基于实地和遥感调查的离子型轻稀土尾砂土壤侵蚀对植被修复措施响应

稀土开采产生大量尾砂,导致严重土壤侵蚀,伴生水质和地质灾害,评价植被修复措施对稀土尾砂土壤侵蚀治理效果可为措施优选提供理论依据。以寻乌县离子型轻稀土尾砂区为研究区,基于1982—2015年GIMMS NDVI 3 g、DEM等遥感和尾砂理化性状现场调查数据,采用空间代时间方法,结合RUSLE模型及其全微分公式探究不同修复年限土壤侵蚀量对植被修复措施的响应机理。结果表明:1982—2015年研究区土壤侵蚀模数显著下降,倾向率为-60 t/(km~2·10a),突变年份为2008年;在植被修复措施实施年(2008年)前后,多年平均土壤侵蚀量减幅超过60%;土壤侵蚀模数呈现上升、平稳、上升、平稳、上升和下降的阶段性变化,与NDVI时程变化呈负相关;水土保持措施、植被覆盖、土壤可蚀性和降雨变化对土壤侵蚀量减小的贡献率分别为33.18%,32.19%,19.95%,13.19%。植被修复过程中,矿区土壤侵蚀量减少的主要影响因子为水土保持措施因子和植被覆盖因子。     

Contribution of sewage sludge to erosion control in the rehabilitation of limestone quarries

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high doses of municipal sludge on soil aggregation and to assess its value for soil erosion reduction, both under natural and in simulated rainfall conditions. Doses of 200 and 400 Mg ha⁻¹ sewage sludge (dry weight) were applied to the soil of experimental plots situated on a 28 degree slope. Two sludge application procedures were tested: pre-mixing into the soil before disposal on the slope, and direct application on the soil surface. Sheet erosion was measured by collecting the sediment carried down to a Gerlach trough situated at the base of the plots. Simulated rainfall, with an intensity of 64 mm h⁻¹, was applied to evaluate soil erodibility. When the soil had no vegetation, the erosion measured on plots treated with sludge represented less than 10 per cent of the erosion from the control plot. Even when the vegetation was well developed, the erosion was also lower in the plots where sludge had been applied. In simulated rainfall, the soil loss was inversely proportional to the sludge dose, and when sludge was applied directly on the soil surface the erosion rates and particle mobilization caused by raindrop impact were minimal. Sludge amendments increase infiltration rates and improve soil structure, increasing the mean weight diameter of aggregates and their water resistance.     

草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙的效益分析

研究草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙效益对科学评价草被防止土壤侵蚀的作用有重要科学意义。采用模拟降雨试验，分析了草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙的效益。结果表明，草被与森林植被一样，能有效防止土壤侵蚀。当草地地面覆盖达90％时，草被拦蓄径流效益达90％以上，而基本上无侵蚀发生。草被地上部分（茎枝＋枯落物）拦蓄径流效益为23．7％，其中茎枝部分拦蓄径流效益为9．0％和枯落物层拦蓄径流效益为14．7％，减少泥沙效益为44．6％；草被地下部分土壤体拦蓄径流效益为72．7％，拦蓄泥沙效益为55．4％。     

黄土高原刺槐林地根系与枯落物对土壤侵蚀的影响

为探讨自然条件下黄土高原地区刺槐林地枯落物和根系对土壤侵蚀的影响。采用5个坡度(8.7%,17.6%,26.8%,36.4%和46.6%)及3种流量(0.5,1.0,2.0 L/s)分别在有枯落物覆盖、去除枯落物的植被和裸坡样地进行试验,探讨刺槐林地枯落物和根系对土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明,枯落物和根系对土壤侵蚀有显著影响,当枯落物厚度超过3 cm、根系密度>0.5 kg/m³时,土壤侵蚀量减小程度趋于稳定。与裸坡相比,刺槐林地土壤侵蚀量减少约55%,且根系和枯落物对土壤侵蚀量减少的贡献率分别为66%和34%。此外,枯落物与根系可降低土壤可蚀性,增加土壤剪切力,进而增强土壤的抗蚀能力。与裸坡相比,有枯落物覆盖和去除枯落物覆盖的植被样地土壤可蚀性分别降低80%和66%,土壤剪切力分别提高285%和237%。研究结果为揭示森林植被的土壤侵蚀机制提供新的思路,对改善黄土高原的植被建设具有一定的指导意义。     

Plant‐compositional effects on surface runoff and sediment yield in subalpine grassland

