溴甲烷和磷化氢熏蒸杂交稻种对米象和干尖线虫的杀灭效果及对水稻发芽率的影响

在10~15 ℃、16~20 ℃、21~30 ℃3个温度范围下,不同剂量的溴甲烷、磷化氢熏蒸出口杂交稻种的试验表明：溴甲烷、磷化氢能有效地杀灭米象,但不能完全杀灭干尖线虫。熏蒸后对杂交稻种的发芽率检测表明磷化氢对杂交稻种表现安全,但16~20 ℃下,40 g/m3溴甲烷及21~30 ℃下,32 g/m3溴甲烷熏蒸处理24 h,杂交稻种子发芽率显著降低。     

溴甲烷熏蒸对桃蛀果蛾的毒力作用

对溴甲烷熏蒸处理桃蛀果蛾结果进行机率值法分析,推算出在25℃温度条件下溴甲烷熏蒸处理1.5h和2h,达到桃蛀果蛾Carposina sasakii Matsumura幼虫死亡率99%的浓度时间乘积(CT值)分别为43.79g·h/m3和46.77 g·h/m3;15℃和10℃温度条件下熏蒸处理3h,达到桃蛀果蛾幼虫死亡率99%的溴甲烷浓度分别为50.84 g·h/m3和118.55 g·h/m3.研究表明,溴甲烷熏蒸对桃蛀果蛾幼虫的毒性作用随着溴甲烷熏蒸浓度的增加而增加,相同熏蒸剂浓度条件下,随着温度升高,溴甲烷熏蒸效果明显增加.     

木质包装松材线虫溴甲烷熏蒸处理

为寻求一定温度下溴甲烷熏蒸处理杀灭木质包装中松材线虫的有效浓度和时间,给国际贸易中木质包装松材线虫的熏蒸处理提供科学依据,进行了木质包装松材线虫溴甲烷熏蒸处理研究.研究分实验室基础试验和集装箱应用试验两部分,先在实验室中筛选出熏蒸有效浓度和时间,再于集装箱中进行应用试验.结果表明:11～15、16～20、≥21℃时,溴甲烷剂量分别为64、56、48g/m3,熏蒸24h,24h时浓度分别不低于32、28、24g/m3,即CT值分别为1152、1008、864 gh/m3,能够100%杀灭木质包装中松材线虫的成虫、幼虫及卵.此外,证实了国际植物检疫措施标准ISPM NO.15<国际贸易中木质包装材料控制准则>中熏蒸处理的要求偏低,不能完全杀灭木质包装中松材线虫.     

竹绿虎天牛溴甲烷熏蒸处理技术研究

1985～2005年,美国报道从我国出口的竹制品中发现包括竹绿虎天牛(Chlorophorus annularis F.)在内的20多种有检疫意义的害虫.由于目前还没有针对竹制品中竹绿虎天牛的熏蒸处理技术指标,美国APHIS-PPQ采用其检疫处理手册的T404-d方案对竹制品进行熏蒸处理,即溴甲烷熏蒸24h.美国采用的竹制品熏蒸方案中溴甲烷的用量较高,本文应用比T404～d方案更低剂量的溴甲烷,研究竹桩中竹绿虎天牛的熏蒸效果.溴甲烷熏蒸试验在自制的小型熏蒸箱中进行,在26.7℃48 g/m3、21.1℃ 64 g/m3、15.6℃ 80 g/m3、10.0℃ 96 g/m3和4.4℃ 112 g/m3等5个温度和剂量组合,共20个试验(每个剂量4个重复)共熏蒸处理2847头幼虫、140头蛹和122头成虫,死亡率达100%,而在3组对照中共发现455头活虫.同时,用装满竹杆(80%)的20尺集装箱模拟竹制品出口熏蒸试验,以检查在24h的熏蒸过程中溴甲烷是否保持必需的浓度要求.本研究推荐了较低剂量的溴甲烷熏蒸处理竹制品的新的技术指标.     

木质包装集装箱溴甲烷检疫熏蒸技术研究

对集装箱装运的出口货物木质包装进行了溴甲烷熏蒸试验 ,结果说明 ,当环境温度为 2～ 1 6℃时 ,采用溴甲烷投药剂量 80 g/m3 ,熏蒸 2 4h能够全部杀死黄斑星天牛幼虫 ,其CT值为 1 1 2 5 8～ 3345 3g h/m3 ;环境温度为 5～ 2 0℃时 ,采用 6 4g/m3 投药剂量 ,同样熏蒸 2 4h ,CT值为 1 2 1 0 8～ 1 51 0 8g h/m3 ,黄斑星天牛幼虫同样全部死亡。溴甲烷汽化后直接从集装箱门上部投药能够使药剂分布均匀。熏蒸结束后通风散气 2 4h ,集装箱到达美国后其内部溴甲烷残留气体浓度低于 5× 1 0 -6。     

