灰树花胶囊菌种专用培养基配方研究

综合考虑了营养组成和基质的物理性能改良,设计了8种胶囊菌种培养基配方,以灰树花151为供试菌株,测试了菌丝生长速度、瘤状突起物形成的时间与数量、菌种成型及在愈伤培养时的特征,以及菌种持水性等特征指标。实验结果,辅料中添加保水性和生长促进剂类物质的配方优于辅料中添加透气性物质的配方,进而筛选出了灰树花胶囊菌种专用培养基配方GSC1。     

制好香菇菌种木屑粗细比例有讲究

香菇木屑菌种,其木屑粗细直接关系到培养基的物理结构,影响菌丝生长和菌种质量。笔者在实践中摸索出了木屑粗细的合理比例,获得了优质香菇菌种。 1 具体方法 ①按常规要求准备不同粗细的木屑,粗木屑为3mm左右,细木屑为带锯或圆盘锯木屑。②按比例确定粗细木屑的用量,以常规木屑培养基为例,其中粗木屑占木屑重量的65％～75％,细木屑占25％～35％,木屑偏细时,可加入25％的用粗刨花过3.5～4mm筛孔的粉碎机加工的木屑(长条形)或15％左右的对开轧棉子壳,以提高培养基的空隙度和连结性。 2 按比例配制培养基的优点 ①培养基孔隙有大有小分布均匀,透气性、持水性好,湿度上下一致,在正常温度下培养,菌丝生长迅速、粗壮浓密、洁白有光泽。②培养基中粗细木屑并存,接种后菌丝先分解细木屑,前锋菌丝生长快,后面菌丝继续分解粗木屑养分足,前后菌丝一致,杂菌少,经分解的培养料不易收缩脱壁,菌种抗老化,保存期长。③菌种块结持性好。由于粗     

铁离子对香菇不同生育阶段的影响试验

通过在培养基或栽培料中加入不同浓度的FeSO4的方法,观察了铁离子对香菇菌丝生长、菌种保藏和出菇的影响。结果表明:适量的铁离子能促进香菇菌丝生长,提高菌种质量,延缓菌丝衰老,提高香菇产量。FeSO4溶液的适宜浓度为3.759×102mg/L左右。     

香菇液体菌种固化技术研究

食用菌液体菌种由于具有不耐贮藏和不便于运输等缺点,极大地限制了液体菌种的推广应用。研究报道了一种食用菌液体菌种固化技术,可有效解决液体菌种的上述缺点。在优选的蔗糖、豆饼粉液体培养基中摇瓶培养香菇856,将得到的菌丝球与优选的主要成分是棉籽壳的固化载体基质按1∶6的比例混合,制成固化菌种,室温保藏30d,与保藏0d的固化菌种相比,呼吸强度低,纤维素酶活力明显升高,萌发力强,菌丝生长快。     

香菇液体菌种培养基配方的比较试验

以香菇0912为试验品种,采用液体摇瓶发酵培养法,观察试验培养基配方对香菇液体菌种生长的影响。结果表明,培养香菇液体菌种第7天后多数培养基的pH开始下降,10 d后接近液体培养的终点。菌丝生物量测定结果,配方⑤菌丝生物量最高,为1.828 g/100 mL,明显高于其他配方,其次为配方⑦、配方③、配方④,4个配方均可用于培养香菇液体菌种。     

香菇胶囊菌种使用效果研究

就香菇胶囊菌种在生产上的应用进行了对比试验，结果(1)应用香菇胶囊菌种比用传统菌种可节约接种时间50％：(2)胶囊菌种的菌棒接种污染率比传统菌种降低11．65％；(3)胶囊菌种接种至菌丝萌发的时间和菌丝长满全袋时间分别较传统袋装菌种接种方式迟20h、6．33d，但菌丝日生长速度没有显著差异；(4)在产量上，两种接种方式没有显著差异，但在制作成本上，每1000袋菌棒，用胶囊菌种比用传统菌种可节约100.6元。因此，在生产上应用胶囊菌种具有接种方便快捷、接种成活率高、成本降低等优点。     

香菇液体菌种的研究

通过香菇液体菌种的研究，确定了香菇液体菌种生产的工艺流程、培养基配方及接种量。香菇液体菌种表现出分散性好、萌发快、菌丝生长旺盛、菌龄一致、短时间内生产出大量菌液的特点，能较好地解决以往固体菌种培养中存在的发菌周期长、污染率高的难题。     

阔叶树木屑保藏食用菌菌种试验

菌种保藏是一项重要的基础性工作。本文对阔叶树木屑保藏食用菌菌种进行了初步探索。结果表明：与人工合成的PDA培养基比较。用阔叶树木屑作培养基并进行固体石蜡封口保藏菌种具有明显优势，其菌丝生命力强、生长健壮、保藏期长。     

