苹果黑星病菌中国菌株生物学特性研究

 苹果黑星病菌(Venturia inaequalis(Cooke) Wint.)适合生长的培养基有苹果叶汁、苹果果汁、麦芽浸渍物、PSA、PDA、V8和马铃薯麦芽糖;适合产孢的培养基有苹果叶汁、V8和PSA。菌落生长和产孢适宜的pH值为5.0~6.5,温度为15~20℃。在碳源和氮源中,蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖、酵母提取物、硝酸钠和牛肉膏有利于病菌生长和产孢,硫酸铵抑制产孢,草酸铵抑制菌落的生长和产孢。20℃时,光周期为12 h,光照强度为600 lx条件下有利于病菌在PSA培养基上生长和产孢,其产孢量约为黑暗条件下的13倍。病菌分生孢子在水滴中萌发的适宜温度为20~25℃,最适pH值为5.0~6.5     

黑龙江省马铃薯早疫病菌生物学特性研究

[目的]明确黑龙江省马铃薯早疫病菌(Alternaria solani)生物学特性的多样性.[方法]通过平板培养研究分离自黑龙江省马铃薯早疫病菌菌株的生物学特性.[结果]各分离株在PDA培养基上菌落生长速度、颜色、形态、成带现象等差异较大.其中的5个代表性供试菌株在PDA、CMA、OA培养基上生长较好,均能在10～35℃生长,但最适温度有一定的差异;供试菌株均能在pH 4～10的条件下生长,最适pH为6～8;光照对各分离株菌落生长有促进作用,各菌株对pH、光的反应不完全一致.[结论]说明黑龙江省马铃薯早疫病菌的生物学特性具有明显的遗传多样性.     

黄脉爵床棒孢霉叶斑病病原菌及其生物学特性鉴定

 明确黄脉爵床棒孢霉叶斑病病原菌及其生物学特性,为防控提供理论依据。通过病原菌分离、形态特征观察、致病性测定、rDNA-ITS序列分析、生物学特性及寄主范围测定等研究,证明该病病原菌为山扁豆生棒孢Corynespora cassiicola;菌丝生长及产孢适宜温度20℃~28℃,孢子萌发适宜温度24℃~32℃,菌丝致死温度49℃处理10 min;菌丝生长适宜pH 6~10,产孢适宜pH 4~8,孢子萌发最适pH 8;光暗交替适合菌丝生长与产孢,连续光照可抑制菌丝生长;菌丝生长量由少到多培养基顺序为CA、PCA、PDA、CMA、OA,而PDA上产孢最多;刺伤接种,病菌可侵染喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)等植物。黄脉爵床棒孢霉叶斑病病原为山扁豆生棒孢C. cassiicola,病菌易产孢,寄主广,潜育期短。该病菌侵染黄脉爵床为首次报道。     

水稻地方品种‘月亮谷’纯系对田间稻瘟病菌的选择

云南元阳哈尼梯田稻作模式是水稻可持续生产模式之一。尽管梯田地理条件适合稻瘟病的发生,但地方品种‘月亮谷’在超百年的种植历史上未有稻瘟病大发生的记载,其原因值得探索。为了解‘月亮谷’不同抗性品系对环境中稻瘟病菌的选择作用,以‘月亮谷’单粒传纯系为材料,通过孢子捕捉法和常规病组织分离法采集稻瘟菌株,进行人工培养、表型观察,接种测定了这些稻瘟菌菌株对25个抗稻瘟病单基因近等基因系的致病型。结果表明,梯田环境空气中采集的稻瘟菌孢子菌落形态呈放射状,菌落疏松,生长在培养基浅表,产孢量总体差异不明显,黑色素颜色较浅;从水稻感病组织上分离到的稻瘟菌菌落呈地毯状,菌落紧密,匍匐在培养基表面,产孢量个体差异较大(P0.05),黑色素颜色较深。测定的稻瘟菌菌株对25个近等基因系都有致病性,联合致病性在12.0%~56.0%之间。来自环境空气中的菌株的平均联合致病性(24.8%)低于分离自‘月亮谷’纯系的菌株(38.4%)。进一步分析显示,稻瘟菌株联合致病性与其菌丝生长速率、产孢量相关性不明显;但与黑色素合成存在一定关联,颜色越深,致病性越强,来源于‘月亮谷’不同品系上的菌株致病性强于环境空气中的菌株。上述结果表明,元阳哈尼梯田环境中的稻瘟菌群体与‘月亮谷’纯系上分离到的稻瘟菌群体存在较大差异。     

