鸡阿黑皮素原多肽抗体的制备与鉴定

根据NCBI GenBank中报道的鸡阿黑皮素原(Pro-opiomelanocortin,POMC)一级结构信息,用TMHMM 2.0和DNA Star软件分析POMC蛋白的跨膜结构域、二级结构、疏水性、亲水性以及抗原性等,综合考虑抗体设计的其他因素,设计出1段12个氨基酸的多肽。将合成后的多肽与牛血清白蛋白(albumin from bovine serum,BSA)偶联,用与BSA偶联的POMC多肽免疫新西兰兔,3个月后获取血清,亲和纯化出抗POMC多肽抗体。通过ELISA法检测效价,Western blot和免疫组化法检测抗体特异性。通过该方法得到了高效价与高特异性的鸡POMC多肽抗体,ELISA法测定其效价可达到1∶128 000,而且该抗体可用于免疫组化,说明所制备的鸡POMC抗体具有高特异、高效价等特点,将为鸡POMC基因的功能研究提供有用的研究材料。     

鸡刺鼠相关蛋白多肽抗体的制备与鉴定

制备鸡刺鼠相关蛋白(agouti-related protein,AgRP)多肽抗体并鉴定。根据GenBank中报道的AgRP一级结构信息,用TMHMM 2.0和DNA Star软件分析其蛋白跨膜结构域、二级结构、疏水性、亲水性等,设计出1段13个氨基酸的多肽。将合成后的多肽与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联,用与BSA偶联的AgRP多肽免疫新西兰大白兔,获取血清后亲和纯化出抗AgRP多肽抗体。通过ELISA法检测效价,Western blot和免疫组化法检测抗体特异性。结果获得了高效价的鸡AgRP多肽抗体,ELISA法测定其效价可达到1∶128 000,并可用于免疫组化研究。     

鼠skMLCK多肽抗体的制备与鉴定

为制备鼠骨骼肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶(sk MLCK)多肽抗体,根据NCBI Gen Bank中报道的sk MLCK的一级结构信息,利用TMHMM2.0和DNA Star软件分析此蛋白的跨膜结构域、二级结构、亲水性、疏水性等,以及综合分析考虑抗体设计的其他相关因素,设计出一段14个氨基酸的多肽。将合成后的多肽同牛血清白蛋白(BSA)进行偶联,将BSA偶联后的sk MLCK多肽免疫新西兰大白兔,3个月后采集血清,亲和纯化抗sk MLCK多肽抗体。ELISA法检测效价,Western blot和免疫荧光法检测抗体特异性。结果得到了高效价和高特异性的鼠sk MLCK多肽抗体,ELISA法测定其效价可达到1∶128 000,并可用于免疫荧光和Western blot的研究,为后续研究sk MLCK基因提供物质基础。     

吲哚美辛人工抗原及其多克隆抗体的制备

为了建立吲哚美辛(indomethacin,IDM)残留的免疫学检测方法,采用碳二亚胺法将载体蛋白牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)分别与IDM偶联,人工合成免疫原(IDM-BSA)和包被原(IDM-OVA)。通过紫外分光光度法、SDS-PAGE、ELISA等方法鉴定人工抗原的合成效果;将IDM-BSA免疫小鼠,利用iELISA和icELISA来测定抗体血清效价。结果显示:IDM能与BSA和OVA成功偶联,通过免疫小鼠获得高效价的多克隆抗体,效价可达1∶6.4×10~4,半数抑制率为27.23 ng/mL。本研究结果为建立动物源性食品中IDM残留的免疫学检测方法奠定基础。     

马波沙星人工抗原的合成及其免疫原性的鉴定

合成、鉴定了马波沙星(MBF)人工抗原,为马波沙星单克隆抗体的制备及其免疫学检测方法的建立奠定基础。以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、鸡卵清蛋白(OVA)为载体蛋白,采用碳二亚胺法分别合成马波沙星免疫抗原(MBF-BSA)和包被抗原(MBF-OVA),并使用紫外分光光度法、SDS-PAGE、ELISA方法鉴定人工抗原合成效果。初步鉴定结果显示,MBF-BSA与MBF-OVA均偶联成功;用免疫抗原MBF-BSA免疫小鼠,经ELISA方法检测,五免后血清中抗体效价可达1∶5.12×105,半数抑制率为90.20 ng/m L。研究表明,马波沙星人工抗原合成成功,其免疫抗原具有良好的免疫原性,免疫小鼠可获得高效价、高特异性多克隆抗体。     