香菇液体菌种影响因子的研究初报

选择香菇Cr0 4 -DZ菌种为实验对象,利用正交设计试验方法,研究香菇液体菌种发酵关键技术,对两个母种培养基进行比较,结果表明香菇培养废料的浸出液对香菇母种菌丝生长有明显的促进作用。香菇菌丝通过木屑-原种培养基培养,解决了菌球在液体培养基中,大小不均匀的问题,Cr0 4 -DZ表现较佳的木屑-原种培养基为Ba - 3。通过摇瓶培养条件的试验,香菇液体菌种培养的最佳物理条件:温度( 2 5±1 )℃、振荡频率1 2 5r/min、三角瓶装料系数2 0 %～30 %、菌种接种量为1 0 %～1 5 %、琼脂含量为0 .0 5 %～0 .1 %、pH值6.0～6.5。     

袋装香菇菌种制备技术

<正>笔者在实践中选择采用壳斗科树种,树龄30年,木质坚硬的木片、木屑基质制香菇菌种,具有香菇菌丝在袋中生长均匀、菌龄较短、菌丝粗壮、再生力强、成品率98%。1材料制备选择壳斗科中红椽、若楮、茅栗等树种、树龄30年左右的木材,加工成木片、木屑备用。2培养基配方(1)原种培养基配方:本片(屑)50 kg,麸皮     

Ergebnisse der Leistungsprüfungen der Süßkirschensorte ‚Stella‘ auf Gisela- und Weiroot-Unterlagen in Bulgarien

Zusammenfassung Die Leistungsprüfungen wurden im Zeitraum 1997 bis 2003 mit den Unterlagen Gisela 4 und 5, den Klonnummern 195/20 und 497/8 aus der Gisela-Serie sowie Weiroot 10, 13, 53, 72 und 158 durchgeführt. Dabei dienten Sämlinge von P1 (bulgarische Selektion aus Prunus mahaleb) als Kontrolle. Alle Unterlagen waren mit der Sorte Stella veredelt und im Dezember 1996 in der Versuchsanlage der Agraruniversität in Plovdiv, Bulgarien, im Abstand von 6 m×4,5 m gepflanzt worden. Dabei erfolgte ein Pflanzschnitt. Nach Abschluss der natürlichen Kronenentwicklung wurde jedes Jahr ein Winterschnitt vorgenommen. Der Boden wurde durch mechanische Bearbeitung offen gehalten und nach dem 4. Standjahr wurden die Baumstreifen mit Herbiziden behandelt. Die Wasserversorgung erfolgte durch eine dem natürlichen Gefälle folgende Überflutung, allerdings nicht immer zum optimalen Zeitpunkt, da keine eigene Wasserquelle zur Verfügung stand.Basierend auf den Ergebnissen bis zum Anfang des 7. Standjahres können die untersuchten Unterlagen in zwei Gruppen differenziert werden: starkwüchsig—Weiroot 10, P1 und Weiroot 13; mittelstarkwachsend bis schwachwüchsig—Gi 497/8, Gisela 4, Weiroot 53, Weiroot 158, Gi 195/20, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 5. Letztere zeichnete sich durch besondere Schwachwüchsigkeit aus. Die meisten Wurzelschosser bildeten Gisela 4, Weiroot 10 und Weiroot 13. Weiroot 53, Weiroot 72 und Weiroot 158 entwickelten deutlich weniger und P1, Gisela 5, Gi 195/20 sowie Gi 497/8 keine Wurzelschosser. Den frühesten Blühbeginn induzierte Gisela 4. Die anderen Unterlagen führten, in Abhängigkeit von den Temperaturbedingungen des jeweiligen Jahres, zu einer Verspätung der Blüte: P1 und Weiroot 10 um 1–2 Tage; Gi 497/8, Weiroot 13 und Weiroot 158 um 2–4 Tage; Weiroot 72 um 2–7 Tage; Gi 195/20 um 3–6 Tage; Weiroot 53 um 3–8 Tage und Gisela 5 um 3–10 Tage. Die Reifezeit der Früchte war bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 im Vergleich zu den anderen Varianten um 2–3 Tage verspätet. Gisela 5, Weiroot 72 und Gisela 4 induzierten bei der aufveredelten Sorte die höchsten Ertragsleistungen, P1 die geringsten. Bei den Bäumen auf Gisela 5 war die Fruchtgröße geringer als bei den anderen Unterlagen. Bäume auf Gisela 5 brauchen intensive Pflege. Nur wenn alle Produktionsfaktoren und kulturtechnischen Maßnahmen optimiert werden, kann das hohe Ertragspotenzial dieser Unterlage ausgeschöpft werden.     