甜瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum）专化型的初步研究

本研究获得的甜瓜枯萎病病株9株分离物（南通市6株,新疆3株）,经PDA培养性状发现,其在菌落颜色、质地和生长速率方面存在差异,大型分生孢子的大小为(19.54～41.11)μm×(4.90～8.16)μm,与西瓜枯萎病菌的大型分生孢子有较大差异。胚根法成株期致病性测定结果发现,本研究的甜瓜枯萎病菌分离物在不同鉴别寄主和鉴别品种上致病性存在专化型和生理小种方面的差异,但分离物中不存在西瓜枯萎病菌。利用核糖体转录间隔区保守序列设计引物,PCR检测也证明本研究甜瓜枯萎病菌不同分离物中不存在西瓜枯萎病菌。     

绿豆叶斑病病菌生长特性研究

对采集的绿豆叶斑病病叶,进行了病原菌分离、鉴定及其菌丝生长特性研究.结果表明,绿豆叶斑病病菌为变灰尾孢菌(Cercospora canescens Ell.et Martin);菌丝生长最适培养基是PSA培养基.不同培养基上的菌落颜色不同.病菌生长适宜温度为25～30℃;病菌对pH的适应范围较广;光照有利于菌丝的生长;病菌生长最适碳源为麦芽糖,最适氮源为酵母膏.     

苹果树皮内生真菌的分离及其对腐烂病的生物防治潜力

为了明确苹果树皮中内生真菌的种类及其对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制作用,对25年生富士苹果健康树皮中的内生真菌进行了分离和初步鉴定,并通过室内抑菌试验和田间保护作用试验测定其内生真菌对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制作用。分离到的126株内生真菌分属于13个属,主枝中分离到的内生真菌的种类和数量较多;对峙试验中对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑菌率在40%以上的有24株,其中87.5%的菌株为链格孢属真菌。Al 6的培养滤液对腐烂病菌菌丝生长抑制作用较强,抑制率为83.76%;Al 58对其孢子萌发抑制作用较大,抑制率为82.42%;Al 67产生的挥发物质对腐烂病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用较大,为24.41%。田间试验结果显示,用拮抗性内生真菌预先占位接种苹果树枝干,能有效抑制腐烂病菌的侵入和病斑的扩展,Al 107的抑制作用最强。     

玫烟色拟青霉分离株的生物学特性及其对烟粉虱的致病力

对广州地区玫烟色拟青霉16个分离株的菌落生长速率、产孢量、分生孢子萌发率,及其对烟粉虱2龄若虫的致病性进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同分离株的菌落生长速率差异不显著,但产孢量、孢子萌发率和对烟粉虱2龄的致病力差异显著。经过综合比较,筛选出PF01 N4和PF01 N8两个优良分离株,它们具有产孢量大(2 8×109和2 95×109个孢子/ml)、孢子萌发率高(89 06%和87 7%)、致病力强(7d后对烟粉虱2龄若虫的致病力分别为99 22%和97 79%)等特点。     

绿豆叶斑病病原鉴定及生物学特性研究

对绿豆叶斑病菌进行形态学和分子特征鉴定,结果表明,分离物在V8培养基上菌落近圆形,菌落边缘泛紫色,分生孢子无色;用通用引物18SF和28SR扩增6个分离物的rDNA-ITS部分序列和测序,并到GenBank(登录号:KM435076)数据库进行比对,6个分离物与变灰尾孢分离物序列相似性为99%,基于形态和分子特征将绿豆叶斑病病原菌鉴定为变灰尾孢。致病性测定结果表明,6个分离物对绿豆‘中绿一号’叶片均致病且存在致病力差异。不同培养基、温度和pH对病原菌生长的影响研究表明,V8培养基最适宜该病菌生长,病菌生长的最适温度为25℃,最适pH为6。     