溴甲烷对松木木质包装穿透性研究

25℃、48g/m3起始剂量条件下,溴甲烷熏蒸12h,熏蒸箱内溴甲烷浓度衰减率超过40%,而12h后到48h熏蒸结束时,溴甲烷衰减率小于5%。箱内溴甲烷CT值在6h达到200g.h/m3。溴甲烷对松木的穿透是顺着木纹进行的。在熏蒸48h内,无虫害木块内部各采样孔的溴甲烷浓度与箱内浓度无法达到平衡,15cm处CT值不足200g.h/m3;有虫害木块内部各采样孔溴甲烷浓度在20h与箱内浓度基本平衡,15cm处的溴甲烷CT值达到200g.h/m3需13h。     

低温条件下溴甲烷和硫酰氟对紫穗槐豆象的毒力

熏蒸环境温度为5℃、10℃的条件下,设计6～10个不同剂量分别开展溴甲烷和硫酰氟熏蒸杀灭紫穗槐种子携带紫穗槐豆象(Acanthoscelides pallidipennis)老熟幼虫的毒力试验,应用PoloPlus软件进行机率值分析的结果表明:在5℃条件下,预计紫穗槐豆象老熟幼虫达到99.9968%死亡率所要求的CT值(Lct_(99.9968))为溴甲烷2855.7g.h/m~3、硫酰氟3973.5g.h/m~3,熏蒸24h所需剂量为119.3g/m~3、158.7g/m~3;在10℃条件下,Lct_(99.9968)为溴甲烷2145.2g.h/m~3、硫酰氟1436.3g.h/m~3,熏蒸24h所需剂量为88.1g/m~3、59.0g/m~3。因此,随着熏蒸温度的提高,硫酰氟对紫穗槐豆象老熟幼虫的毒力作用增长明显,可作为进出口紫穗槐种子检疫处理的有效熏蒸剂,但熏蒸的环境温度须高于10℃。     

进境原木溴甲烷熏蒸除害处理技术

以标记的黑条木小蠹带疫原木及松墨天牛危害马尾松原木作为样木,采用投药剂量80 g/m3、72g/m3、64g/m3、56g/m3,密闭时间12h、16h、20h、24h双因素溴甲烷熏蒸除害处理试验.试验结果表明:常压下,温度高于15℃,密闭时间12h除害效果小于100%,表明12h内溴甲烷未完全穿透原木而发生作用;投药剂量56g/m3,密闭时间大干或等于20h可保证100%对蛀入深度5～10cm的白云杉齿小蠹和黑条木小蠹除害处理效果,或投药剂量64g/m3,密闭时间大于或等于16h亦可保证:100%对白云杉齿小蠹和黑条木小蠹除害处理效果;但对蛀入深度超过10cm的松墨天牛幼虫,投药剂量应大于或等于64g/m3,密闭时间大于或等于20h方能100%达到除害处理效果.因此,熏蒸库帐幕遮盖常压熏蒸的最低投药剂量应大干或等于64g/m3,密闭熏蒸时间应大于或等于20h,能保证对蛀入深度0～15cm害虫的除害处理效果.     

溴甲烷对扶桑绵粉蚧的熏蒸处理研究

为建立扶桑绵粉蚧溴甲烷熏蒸处理方法,本文测定了溴甲烷熏蒸2h对扶桑绵粉蚧各虫龄的致死毒力。用机率值分析表明:各虫龄对溴甲烷敏感性不同,以1龄若虫对药剂最敏感,以3龄若虫耐药性最强;在20℃和29.5℃下3龄若虫达到99%死亡率所需CT值分别为44.09 g.h/m3和29.77 g.h/m3,其对应的LC99分别为28.09 g/m3和18.10 g/m3。验证实验表明在21～25℃下以剂量38g/m3,在26～30℃下以剂量25 g/m3熏蒸2h各供试虫龄死亡率均达到100%,该指标可为扶桑绵粉蚧安全检疫处理提供参考。     

溴甲烷熏蒸对山楂叶螨和桃蛀果蛾的毒力研究

苹果是我国的重要出口水果,山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennensis Zacher)和桃蛀果蛾(Carposinasasakii Matsumura)在苹果主产区广泛分布,严重威胁我国苹果出口。为确定溴甲烷检疫处理山楂叶螨和桃蛀果蛾的技术指标,本文系统测定了一系列温度条件下溴甲烷对山楂叶螨成螨和富士苹果中桃蛀果蛾老熟幼虫的毒力,确定在5℃、10℃、15℃、20℃和25℃下,溴甲烷熏蒸山楂叶螨死亡率达到机率值9所需浓度时间乘积(CT值)分别为126.66、84.35、59.15、45.23和40.33mg.h/L,溴甲烷熏蒸桃蛀果蛾死亡率达到机率值9所需CT值分别为128.05、81.80、52.91、41.56和36.43mg.h/L。根据上述结果,建议采用10.0～14.9℃40g/m3 2h、15.0～19.9℃32g/m3 2h、20.0～24.9℃24g/m3 2h和大于25.0℃20g/m3 2h作为出口苹果的溴甲烷熏蒸处理技术指标。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.