Soil erosion such as sheet erosion is frequently encountered in subalpine grassland in the Urseren Valley (Swiss Central Alps). Erosion damages have increased enormously in this region during the last 50 y, most likely due to changes in land‐use practices and due to the impact of climatic changes. In order to estimate the effect of vegetation characteristics on surface runoff and sediment loss, we irrigated 22 pasture plots of 1 m² during 1 h at an intense rain rate of 50 mm h^–1 in two field campaigns using a portable rain simulator. The rain‐simulation plots differed in plant composition (herb versus grass dominance) and land‐use intensity but not in plant cover (>90%) nor in soil conditions. Prior to the second rain‐simulation campaign, aboveground vegetation was clipped in order to simulate intense grazing. The generated surface runoffs, sediment loss, relative water retention in the aboveground vegetation, and changes in soil moisture were quantified. Runoff coefficient varied between 0.1% and 25%, and sediment loss ranged between 0 and 0.053 g m^–2. Thus, high infiltration rates and full vegetation cover resulted in very low erosion rates even under such extreme rain events. Surface runoff did not differ significantly between herb‐ and grass‐dominated plots. However, clipping had a notable effect on surface runoff in the test plots under different land‐use intensity. In plots without or with intensive use, surface runoff decreased after clipping whereas in extensively used plots, surface runoff increased after the clipping. This opposite effect was mainly explained by higher necromass and litter presence at the extensively used plots after the clipping treatment. The results obtained here contribute to a better understanding of the importance of vegetation characteristics on surface‐runoff formation, thus, on soil‐erosion control. Overall, we delineate vegetation parameters to be crucial in soil‐erosion control which are directly modified by the land‐use management.     

半干旱草原潜在土壤风力侵蚀空间格局研究

中国绝大多数的干旱半干旱地区遭受着严重的风力侵蚀。风蚀可导致土壤流失、肥力下降,最终导致土地荒漠化。半干旱草原区的荒漠化问题日益突出,由此带来的沙尘暴等灾害天气增多,给人们的生产生活带来诸多不便。从影响土壤风力侵蚀的风速、干燥度、植被盖度、地形起伏度、土壤可蚀性以及放牧压力6个方面出发,借助GIS技术,通过主成分分析研究半干旱草原区达茂旗土壤风力侵蚀的空间分布格局。结果表明:达茂旗潜在土壤风力侵蚀指数由南向北呈高—低—高趋势。达茂旗北部地区土壤风蚀主要受风速、干燥度和植被指数影响;中部地区风力侵蚀主要受地形起伏度的影响,地形起伏对风的消减作用增强,使得风力降低,加之该地区土壤可蚀性和干燥度相对较低,风力侵蚀指数低;南部土壤风力侵蚀主要受放牧压力影响,春季正是牧草返青季节,植被盖度低,且牲畜密度相对较大,放牧对草场的压力大,土壤风力侵蚀严重。风力侵蚀各影响因子的时空异质性是导致半干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要原因。干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要影响因素是风速、干燥度和植被指数,其次受地形和土壤可蚀性的影响,而放牧压力是半干旱草原区土壤风力侵蚀的主要人为因素之一。     

Wind tunnel test and Cs tracing study on wind erosion of several soils in Tibet

The soils of alpine meadows and alpine grassland steppes, aeolian soils, coarse-grained soils, and farm soils cultivated from alpine grasslands in Tibet are typical soils that are suffering from different degrees of soil erosion by wind. Based on field investigations, wind tunnel experiments, and a ¹³⁷Cs trace study, this work tested the erodibility of these soils by wind, simulated the protective functions of natural vegetation and the accelerative effects of damage by livestock, woodcutting, and cultivation on erosion, and estimated erosion rates from 1963 to 2001. The results indicated that alpine meadows have the strongest resistance to wind erosion, and that undamaged alpine meadow soils generally sustain only weak or no wind erosion. Alpine grassland steppes with good vegetation cover and little damage by humans exhibit good resistance to wind erosion and suffered from only slight erosion. However, soil erodibility increased remarkably in response to serious disturbance by livestock and woodcutting; wind erosion reached 33.03 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. The erodibility of semi-stabilized aeolian soil and mobile aeolian soil was highest, at 52.17 and 56.4 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. The mean erosion rates of coarse-grained soil with various levels of vegetation coverage and of farm soil were intermediate, at 45.85 and 51.33 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. Restricting livestock, woodcutting, and excessive grassland cultivation are the keys to controlling wind erosion in Tibet. In agricultural regions, taking protective cultivation and management to enhance surface roughness is a useful way to control wind erosion.     

