油菜毯状育苗的基质改良Ⅱ合理配施磷酸氢二铵

在常规蔬菜育苗基质中合理的配施磷酸氢二铵可以为油菜毯状苗的生长提供所需的磷和氮。通过在常规蔬菜基质中施用不同量的磷酸氢二铵,测量油菜毯状苗生长过程中的生物量、存苗数、叶面积、绿叶数、总叶数、株高、根颈长和根颈直径等指标发现:施用磷酸氢二铵可以显著增加油菜的存苗数、生物量、叶面积、绿叶率和根颈直径,降低生长期间的死苗率。对施用量与地上部干重、地下部干重和单株叶面积的回归分析结果显示,在使用标准水稻育秧盘培育油菜毯状苗时,最适磷酸氢二铵施用量为每盘6 g左右。     

播种量对油菜毯苗生长的影响

探究播种量对油菜毯苗生长的影响,对标准化的油菜毯苗培育具有重要的现实意义。本试验测定了不同播种量下两个油菜品种的出苗数、存苗数、地上部生物量、叶片与根颈的生长状况。其结果显示:提高播种量会显著降低油菜毯苗的出苗率、存苗率、地上部单株干重、子叶与真叶的大小和根颈直径,提高油菜毯苗的株高与根颈长。但通过播种量的增加可以一定程度弥补质量的下降,使油菜毯苗的地上部全盘总干重先增加后减小。根据实际生产的移栽需求,通过播种量与存苗数的回归分析结果显示,最适播种量为700~750粒/盘。     

油菜毯状育苗的基质改良Ⅲ烯效唑拌施适宜浓度

以甘蓝型双低油菜品种宁杂1838为材料,通过在基质中拌入烯效唑,设置0、20、40、60和80μg/L共5个烯效唑浓度处理,测定毯状苗在不同时期的农艺性状、器官干重,研究了不同浓度烯效唑对油菜毯状苗的调控效应,以探索适合机械移栽的育苗基质及轻简优化培育方法。结果显示,基质中拌施烯效唑后,苗高明显降低,根颈长度变小,根颈增粗;根据回归方程推算,基质中拌入33.7μg/L烯效唑时明显抑制油菜毯状苗伸长,增加干物质积累量,对存苗数影响较小,与对照相比,显著增加出叶数,促进根颈粗壮,壮秧效果显著,最适合机械化移栽,因此认为此浓度最为适宜。     

油菜毯状育苗的基质改良Ⅰ常规育苗基质细土添加比例

以甘蓝型双低油菜品种宁杂1818为材料,设置了常规育苗基质中不同细土添加比例处理,通过测定不同时期菜苗的农艺性状、各器官干物质积累量等,探索适合油菜毯状苗生长的常规育苗基质适宜的拌土比例。结果显示,常规育苗基质中分别加入50%和30%的过筛细土,秧苗的根颈粗、干重、子叶大小及其增速最优,移栽前毯状苗存苗率和株高分别高出其它处理10%以上。综合油菜苗素质及经济效益等因素,常规育苗基质中添加30%细土作为油菜毯状苗育苗基质最为适宜。     

油菜毯状苗适宜播期研究

为探讨不同播期对油菜毯状苗生长的影响,以宁杂1818为材料,设置B1~B5共5个处理,对应播期分别为9月5日、9月15日、9月25日、10月5日和10月15日,分析了不同播期下油菜毯苗的出苗状况、植株生长形态指标和干物质积累量,以寻求最适播期。结果表明:随着播期推迟,出苗天数延长且出苗率下降,存苗数、苗高、充实度、干物质积累量均下降,其中B2、B3播期下出苗较快且存苗数、绿叶数、叶面积较高,苗高适宜、充实度好,符合毯苗机械移栽的要求。因此,扬州地区油菜毯状苗最适播种期为9月15至25日。由Logistic拟合曲线推算出油菜毯苗从播种至出苗所需要的有效积温为99.5℃,根据回归系数可知毯苗每生长一张叶片需要的有效积温为117.1℃。综上所述,可以根据移栽时需要的叶龄以及当地历史积温推算出从播种到移栽的天数,从而制定合理的播期。     

