毛乌素沙地南缘保护性耕作对土壤化学性质的影响

采用免耕(NT)、秸秆覆盖(SM)、覆膜(PM)和翻耕(CT)4种耕作措施,研究保护性耕作对毛乌素沙地南缘土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明,免耕和秸秆覆盖措施下表层0～20 cm土壤pH值低于覆膜、翻耕。免耕和秸秆覆盖措施下土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷有明显的表层富集现象。随着耕作时间的变化,不同耕作措施下土壤有机质和速效钾都有所增加,免耕、秸秆覆盖、覆膜和翻耕有机质相对于试验开始前分别增加了33.0%、32.3%、31.1%和6.5%,而碱解氮和速效磷有下降的趋势,但保护性耕作条件下其下降率低于翻耕。保护性耕作不利于全氮的积累,经过3年试验后,免耕、秸秆覆盖和覆膜措施下的土壤全氮含量都低于翻耕。耕作措施对全磷的影响不大。说明保护性耕作是实现沙区农田生产力持续发展、保持土壤养分和防治土壤退化行之有效的措施。     

不同耕作措施对冬小麦农田土壤水分和温度的影响

在多年田间定位试验的基础上,研究了内陆河绿洲灌区不同耕作措施对冬小麦农田土壤水分和温度的影响.结果表明,冬小麦返青至成熟,0～150 cm土层深度范围内免耕秸秆覆盖处理土壤平均含水量较免耕和传统耕作处理高0.21%和0.23%,免耕对土壤含水量影响不明显;冬小麦收获后,0～150 cm土层深度范围内土壤含水量平均值的高低顺序为:免耕秸秆覆盖＞免耕＞传统耕作.冬小麦返青至成熟期间,无论晴天还是阴天,0～25 cm土层深度范围内免耕秸秆处理土壤温度均低于免耕和传统耕作处理,免耕秸秆覆盖和免耕处理土壤温度平均值较传统耕作分别低2.8℃和2.6℃,免耕秸秆覆盖处理可以稳定土壤温度.相关分析表明,土壤含水量与土壤温度存在显著负相关关系.     

长期保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地土壤养分和作物产量的影响

通过长期定位试验,研究了黄土高原西部旱农区传统耕作措施(T)和5种保护性耕作措施免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、免耕(NT)、传统耕作+秸秆还田(TS)、传统耕作+地膜覆盖(TP)和免耕+地膜覆盖(NTP)对土壤有机质、速效养分以及作物产量的影响。结果表明,经过6 a不同耕作措施后,各处理土壤有机C、NO3-N以及速效P含量均有所提高,其中有机C含量比试验初期提高了4.92%~18.05%,NO3-N含量提高了17.98%~31.08%,速效P含量提高143.04%~212.87%。各处理土壤速效钾含量均有所下降,其中以NTS和TS降幅较小,仅为2.75%和6.26%。6 a间小麦和豌豆平均产量均以NTS最高(分别为2 030 kg·hm-2和1 381 kg·hm-2),而NT最低(1 608 kg·hm-2和1 060 kg·hm-2)。传统耕作秸秆还田能促进土壤耕层肥力的提高,但产量效应不明显;地膜覆盖有些年份增产效应明显,但不利于土壤肥力的持续提高。因此,在黄土高原西部旱农区实施免耕秸秆覆盖既有利于作物产量的提高,也可以改善耕层土壤肥力。     

绿洲灌区地膜秸秆交替覆盖玉米农田土壤水分利用特征

在甘肃河西绿洲灌区,通过田间试验研究了不同耕作(免耕、传统耕作)与覆盖方式(全膜覆盖、70%地膜覆盖+30%捆状玉米秸秆覆盖、70%地膜覆盖+30%不覆盖、50%地膜覆盖+50%捆状玉米秸秆覆盖、50%地膜覆盖+50%不覆盖)对土壤耗水特性、玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:免耕地膜秸秆交替覆盖(NTP7S3、NTP5S5)较传统耕作全膜覆盖(CTP)降低了玉米农田棵间蒸发量,降低比例分别为20.7%与19.1%,玉米秸秆捆状覆盖显著降低了棵间蒸发量,较不覆盖降低59.0%～60.8%,而相邻地膜覆盖较秸秆覆盖提高棵间蒸发量达到29.9%～32.3%,说明NTP7S3与NTP5S5降低棵间蒸发量主要源于秸秆覆盖带较好地抑制土壤水分蒸发的作用。免耕地膜秸秆交替覆盖减小了玉米营养生长期(拔节～开花期)的耗水量,增大了生殖生长期(开花～完熟期)的耗水量,有效协调玉米各生育阶段耗水互补、竞争关系,NTP7S3与NTP5S5较对照CTP降低全生育期总耗水量3.6%与11.6%,棵间蒸发量占总耗水量之比(E/ET)降低17.7%与8.6%,以NTP7S3处理水分高效利用的调控效应较好;NTP7S3处理玉米获得较高的籽粒产量与水分利用效率,较CTP增产4.6%,水分利用效率提高8.4%。西北绿洲灌区地膜秸秆交替覆盖结合免耕替代传统耕作全膜覆盖并没有导致玉米产量和水分利用效率的降低,反而具有增产增效的作用,是玉米生产中地膜减投增效的可行措施。     