副溶血弧菌T3SS1 VscF蛋白多肽抗体的制备与应用

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是一种世界范围内广泛存在的革兰氏阴性食源性致病菌,其vscF基因编码的T3SS1针状蛋白VscF,在侵袭宿主细胞过程中扮演重要角色。为深入研究VscF蛋白在T3SS1针状结构组装过程中的功能,并制备VscF特异性多肽抗体,利用OptimumAntigenTM抗原多肽设计软件,筛选最佳抗原目标肽段,然后将肽段与KLH载体蛋白偶联后免疫新西兰大白兔,收集兔血清制备多克隆抗体,并利用间接ELISA、Western Blot、间接免疫荧光检测方法,鉴定多抗效价和特异性。间接ELISA检测结果显示,该多肽抗体效价达1:512 000,显示出该多肽抗体的高敏感度;Western Blot与间接免疫荧光检测结果显示,该多抗能与原核表达的VscF蛋白发生特异性反应。结果表明,筛选的VscF短肽制备的多克隆抗体敏感度高,可作为VscF验证试验中具有特异性结合作用的抗体,能够为后续生物试剂机理研究奠定基础。     

新城疫病毒HN特异性多肽抗体间接ELISA方法的建立

为建立快速检测新城疫病毒抗体的血清学方法,通过合成NDV主要保护性抗原HN蛋白和F蛋白上的特异性表位多肽,将其与BSA载体蛋白偶联,作为包被抗原,建立检测NDV抗体的间接ELISA方法。并对其进行敏感性、特异性、与HI方法阴阳性符合率检测。结果显示:基于"PDEQDYQIRMAKSSYKPGRFGGKRIQQAILS"多肽的该ELISA方法与其他鸡主要传染病阳性血清无交叉反应,具有良好的特异性。通过对112份临床鸡血清样品进行检测,该方法的敏感性为94.0%、特异性为100%,与HI方法检测的阴阳性符合率为96.4%。研究表明,建立的ELISA方法对血清中NDV的抗体水平检测具有较高的灵敏度和很好的特异性,可为ND疫苗免疫后抗体水平的检测和监测提供可靠工具。     

人参皂苷Re多克隆抗体的制备

为了制备半抗原人参皂苷Re的特异性多克隆抗体,用过碘酸钠法构建了Re和牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的偶联物作为抗原,分5次免疫新西兰大白兔、取免疫前的新西兰大白兔血清作为空白对照,第5次免疫后采取血清,通过酶联免疫法（ELISA）鉴定血清中Re多克隆抗体的效价,再用竞争性抑制法检测抗体的灵敏性和特异性。,结果表明,抗原Re—BSA偶联物制备成功,第5次免疫后,抗体的效价达到1：40960,与其他人参皂苷交叉反应率低于2％,特异性强,可用于人参皂苷Re的检测。     

传染性法氏囊病毒VP2蛋白抗原表位多肽P22的免疫原性及生物学功能鉴定

为鉴定lBDV VP2蛋白线性B细胞抗原表位肽P22的免疫原性及生物学功能,作者采用固相多肽合成方法合成多肽P22,经纯化后用SMCC法分别与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和细胞穿膜肽(PNT)进行偶联,得到免疫抗原P22-BSA和检测抗原P22-PNT;用P22-BSA免疫BALB/c小鼠3只,经3次免疫后得到多抗血清3份.应用ELISA检测了抗P22抗体的特异性,并通过抗P22多肽抗体作为特异性抗体检测了P22多肽结合CEF细胞的特性.结果经鉴定3份多抗血清均与P22多肽特异性反应,效价均达到1:105,且能特异性检测P22多肽与CEF细胞的特异性结合.本试验成功制备了P22免疫原,获得了效价高、特异性较好的鼠源抗P22多抗血清,并证明P22多肽与CEF细胞能够特异性结合,为进一步研究多肽疫苗的设计或试纸条的研制及表位单抗的制备提供了新的思路和基础.     

以合成肽为抗原检测O型口蹄疫病毒抗体 ELISA方法的建立和评价

作者以固相法合成特异性FMDV主要保护性抗原VP1上的表位肽,将其与载体蛋白BSA偶联,作为包被抗原,制备检测抗O型口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)抗体的ELISA试剂盒,并对该试剂盒进行方法考核.结果表明该方法的敏感性为95.12%,特异性为100%.检测199份血清标本,与UBI FMD VP1试剂盒的符合率达到98.49%,与液相阻断ELISA试剂盒的符合率达到96.98%.该多肽ELISA试剂盒特异、敏感、稳定、操作简便,可用来监控口蹄疫抗体水平.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.