苜蓿毁灭刺盘孢菌的主要生物学特性

苜蓿炭疽病是各苜蓿种植区分布较广的毁灭性病害。毁灭刺盘孢(Colletotrichum destructivum)是苜蓿炭疽病的主要病原菌之一。本试验研究了培养基、碳源、氮源、温度、pH、光照、湿度对毁灭刺盘孢菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生和萌发的影响。结果表明:该菌菌丝适宜生长的培养基为PDA、PSA和V-8汁;适宜温度范围为28~36℃,最适温度为32℃;适宜pH范围为4~6。该病菌在PDA培养基上,分别以麦芽糖和蛋白胨为碳、氮源,在28℃,pH 6的条件下培养时其产孢能力最强。孢子萌发的最适碳、氮源分别为可溶性淀粉和牛肉膏、蛋白胨;最佳温度28℃;最适pH为6。相对湿度98%以上有利于孢子的萌发。持续光照利于菌丝生长、产孢和萌发。     

Morphological and molecular characterization of Colletotrichum spp. from citrus orchards affected by postbloom fruit drop in Brazil

Brazilian isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from citrus orchards affected by postbloom fruit drop were examined for colony colour, mycelial growth, benomyl-resistance, pathogenicity, and genetic variability by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. All isolates were obtained from flowers and persistent calyxes from different citrus hosts from Sao Paulo, Brazil. DNA polymorphisms detected after amplification with random 10-mer primers were used to classify the isolates into two groups. Group I isolates grew rapidly on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) and were sensitive to benomyl, and group II isolates grew slowly on PDA and were benomyl-resistant. Colletotrichum acutatum was analyzed by RAPD and had high genetic similarity with group II isolates of Colletotrichum from citrus. Probably, the group I is C. gloeosporioides and group II is C. acutatum.     

Hypovirulence and Double-Stranded RNA in Sclerotinia homoeocarpa

ABSTRACT One hundred and thirty-two isolates of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot of turfgrass, were evaluated for virulence on swards and detached leaves of creeping bentgrass and for the presence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). In at least four isolates, the hypovirulent phenotype was associated with the presence of specific segments of dsRNA. In addition, these hypovirulent isolates often grew slowly on potato dextrose agar (PDA), formed thin colonies with atypical colony margins, and failed to produce typical black stroma. The hypovirulent phenotype and dsRNA were transmitted from hypovirulent isolate Sh12B to virulent isolate Sh48B, and the converted isolate was hypovirulent and contained dsRNA. The hypovirulent phenotype and dsRNA also were transmitted to at least four other isolates of the pathogen, including the fungicide-resistant, dsRNA isolate KY-7. Converted isolates of KY-7 developed the hypovirulent phenotype, grew on fungicide-amended medium, and contained dsRNA. Subcultures of hypovirulent isolate Sh12B that did not contain dsRNA were obtained through curative treatment using cycloheximide-containing medium and heat. Cured subcultures grew faster on PDA, had more typical colony morphologies, were more virulent on bentgrass leaves, and did not contain dsRNA. No cured subcultures were obtained from hypovirulent isolate Sh09B. Isolates regenerated from protoplasts of hypovirulent isolate Sh12B were not cured, remained hypovirulent, and contained dsRNA. Transmission of hypovirulence and dsRNA in S. homoeocarpa has potential as a novel approach to the management of dollar spot of turfgrass.     

Stability and fitness of pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant phenotypes in field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple

Phenotype stability, fitness, and competitive ability of pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant isolates of Botrytis cinerea from apple were investigated. Stability of resistance was determined after consecutive transfers on potato dextrose agar (PDA) or being cycled on apple fruit. In vitro fitness components mycelial growth, osmotic sensitivity, conidial germination, and sporulation were evaluated on agar media. Pathogenicity, virulence and sporulation on apple fruit were evaluated at both 20 and 0°C. Competition between fungicide-resistant and -sensitive isolates on apple fruit also was evaluated. Resistance to the two fungicides was retained at levels similar to that of the initial generation after 20 and 10 transfers on PDA and five and three disease cycles on apple fruit at 20 and 0°C, respectively. Great variability in individual fitness components tested was observed among isolates within the same phenotype groups either sensitive or resistant to the fungicides but, when compared as phenotype groups, there were no significant differences in the mean values of these fitness components between resistant and sensitive phenotypes except that the phenotype resistant only to boscalid produced fewer conidia in vitro than sensitive isolates. Resistant isolates were as pathogenic and virulent on apple fruit as sensitive isolates. There was no significant correlation between the values of individual fitness components tested and the level of resistance to pyraclostrobin or boscalid, except that virulence at 20°C positively correlated with the level of resistance to the two fungicides. The final frequency of pyraclostrobin-resistant individuals in the populations was significantly decreased compared with the initial generation and no boscalid-resistant individuals were detected after four disease cycles on apple fruit inoculated with a pair mixture of a dual-sensitive isolate and one isolate each of the three phenotypes resistant to pyraclostrobin, boscalid, or both. The results suggest that resistance of B. cinerea to pyraclostrobin and boscalid was stable in the absence of the fungicides and that resistance to the two fungicides did not significantly impair individual fitness components tested. However, both pyraclostrobin- and boscalid-resistant isolates exhibited competitive disadvantage over the dual-sensitive isolate on apple fruit.     

灰葡萄孢对氟唑菌酰羟胺不同敏感型菌株的生物学特性

为明确灰葡萄孢对氟唑菌酰羟胺不同敏感型菌株的生物学特性差异,将9个不同敏感型菌株在无药PDA平板上继代培养10代后,测定其对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性。采用菌丝生长速率法分别在PDA平板和离体叶片上测定了其菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和致病性,以及其对温度、pH值和葡萄糖的敏感性,并对其编码琥珀酸脱氢酶的SdhA、SdhB、SdhC和SdhD 4个亚基基因进行了克隆与测序。结果显示:从田间获得的2个低抗菌株、2个中抗菌株和2个高抗菌株对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性变异指数在0.60~1.15之间,而通过室内药剂驯化获得的高抗菌株BLH5F对氟唑菌酰羟胺的敏感性变异指数为0.23;除低抗菌株WP8的菌丝生长速率显著低于2个敏感菌株,以及中抗菌株WP6和高抗菌株WPE9的产孢量显著低于2个敏感菌株外,其余各抗性菌株在菌丝生长速率、产孢量、孢子萌发率和致病性方面均无显著差异。整体而言,7个抗性菌株在对温度、pH值和葡萄糖的敏感性方面与敏感菌株无显著差异。基因克隆及测序结果表明,室内药剂驯化获得的高抗菌株BLH5F SdhB基因的272位由组氨酸变为了精氨酸 (H272R),田间获得的低抗、中抗和高抗各2个菌株均为SdhB基因的225位由脯氨酸变为了亮氨酸 (P225L)。综合分析表明,灰葡萄孢对氟唑菌酰羟胺不同敏感型菌株具有相似的适合度。因此,推测在药剂的选择压下,抗氟唑菌酰羟胺的灰葡萄孢菌株在田间容易形成优势种群。     

梨和苹果腐烂病菌不同培养表型菌株的致病性分析

The pathogenicity of three strains (F-SD-8, F-BJ-2c-2 and F-HN-2a-1) of Valsa mali var. pyri causing pear canker and one strain (F-SX-A6) of V. mali var. mali causing apple canker in China were comparatively tested by wound inoculation on in vitro twigs of pear, apple and some other woody plants, and in vivo twigs of pear. Significant pathogenicity differentiation was detected in V. mali var. pyri. Generally strains F-SD-8 and F-BJ-2c-2 were highly pathogenic on pear although their culturing characteristics differed greatly. The strain F-SX-A6 was more aggressive on apple than on pear, and the strain F-HN-2a-1 showed significant lower pathogenicity on ten pear cultivars and other seven species of woody plants. Our results confirmed that two variants of V. mali had host preference and were also aggressive to crabapple, apricot, and peach besides apple and pear. Meanwhile, strains F-SD-8 and F-BJ-2c-2 could induce the formation of pycnidia on in vivo twigs of pear, which was not observed on in vivo twigs inoculated with F-HN-2a-1 and F-SX-A6.     