毛乌素沙地南缘保护性耕作措施对土壤物理性质的影响

为了探讨不同保护性耕作措施在毛乌素沙地南缘的区域适应性,从2004开始,以靖边县北部风沙区农田为研究对象,选用了免耕、秸秆覆盖、覆膜和传统翻耕(CK)4种措施,采用完全随机试验设计进行了田间定位试验研究。比较分析了4种措施下土壤物理性质的变化规律。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和免耕地的地温在春播初期略比传统翻耕低0.1℃,但随后迅速回升,覆膜在玉米生长期都高于其他措施。耕作措施对播种前土壤容重没有显著影响,而对收获后土壤容重影响显著,与传统翻耕相比,免耕降低了表层土壤容重2.3%,但次层20~40 cm容重增加了1.8%。3种保护性耕作措施均增加了土壤含水量,顺序依次为秸秆覆盖>覆膜>免耕>翻耕,且在作物需水关键期免耕和秸秆覆盖下的土壤含水量相对稳定。免耕和秸秆覆盖措施下初始入渗率和稳定入渗率都高于翻耕,而覆膜低于翻耕。保护性耕作措施改善了土壤物理性质,适于在该风沙区推广。     

保墒灌溉对夏玉米地土壤水分迁移转化的影响

设置地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和PAM化学保水剂3种保墒处理,研究不同保墒灌溉下夏玉米地土壤水分沿剖面变化规律与夏玉米整个生育期耗水规律的异同.试验结果表明:在灌溉或非灌溉条件下,各保墒处理的土壤含水量在0～150 cm均高于相同条件下的对照,且各保墒灌溉对土壤储水量的提高,随着灌溉水量的增加而增加.试验结果还表明:地膜覆盖、...     

免耕秸秆覆盖对旱作麦田土壤温度的影响

通过2001~2004年的大田试验研究了免耕秸秆覆盖对黄土高原西部旱地麦田土壤温度的影响。结果表明,土壤温度与气温关系密切;雨季土壤贮水多会导致土壤比热增大而来年早春地温回升慢;免耕秸秆覆盖与传统耕作的地温差不受天气状况的影响。与传统耕作相比,免耕秸秆覆盖可以稳定土壤温度,白天升温较慢,下午至夜间降温更慢。免耕秸秆覆盖降低春小麦全生育期的平均温度0.5℃~1.6℃,拔节至成熟期降低得更多,但对休闲期土壤温度影响不大。免耕秸秆覆盖春小麦经济产量可提高8.8%~28.8%,但产量与耕层平均地温无明显相关性。     

不同麦秸覆盖量对夏玉米田棵间土壤蒸发和地温的影响

采用微型蒸渗仪(Micro-lysimeter)和曲管地温表观测了不同麦秸覆盖量下夏玉米田的棵间土壤蒸发和土壤温度,试验设置5个处理(秸秆覆盖量分别为0(对照)、1 500、4 500、7 500、10 500 kg/hm2),分析了不同秸秆覆盖量下夏玉米田棵间土壤蒸发和土壤温度的动态变化规律.结果表明,麦秸覆盖夏玉米田有效抑制了棵间土壤蒸发,平抑了地温的变化幅度;夏玉米生育期内,4种覆盖处理(由高覆盖量至低覆盖量)棵间土壤蒸发比对照依次减少了63.51%、60.98%、52.94%、34.07%,0～20 cm的地温平均日变幅比对照分别降低了3.14℃、2.93℃、2.32℃、2.02℃.麦秸覆盖处理的抑蒸稳温效应,促进了夏玉米生长,提高了夏玉米的产量和水分利用效率.     

秸秆覆盖农田的小气候特征和增产机理研究

利用2000～2002年的试验资料和2002～2003年的示范推广资料,对秸秆覆盖的农田小气候和增产机理进行分析.结果表明:秸秆覆盖对农田近地层气温、空气湿度和地温均产生明显影响,但对风速的影响不明显;秸秆覆盖可使地表层显热通量增大,潜热通量和土壤热通量减小,从而使土壤蒸发受限;由于覆盖抑制土壤表面蒸发,使土壤水分无效消耗减少,增加前期土壤水分积累,有利于植株后期蒸腾,使水分消耗从物理过程向生理过程转化,从无效消耗向有效消耗转化,从而增加作物产量,提高水分利用效率.秸秆覆盖可使冬小麦增产8.08%～10.71%,水分利用效率提高3.5%～8.4%;夏玉米增产6.08%～11.97%,水分利用效率提高7.8%～14.4%.     

不同保护性耕作对渭北旱塬麦玉轮作田肥力和产量的影响

2007～2010年在渭北旱塬实施了冬小麦-春玉米轮作模式连续保护性耕作定位试验,研究了秸秆覆盖免耕、秸秆覆盖深松和秸秆还田翻耕等不同保护性耕作方式和平衡施肥、无肥(或低肥)和常规施肥处理组合对土壤养分、WUE和作物产量的影响.结果表明:随着保护性耕作年限延长,0～40 cm土层土壤养分含量显著增加;有机质含量由研究初...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.