不同草带空间分布对坡面细沟侵蚀调控机制

为了研究植被对坡面细沟侵蚀调控机制,采用模拟降雨试验,结合激光扫描方法,分析了不同草带分布沟坡面细沟侵蚀发生、发展过程。结果表明:草带位于梁峁坡下部60%,植被调控侵蚀效果最优,相比裸坡减少径流量7.4%,减少产沙量62.9%,相比蓄水减沙功效而言更具直接拦沙的功能。植被通过调控细沟侵蚀的发生、发展、发育过程实现了对土壤侵蚀的调控作用,尤其是对沟坡侵蚀产沙的调控作用;而且这种对侵蚀的调控作用不仅改变了细沟侵蚀发生的位置,而且改变了径流和侵蚀过程以及侵蚀方式;细沟侵蚀已经向面蚀(片蚀)转化,大幅度降低侵蚀程度。研究结果揭示了植被可以通过影响侵蚀方式来调控侵蚀输沙过程,有助于加深坡面植被对细沟侵蚀发育形态作用机理的理解。     

崇礼清水河流域土壤侵蚀空间格局及其影响因素研究

基于DEM数字高程模型并结合RUSLE模型应用GIS、GeoDa、GS+等软件分析了河北省张家口市崇礼区25年间土壤侵蚀空间格局演变及影响因素。结果表明:(1)1990—2015年,研究区中部、西部和西南部土壤侵蚀较严重,土壤侵蚀强度以轻度、中度为主,土壤侵蚀量呈先减少后增加的趋势。(2)1990—2000年,土壤侵蚀强度转变以轻度侵蚀转入为主,土壤侵蚀状况减轻;2000—2010年,土壤侵蚀由微度侵蚀转为高级别侵蚀,侵蚀程度呈严重趋势;2010—2015年,总体表现为微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀转向高级别侵蚀,但侵蚀增加面积有所减少,侵蚀状况稍有改善。(3)土壤侵蚀Moran’s I0,空间分布呈正相关性,表现为聚集状态,以高高型聚集为主,主要集中在崇礼区中西部和西南部。土壤侵蚀模数符合指数模型和球状模型,R2为0.943~0.979。变程A先由3 870m减小到860m再增加至1 470m,表明1990—2015年土壤侵蚀变化先快后慢,空间相关性分布范围由小变大,空间异质性呈先增强后减弱趋势。分形维数(FD)介于1.922~1.971,在区域较小空间尺度下,土壤侵蚀空间异质性主要是由植被覆盖、土地利用类型、水土保持措施等随机因子引起的。(4)土壤侵蚀影响因子中前3个主成分贡献率占到89.215 0%。在第1主成分载荷中,植被覆盖因子向量投影长度最大,为0.976 4。在第2,3主成分载荷中,水土保持措施因子、土壤可蚀性因子向量投影长度较大。因此,崇礼区土壤侵蚀影响因素大小依次为植被覆盖因子(C)、水土保持措施因子(P)、土壤可蚀性因子(K)、降雨侵蚀力因子(R)、坡长坡度因子(LS)。研究结果可为崇礼区清水河流域水土综合治理和可持续发展提供理论依据。     

Soil erosion risk assessment using GIS and CORINE model: a case study from western Shiraz,Iran

This study employs the Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) model with geographic information system to assess soil erosion risk for restoring and protecting areas within the Bonrod Zangane watershed, western Shiraz, Iran. Actual soil erosion risk was determined by combining two main parameters including potential soil erosion risk and vegetation cover. The potential soil erosion risk was generated by integrating soil erodibility, erosivity and slope parameters. Soil texture, depth and stoniness layers were overlaid to form a soil erodibility map. Modified Fournier index and Bagnouls–Gaussen aridity index were integrated to generate the erosivity layer. The slope classes also were generated from digital elevation model. In order to estimate vegetative land cover, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used. The raster-based layers were then integrated to produce erosion risk map. The results showed that 34.7% of the study area has high and only 31.4% of the study area has low soil erosion risk. It is concluded that CORINE model can be used to delineate the soil erosion risk and also to discriminate the potential soil erosion risk areas.     