油菜毯状育苗基质改良Ⅳ硫酸铵施用量

为优化培育高质量油菜毯状苗的方法,完善育苗体系,以甘蓝型双低油菜品种宁杂1838为材料,采用传统标准的水稻育秧盘进行油菜毯状苗育苗,设置了在试验基质中拌入不同量硫酸铵的处理,通过测定油菜苗在不同时期的农艺性状、器官干重,研究了硫酸铵在不同用量对油菜毯状苗的调控效应;结果显示,试验基质中硫酸铵最佳用量范围为每盘4.37~4.62 g,这一用量条件下可显著增加存苗数、出叶数、绿叶数和单株叶面积,且干物质积累最多,最有利于毯苗移栽后返青活棵。     

赣北棉油套作下油菜播期对种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为探明赣北区域棉油套作模式下油菜的播期与期间主要气象要素(温度、降水量)对油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,以常规油菜中双11号为供试材料,设置5个不同播期(10月11日、10月14日、10月17日、10月20日、10月23日),研究不同播期条件下油菜种子出苗率及幼苗素质的差异。结果表明,播期不同对油菜种子出苗率、发芽势和苗高无显著影响,但对幼苗鲜重、根鲜重和主根长的影响达到显著水平;气温和降水量与油菜出苗率、幼苗鲜重、苗高相关性不显著,但油菜直播后10天的平均日平均气温与根鲜重、主根长均呈显著正相关;在播期为10月17日时,油菜苗期的日平均气温相对较高,且油菜幼苗素质的各项指标均表现最佳。由此可知,为保证油菜直播质量,建议播期安排在10月中旬末,尽量追求播后气温较高及降水量较适宜。     

PGPR菌孢子粉用于亚麻拌种剂的研究

亚麻苗(芽)期病害严重,但从未找到既有效又不伤苗的拌种剂.本文首次报道了PGPR菌孢子粉用于亚麻拌种剂.试验结果表明,当菌粉用量达到种子量的0.7%时,可显著提高出苗率、保苗率,减少站杆麻的数量.     

油菜毯状苗适宜移栽密度研究

为探讨油菜毯状苗移栽的适宜密度,采用田间试验,以甘蓝型油菜品种宁杂1818为材料,研究了毯状苗不同移栽密度对油菜籽粒产量、品质及单株干物质积累的影响。结果表明,油菜产量与密度间呈二次抛物线关系,随密度增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。移栽密度为22.5万株/hm^2时,一穴一株处理(CK)产量最高,为3806.81 kg/hm^2,一穴两株处理(M4)产量略低于CK,二者差异不显著,但M4处理显著高于其它处理。随密度增加,单株角果数和每角粒数减少,而群体角果数增多。单株产量与成熟期和蕾臺-初花期的干物质积累量间呈现极显著正相关关系。随密度增加,油菜籽粒含油量小幅度增大,蛋白质、硫苷和芥酸含量降低。以最高产量下降1%以内为标准得出适宜的移栽密度范围为22.75万~28.39万株/hm^2,而且生产上油菜毯状苗移栽时可灵活采用一穴两株或一穴一株,简化、高产、高效。     

烯效唑施用方式对高密度直播油菜农艺性状和产量的影响

在成都平原区稻茬田油菜直播密度3.0×10^5株／hm^2条件下,选用川农油3号品种,开展了烯效唑浸种、拌种和叶面喷施的大田试验,探讨烯效唑施用方式对直播油菜农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明,油菜种子对烯效唑较为敏感,烯效唑浸种、拌种处理,均明显降低直播油菜的出苗率和有效密度;烯效唑浸种处理对油菜成熟期农艺性状影响不大;烯效唑拌种和叶面喷施处理,均可明显降低株高与分枝部位高度,分枝部位茎粗有所增加;推迟喷施时间或增加喷施次数有利于降低株高与分枝部位高度,维持较高籽粒产量。综合比较认为,对于直播油菜,采用叶面喷施烯效唑较好,喷施质量浓度以100 mg／L为宜,喷施时期宜在蕾薹初期或苗期与蕾薹初期进行两次。     

Effects of uniconazole rate on agronomic traits and physiological indexes of rapeseed blanket seedling