Effects of radiation from 188Re on smooth muscle cell proliferation

AIM: Although endovascular radiotherapy inhibits neointimal hyperplasia, the exact alterations induced by β-particles irradiation remain to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability and the cellular mechanism of local β^-particles emission from ¹⁸⁸Re to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). METHODS: The SMCs in vitro were irradiated by ¹⁸⁸Re with single doses of 2.6 Gy-25.8 Gy. The effects of β-particles on SMCs, such as effective irradiate doses, the period of inhibition for SMCs proliferation, the changes of cell proliferation rate and DNA synthesis rate, cell cycle progression and related gene expression, were investigated by cell count, [³H]-TdR incorporation, cell cycle progression analysis, cell viability and immunocytochemistry, respectivecy. RESULTS: β-particles irradiation with dose of 5.2 Gy could inhibit significantly SMCs proliferation. At dose of 20.6 Gy DNA synthesis inhibitory rate was 92%, SMCs proliferation rate was only 3%. Renoval of ¹⁸⁸Re did not abolish the inhibitory effects of β-particles on SMCs proliferation. The expression of P53 was up regulation and PCNA was down regulation after irradiation. CONCLUSION: β-particles from ¹⁸⁸ Re was significantly effective and permanent in inhibiting SMCs proliferation, and inhibitory effect was in dose-dependet manner ED50was 5 Gy, the best dose to inhibit SMCs proliferation was 20 Gy. β-particles irradiation induced SMCs to occur G₀/G₁ arrest, damaged the ability of SMCs reproliferation and led to cell clonogenic death. P53 and PCNA had regulatiory effects on SMCs proliferation after β-particles irradiation.     

Effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin and expression of c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy

AIM:To study the effect of L-Arg on plasma content of endothelin (ET) and the expression of proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy. METHODS: The level of c-fos mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization. The ET in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS:After eight weeks of treatment with L-Arg, the expression of c-fos decreased markedly (P＜0.01). The ET content in plasma also decreased significantly by L-Arg(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION: Plasma ET content and the expression of c-fos in the left ventricle of rats with renovascular hypertensive hypertrophy could be decreased by L-Arg administration.     

Effect of puerarin on pulmonary arterioles wall collagen metabolism of chronic hypoxia hypercapnia rats

AIM:To investigate the effect of puerarin on pulmonary vessel collagen metabolism in pulmonary hypertension rats induced by chronic hypoxia and hypercapnia.METHODS:Collagen Ⅰ, Ⅲ and their mRNA were observed in pulmonary arterioles by the technique of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization.RESULTS:① Light microscopy showed media thickness of pulmonary arterioles was much higher in HH(hypoxic-hypercapnia) group than that of NC(normal control) group, and, vessel cavity turned more straiter in HH group than that of NC group.However, the damage of pulmonary arterioles in HP(hypoxic-pueratin) group was much slighter than that of HH group. ② The levels of plasma ET-1 and lung homogenates Hyr were much higher in HH group than those of NC group(P＜0.01), and lower in HP group than HH groups(P＜0.01).Plasma NO content in group HH was lower than that of group NC(P＜0.01), it was higher in group HP than that of group HH(P＜0.01).③Expression of collagen Ⅰ and collagen Ⅰ mRNA in pulmonary arterioles were significantly higher in HH groups than those of NC group (P＜0.01), and they were lower in HP group than those of HH group (P＜0.01).Expression of collagen Ⅲ and collagen Ⅲ mRNA showed no difference among three groups(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Puerarin inhibited the deposition of collagen and improved pulmonary vessel remodeling.     

Relationship between renal hypertension and cardiac α1-adrenoceptor autoantibodies in rats

AIM: To examine the autoantibody against α₁-adrenoceptor and its biologic activities during the development of renal hypertension. METHODS: Renal hypertension of rat was achieved by clipped renal artery, the titre of autoantibody to α₁-adrenoceptor was detected using ELISA immunoassay. Furthermore, the biological offects of these autoantibodies on cultured cardiomyocytes were also examined. RESULTS: After two weeks of clipping renal arteries, both the frequency of occurrence and the titre of autoantibodies to cardiac α₁-adrenergic receptor were significantly increased as compared with the control of pre-treatment. The increased autoantibodies lasted for several weeks and then automatically decreased gradually to the pre-clipping level at 12 weeks. The biological effects of these autoantibodies displayed an "agonistic-like" activities on the beating frequency of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes. CONCLUSION: Autoantibodies against α₁-adrenoceptor may play a role in the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and in the development of cardiac hypertrophy in rats with renal hypertension.     