苹果树腐烂病室内快速评价方法的研究

 腐烂病是我国苹果树上一种严重的树干皮层腐烂病害,本研究拟探索快速、可靠、稳定及操作简便的病害室内评价方法。在"富士"苹果离体叶片、嫩梢、果实和枝条上造成不同伤口,强致病菌株03-8接种,25℃保湿培养后调查发现,不接菌对照有、无伤口均不发病;各种伤口接种病原菌均能发病,但伤口类型对病害影响很大。叶片正面较反面更有利于发病,叶片正面1针和10针的刺伤发病无明显差异;嫩梢叶痕接种较刺伤接种发病轻;果实表面针刺1针和10针及去除果皮造成伤口对发病影响大,差异显著;枝条烫伤接种后10d发病明显而其它材料在接种后1.5~2d即可发病。进一步用4个致病力不同的菌株验证评价方法的可靠性和稳定性,发现接种完全展开叶、嫩梢和枝条均可以充分显示不同菌株之间的致病力差异,但前两者重复性好、试验周期短、鉴定效率高,且操作简便、材料易得,因此建议用离体叶片或嫩梢作为材料,针刺1针接种,25℃保湿培养2d后调查,作为室内准确、快速评价苹果树腐烂病的方法,该方法可用于筛选抗病材料、评价分离株的致病性和药剂的防病效果等。     

我国棉花黄萎病菌致病力分化及ISSR指纹分析

 来自我国12个省84个县（市）的棉花黄萎病菌,在PDA培养基上存在5种不同的培养类型,其中,产生微菌核较多的B型菌株为优势类群,占72.9%。长江流域的菌株培养性状变异最大,新疆棉区的变异最小。致病力测定结果和ISSR指纹图谱均将167个单孢菌株划分为强、弱、中3个致病力类型,供试菌株的ISSR指纹图谱与菌株的致病力存在明显的相关性。中等致病力类型菌株在我国占主导地位;强致病力类型的菌株主要分布在河北、河南、湖北等省;弱致病力类型菌株主要分布在新疆和江苏。     

苹果轮纹病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)果胶裂解酶基因Bdpl1的致病功能分析

 由葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)引起的苹果轮纹病是影响我国苹果安全生产的重大病害之一。因此,本研究基于受苹果轮纹菌侵染的苹果组织中果胶裂解酶基因Bdpl1表达上调这一现象,通过Split-marker PCR技术构建Bdpl1基因敲除载体,并通过PEG介导的原生质体转化获得转化子,经常规PCR和qRT-PCR对所获得的转化子进行筛选,成功获得1个Bdpl1基因缺失阳性突变子。该转化子在PDA上的培养基性状与野生型没有明显差异,但在果胶培养基上菌落直径明显小于野生型。其胞外果胶酶活相比野生型明显下降,但在离体“早富”苹果枝条上的致病力并没有明显的下降。通过qRT-PCR技术发现在基因Bdpl1敲除后,其家族内有3个基因在病菌侵染过程中相比野生型明显上调表达(>3倍)。这些现象表明果胶裂解酶基因Bdpl1与病原菌的营养生长过程关系不大,但其参与对寄主果胶类物质的降解。Bdpl1基因对轮纹病菌致病力的影响较小,有可能是Bdpl1基因敲除后,该基因家族内其他基因的上调表达补偿了Bdpl1基因的功能。     

进境澳大利亚大麦夹杂油菜茎基溃疡病菌的检疫鉴定

采用常规平板分离法, 从进境澳大利亚大麦中夹杂的油菜籽上获得1株疑似油菜茎基溃疡病菌的菌株01829?通过致病性测定?形态学观察?特异性引物扩增?ITS序列比对分析, 对01829进行了种类鉴定?结果表明:菌株01829在PDA培养基上生长较慢, 菌落边缘不整齐, 产生大量分生孢子器和分生孢子; 采用特异性引物对LMR1-D和Lmb分别进行PCR检测, 结果均有预期扩增片段产生; 基于ITS序列构建的系统发育树中, 菌株01829和GenBank中其他油菜茎基溃疡病菌相关序列聚在同一分支; 菌株01829接种油菜子叶和茎基部, 在子叶和茎基部接种部位分别引起叶斑和凹陷溃疡斑?根据上述试验结果, 将菌株01829鉴定为油菜茎基溃疡病菌, 这是我国口岸首次从进境澳大利亚大麦中截获油菜茎基溃疡病菌?