大到小依次为叶生物量根生物量干生物量枝生物量;根、干、枝、叶生物量分配随着高度的增加呈现一致增加的趋势;苗高与地径,苗高、地径与根、干、枝、叶生物量以及地上、地下和单株生物量都具有极显著相关关系(P0.01);(2)苗高在40～45 cm的红豆树根、干、叶和单株含水率均达到最大值,其中枝含水率在各器官含水率中最大,达到67.04%,而苗高在65～70 cm的根、干、叶及单株含水率均为最低值,但枝含水率却是在此高度的时候达到最大值;(3)根、干和单株含水率与各器官生物量呈极显著负相关(P0.01),枝含水率与各器官生物量呈不显著相关,叶含水率与根、干生物量呈现显著负相关(P0.05),与叶、单株生物量呈现极显著负相关(P0.01)。     

乐昌含笑造林试验及效果分析

对福建省邵武市桂林乡乐昌含笑人工林进行调查,结果表明:8年生乐昌含笑与杉木1∶1混交林的乐昌含笑和杉木胸径、树高年均生长量、单株材积及总蓄积量均大于各自纯林。不同坡位9年生乐昌含笑人工纯林的胸径、树高及蓄积生长量均以下坡林分为最高,表现为:下坡>中坡>上坡。8年生乐昌含笑和杉木人工纯林的平均木生物量分别为31.55 kg和33.74kg;乔木层生物量分别为41.73 t.hm-2和45.55 t.hm-2;地上部分生物量的比例分别为94.28%和96.85%,灌木层和草本层所占比例较少;乐昌含笑和杉木平均木生物量各器官的比例分别表现为:干>根>枝>叶>皮、干>根>叶>枝>皮。     

15年生香樟人工林的生物量及生产力

通过对湖南省黄丰桥国有林场广黄分场15年生香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)人工林进行调查,采用样方收获法对其生物量和生产力进行研究。结果表明:香樟单株生物量随着胸径的增长而增加,不同径阶单株植物的生物量差异明显,其生物量在各器官上分配为干材根蔸枝条叶干皮粗根中根细根。各器官生物量与测树因子D2H间存在密切关系,拟合的回归模型精度均为0.9以上。香樟乔木层平均生物量为183.19 t/hm~2,分配规律为干材根蔸枝条叶子干皮粗根中根细根;乔木层地上部分生物量为126.90 t/hm~2,地下部分生物量为56.29 t/hm~2,分别占乔木层生物量的69.27%、30.73%,且地上部分生物量是地下部分生物量的2.3倍。林分的平均生产力为14.00 t/(hm~2·a),表现出较高的生产力;其中乔木层为12.22 t/(hm~2·a),占林分总生产力的87.29%,林下植被层为1.78 t/(hm~2·a),占总生产力的12.71%;林分中生产力在各层中的分配规律大小依次为:乔木层灌草层凋落物层,分别占林分总生产力的87.29%、8.79%、3.93%。     

铁尾矿坝沙棘、桑树人工林生物量分配及根系分布研究

以铁尾矿区沙棘-桑树人工混交林为研究对象,对混交林内各层次、器官生物量以及生长期内沙棘、桑树根系分布状况进行了研究.结果表明:单位面积生物量比较为乔木层＞枯枝落叶层＞革本层.其中地被层凋落物生物量占到整个人工林总生物量的17.巧%,尚无灌木层.桑树、沙棘各器官单位面积生物量比较均为:根＞枝＞干＞叶.桑树单株生物量大于沙棘,但林分内沙棘密度高于桑树,因而单位面积沙棘生物量高于桑树.沙棘根冠比为0.72,桑树的根冠比为0.62.从单株根系生物量看,在0-40cm土层内桑树大于沙棘;40-80cm土层内沙棘大于桑树;80-100.m土层内桑树又高于沙棘.从根系分布密度来看,沙棘＜1mm细根主要分布在根桩附近0-60cm土层,60cm以下明显减少;桑树＜1mm细根在0-20cm土层内分布密度最大,20-80cm土层内较为均匀.在80.m以下才开始明显减少.桑树和沙棘存在协作与竞争共存的关系.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.