Compositional and Functional Properties of Saskatoon Berry and Blueberry

Abstract

Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt., Rosaceae) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., Ericaceae) are substantially equivalent in all characteristics that are important to the consumer, including fruit color, shape, size, nutrition, texture, and uses. In addition, both fruits are native to North America and they have practically identical historical uses and known health benefits. Their composition, processing, nutritional value and metabolism, intended uses, and levels of undesirable substances are compared.     

Influence of Mineral Nutrients on Strawberry Fruit Quality and Their Accumulation in Plant Organs

Abstract

This review is based partly on complete articles and partly on abstracts. Three of the 60 articles deal with the total uptake of elements in strawberry plant organs in two different strawberry production systems, both considered as optimal concerning amount and balance of elements. The effect on fruit quality may be dramatic if the level of a particular element is outside this range, but there may also be effects initiated by differences within the optimal range of elements. Most articles refer to product oriented quality, but some focus on consumer oriented quality, as discussed by Shewfelt (1999). The discussion here is on a general basis, so one should keep in mind that there are cultivar differences and that specification of nutrition ideally should mirror the needs of a single cultivar, or a group of cultivars with similar requirements. Also, to get a complete understanding of the subject future reviews should embrace a broader access of information including the effect on plant development of individual elements, such as the role of calcium in fruit firmness and its importance in cell wall structure. However, the intention here is to narrow the information to results that suggest a direct connection between nutrient uptake and fruit quality.     

Cryopreservation of shoot apices of hawthorn in vitro cultures originating from East Asia

The objective of this study was to establish a cryopreservation protocol for hawthorn shoot apices (Crataegus pinnatifida Bge.). Cryopreservation was carried out via encapsulation–dehydration, vitrification, and encapsulation–vitrification on shoot apices excised from in vitro cultures. We began by showing that cold-acclimation enhanced the regrowth of cryopreserved apices from 10.0 to 65.5% in encapsulation–dehydration. We then decided that the encapsulation–dehydration method was an optimal cryopreservation method for hawthorn shoot apices in terms of its high recovery after cryopreservation as well as its ease of use compared with vitrification and encapsulation–vitrification. In encapsulation–dehydration, the protocol leading to optimal regrowth was as follows: after cold-acclimation at 5 °C in the dark for 2 weeks, excised shoot tips were pretreated for 24 h at 25 °C on hormone-free Murashige and Skoog [Murashige, T., Skoog, F., 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497] (MS) basal medium with 0.4 mol/L sucrose, then encapsulated and precultured in liquid MS medium with 0.8 mol/L sucrose for 16 h at 25 °C. Precultured beads were dehydrated for 6 h at 25 °C in the dessicator containing 50 g silica gel to a moisture content of 15.3% (fresh-weight basis) before cryostorage for 1 h. In addition, we examined the effect of adding glycerol to both the alginate beads and loading solution to enhance regrowth after cryopreservation in encapsulation–dehydration. In the present study, it was shown that adding 0.5 mol/L glycerol resulted in high regrowth percentages (82.5–90.0%) in four Crataegus species.     

Multi-scale landscape and seascape patterns associated with marbled murrelet nesting areas on the U.S. west coast

Habitat for wide-ranging species should be addressed at multiple scales to fully understand factors that limit populations. The marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), a threatened seabird, forages on the ocean and nests inland in large trees. We developed statistical relationships between murrelet use (occupancy and abundance) and habitat variables quantified across many spatial scales (statewide to local) and two time periods in California and southern Oregon, USA. We also addressed (1) if old-growth forest fragmentation was negatively associated with murrelet use, and (2) if some nesting areas are more important than others due to their proximity to high quality marine habitat. Most landscapes used for nesting were restricted to low elevation areas with frequent fog. Birds were most abundant in unfragmented old-growth forests located within a matrix of mature second-growth forest. Murrelets were less likely to occupy old-growth habitat if it was isolated (> 5 km) from other nesting murrelets. We found a time lag in response to fragmentation, where at least a few years were required before birds abandoned fragmented forests. Compared to landscapes with little tono murrelet use, landscapes with many murrelets were closer to the ocean's bays, river mouths, sandy shores, submarine canyons, and marine waters with consistently high primary productivity. Within local landscapes (≤ 800ha), inland factors limited bird abundance, but at the broadest landscape scale studied (3200 ha), proximity to marine habitat was most limiting. Management should focus on protecting or creating large, contiguous old-growth forest stands, especially in low-elevation areas near productive marine habitat. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

多效唑对猕猴桃离体试管苗生长及内源激素的影响

多效唑（ＰＰ３３３）处理猕猴桃试管苗，降低了其生长强度；植株体内的ＧＡ３、ＩＡＡ和ＺＴ含量下降，ＡＢＡ的含量上升，乙烯释放率增加；并且能降低外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ促进生长的作用，而外源的ＧＡ３和ＩＡＡ又能不同程度地逆转多效唑的抑制作用，使植株恢复生长。