Mechanized transplanting of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) blanket seedling is an innovative cultivation technology. Cultivating high quality blanket seedling to ensure high survival rate of seedling after transplanting is the key of the technology. The effects of different uniconazole rates of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/tray, spraying at one leaf and one heart stage, on selected agronomic traits, physiological indexes and survival rate of two rapeseed cultivars (‘Qinyou 10′ and ’Yangyou 9′) were investigated in 2018 and 2019. Our results showed that the plant height decreased significantly with the increase of uniconazole rate. However, the collar diameter increased significantly with the increase of uniconazole rate up to 1.5 mg/tray, and the leaf area, dry weights of root and shoot increased with increased uniconazole rate up to 1.0 mg/tray. The root to shoot ratios, N concentrations of root and shoot with the uniconazole rates of 1.0 and 1.5 mg/tray were higher than those with other treatments. As uniconazole rate increasing, gibberellin (GA) and auxin (IAA) concentrations of root and shoot decreased, while abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations increased, and cytokinin (CTK) concentrations topped at uniconazole rate of 1.0 mg/tray and decreased thereafter. The seedling survival rates with 1.0 and 1.5 mg/tray were greatly higher than those in other treatments. Regression analysis suggested plant survival rate was positively related to CTK concentrations and negatively to GA concentrations of root and shoot. To achieve high survival rate after mechanized transplanting, our study revealed that the uniconazole applied at a rate of 1.0 mg/tray was recommended as the best, followed by 1.5 mg/tray. The findings would help to enhance qualities of rapeseed blanket seedling and to promote popularization of mechanized transplanting of rapeseed production.     

外源海藻糖浸种对低温胁迫油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为提高抗寒性,促进油菜种子发芽及幼苗生长,以甘蓝型油菜品种中油杂19为材料,研究外源海藻糖浸种对低温胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,阐明外源海藻糖浸种的寒害缓解作用.结果表明,在低温处理下(10℃),油菜种子萌发受到抑制,发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数及活力指数均显著下降,平均发芽时间显著延长;种子萌发过程中异柠檬酸裂解...     

Effects of soil disturbance, seed rate, nitrogen fertilizer and subsequent cutting treatment on establishment of Bromus inermis seedlings on degraded steppe grassland in China

Establishment of seedlings of Bromus inermis , a native grass species of China, into a degraded steppe grassland was studied in an experiment with a factorial combination of different soil disturbance (control and harrowing), cutting post-sowing (control and cutting), nitrogen (N) fertilizer application (0 and 100 kg KNO₃ hm⁻²) and seed rate (400, 800 and 1200 seeds m⁻²) treatments. Seedling emergence and survival rates, and plant performance, were followed over 2 years. Seedling emergence was increased by soil disturbance (harrowing). Cutting post-sowing and N fertilizer application did not increase seedling emergence. Seedling survival rates at the end of first growing season were strongly influenced by harrowing and the use of higher seed rates. Seedling height was higher in the harrowing and the N fertilizer application treatments and at the higher seed rates. Seedling survival rates in the second growing season were low but much higher with harrowing than the other treatments. Soil disturbance by harrowing may have increased contact between seed and soil, and reduced competition from established plants. It is concluded that, for the restoration of degraded semi-arid grassland in China by re-seeding, soil surface disturbance is necessary for successful seedling establishment, and modest seeding rates should be used to control costs.     

播种量和育秧方式对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540秧苗素质的影响

以生产上应用面积较大的广适性籼粳杂交稻甬优1540为材料,设置钵苗育秧和毯苗育秧2种育秧方式以及4种播种量处理,研究不同播种量和育秧方式对籼粳杂交稻秧苗素质的影响。结果表明,随着播种量的增加,无论是钵苗育秧还是毯苗育秧,各秧苗素质指标总体上呈降低趋势。同一播种量条件下,钵苗育秧处理的株高极显著高于毯苗育秧处理;钵苗育秧处理出苗率在S4播种量（8粒/孔）时显著低于毯苗育秧处理（86.0 g/盘）,其他播种量下无显著差异。2种育秧方式的叶龄和茎基宽在S1播种量（2粒/孔或21.5 g/盘）时差异不显著,在其他播种量时钵苗育秧处理显著或极显著高于毯苗育秧处理。2种育秧方式的根长、地上部干物质量和地下部干物质量仅在低播种量时差异显著;同一播种量下2种育秧方式间的根数无显著差异。     

水稻孔穴塑盘育秧技术研究

应用不同播种方式和灌溉方法研究了孔穴塑盘育秧实用技术，结果表明：１）土种分播每孔穴４～５粒芽谷，播后浸润沟灌，出苗穴率和成苗效率较高，土种混播或泥浆播种，虽较省工，但成苗率不如土种分播；播后淹灌或浇灌，易引起烂种烂芽，２）每盘播８０ｇ芽谷以下随播种量增中空穴减少，播种量超过每盘８０ｇ芽谷虽空穴减少，但秧苗素质下降，３）床土混土重０．５％的ＮＰＫ营养剂有利于培育强壮秧苗，不添加ＮＰＫ营养则秧苗较弱