Using rainfall simulation to guide planning and management of rehabilitated areas: Part I. Experimental methods and results from a study at the Northparkes Mine,Australia

An Erratum for this article has been published in Land Degradation & Development 11(4) 2000, 399. A study using simulated rain and overland flows was carried out on a 6‐km‐long bund constructed at the NorthParkes Mine, New South Wales, Australia. The bund has been progressively constructed using 5‐m lifts to achieve final heights of 10–20 m. The slope profile consisted of alternate benches and batters of approximately 30 per cent gradient. For the topsoil placed on the bund, properties assessed included infiltration, erodibility, effects of plant cover on infiltration and erosion, and of slope length on erosion. Studies also considered permeability of the underlying spoil material, and compared susceptibility to erosion by overland flows of the two spoil materials available for bund construction. For sites that had been revegetated for one and two years, infiltration increased and soil erodibility decreased with time under vegetation. There were large increases in infiltration with increasing vegetative cover, and high infiltration rates at 100 per cent cover. The soil loss ratio curve fitted to erosion data showed larger effects of cover on erosion than predicted by the universal soil loss equation (USLE). Overland flow studies indicated no effect of slope length on erosion rates, and indicated ‘target’ levels of vegetative cover necessary to prevent rill development. Permeability of spoil underlying topsoil at one site was shown to be high, and unlikely to impede water entry and drainage. Overland flow studies showed marked differences between the two spoils studied in both critical shear for rill initiation and in rill erodibilities. Implications of the results obtained on rehabilitation planning and management are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

工程堆积体标准小区界定与可蚀性因子改进

将USLE模型应用于工程堆积体侵蚀预报时结果偏差较大,这是因为其标准小区与土壤可蚀性因子不适合直接应用于工程堆积体侵蚀预报。针对这一问题,结合对我国6大水蚀类型区工程堆积体参数的调查、统计、分析,界定工程堆积体标准小区的坡度、坡长;结合国内外已有研究成果,分析论证堆积体可蚀性因子的改进办法,并引用相关数据验证其可行性。结果表明,6大区域工程堆积体坡度、坡长及坡面物质组成均与USLE中规定的标准小区相差较大;为了尽量消除误差,建议工程堆积体标准小区坡度采取众数35°,坡长采取平均值5m;堆积体可蚀性因子更名为土石质因子Tr,并将单位体积土石混合体中石砾总表面积Cs,作为石砾因素指标纳入堆积体土石质因子Tr中,与堆积体物质中土壤可蚀性因子K共同构建工程堆积体土石质因子函数。验证结果表明,堆积体可蚀性因子改进办法是可行的。工程堆积体坡度、坡长的界定及可蚀性因子的改进,对提高基于USLE模型的堆积体侵蚀预报精度有重要意义。     

Factors controlling aggregation in a minimum and a conventionally tilled undulating field

Wind and water erosion induce breakdown of soil aggregates and loss of soil organic matter. Whereas most of the relations between aggregation and its driving factors have been established on a plot scale, these relations might be very different within an undulating landscape where both erosion (by wind or water) and deposition occur. The aim of this study was to investigate to what degree spatial patterns in soil variables influence spatial patterns in aggregation under different tillage intensities. We studied an agricultural field of about 3 ha in the silty region of Belgium. The site was split into a conventional tillage (CT) and a minimum tillage (MT) system. Within the field, 396 geo‐referenced surface soil samples (0–5 cm) were taken and analyzed for organic matter content, quantity of aggregates and a number of other soil properties. Under CT, 28.5% of the total sample variation was explained by the occurrence of depositional areas, 20.8% by the amount of soil organic matter, and 13.8% by the presence of a clay‐rich B horizon which surfaced due to progressive water and tillage erosion. Regression analysis revealed that 27% of the variation in the quantity of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) was accounted for by these three factors. Under MT, 27.1% of the total sample variation was related to the surface cover of Tertiary sand, 22.6% to the amount of soil organic matter, and 13% to erodibility. These three factors explained 53% of the variation in the quantity of macroaggregates. In the CT system, the correlation between grass‐ or maize‐ carbon and the quantity of macroaggregates was strongly linked to erodibility, while this was not the case in the MT system. We concluded that at this site, macroaggregation is dominated by landscape‐scale processes (such as water or tillage erosion) rather than determined by the commonly considered local variables (such as small variations in texture or organic matter content).     

东北黑土区小流域综合治理措施及效益评价——以振祥小流域为例

 在东北黑土区振祥小流域全面调查的基础上,采用坡面防护、沟道治理等工程措施,配置相应的林草措施,并辅之以适当的耕作措施,对振祥小流域进行了水土保持综合治理开发,并对治理后产生的效益进行初步评价。经过5a的实践,综合治理取得了良好的生态、经济和社会效益。2008年各项措施全部生效,每年拦蓄径流30.65万m3,保土总量1.71万t,水土流失区土壤侵蚀模数由治理前的2350 t/(km2.a)下降到416t/(km2.a),年增加经济收益29.39万元,林草覆盖率由治理前的9.0%增加到12.3%。证明该综合治理措施适用于黑土区,为黑土区小流域综合治理的全面开展提供参考。     

沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价

根据沂蒙山区遥感影像解译和水土流失遥感调查数据等资料,在通用土壤侵蚀方程的基础上,选择降雨侵蚀力、土壤可蚀性值、坡度和植被覆盖等自然因子建立土壤侵蚀敏感性评价指标体系。利用GIS方法对影响土壤侵蚀敏感性的单因子进行计算,并将各因子进行栅格化。运用空间分析方法对沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀敏感性进行综合评价,将沂蒙山区土壤侵蚀敏感性分为极敏感区、高度敏感区、中度敏感区、轻度敏感区和一般敏感区5个等级区域,并分析了不同土壤侵蚀敏感区的空间分布。     

土壤可蚀性研究现状及展望

<正> 土壤可蚀性(soil erodibility)是指土壤是否易受侵蚀破坏的性能,也就是土壤对侵蚀介质剥蚀和搬运的敏感性。与侵蚀营力一样,土壤可蚀性是影响土壤侵蚀量大小的又一个重要因子。在水土保持学科中,我国习惯上把“水”和“土”并列使用,而国际上则用“soil loss”、“soil erosion”、“soil conservation”或“soil and water conservation”等术语。显然,土壤是水土保持学科的重点。另一方面,土壤侵蚀营力等是土壤流失过程中的外部因素,而土壤性质才是内在因素,因此,水土保持学科中核心的也是重要的问题,应该是土壤保护。土壤可蚀性研究在水土保持研究工作中具有重要意义,国际上把土壤可蚀性研究一直作为水土保持学科研究的重要内容之一。     

西汉水流域典型林草地侵蚀特征分析

为了说明西汉水流域典型林草地的侵蚀特征,为农业工程和流域治理提供依据,采用137Cs土壤侵蚀核素示踪技术,按野外采样、核素检测、模型计算三步开展研究。结果表明,6个本底区域的137Cs面积活度为1 600～2 402 Bq/m2,平均值为2 022 Bq/m2;本底区域和未扰动的林草地,剖面核素活度随深度呈指数递减分布;采样荒草地为轻度侵蚀,林地为沉积或无明显流失,退耕还林用地为中度侵蚀;侵蚀强度：林草地＜荒草地＜退耕还林用地;对于同坡面的不同坡位,侵蚀强度：坡面上部＞中部＞下部;植被发育程度影响侵蚀量的大小,对于同一土地利用类型,通常植被覆盖度越高,侵蚀速率越小,反之侵蚀速率越大。     

黄河中游多沙粗沙区侵蚀产沙与植被相互作用的临界现象

黄河中游多沙粗沙区是黄土高原境内侵蚀最为强烈的地区,也是下游河道强烈淤积的主要物源区。该区的土壤侵蚀受到多重因素的复合作用,植被作为其最显著的影响因子之一而广受关注。以统计资料为依据,论述了研究区侵蚀模数、林草覆盖度和林木覆盖度的空间分布特征,发现一些相对较大的侵蚀模数与植被覆盖度之间具有良好的非线性关系。将这些相对较大的侵蚀模数定义为极端侵蚀模数——相似植被覆盖度条件下的最大侵蚀模数,并拟合出它们与林草和林木覆盖度之间的定量函数关系,得出极端侵蚀模数由增加到减小的临界林草覆盖度为24.2%,临界林木覆盖度为12%。这就是说,在其它复合因素不发生明显改变的情况下,当研究区林草覆盖度小于24.2%或林木覆盖度小于12%时,极端侵蚀模数随着林草或林木覆盖度的增大而增大;当覆盖度大于上述临界值后,极端侵蚀模数则随之减小。该研究成果对于更有效地管理黄河中游流域具有一定的指导意义。     

河北省表层土壤可侵蚀性K值评估与分析

利用河北土系调查成果中的土壤颗粒组成、土地利用及土壤化学性质等资料,利用EPIC模型中土壤可蚀性K值算法以及结合地统计学方法,研究了不同土壤类型、不同质地及不同土地利用类型的土壤可侵蚀性K值和土壤可侵蚀性K值的空间变异特征。结果表明:1河北土壤可侵蚀性K值平均为0.27,其变化范围为0.12~0.40,土壤可蚀性K值在0.30~0.35之间易蚀性土壤面积占总土地面积的63.71%,土壤可蚀性K值在0.25~0.3之间较易蚀性土壤面积占总土地面积的21.52%,这说明该省易蚀性土壤面积较大。2不同质地的K值之间显著性差异,粉砂黏壤质的可侵蚀性K值最大,为0.37;壤砂质的可侵蚀性K值最小,为0.13。而在不同的土地利用类型之间的K值差异性不显著,耕地的K值最大,为0.33;草地的K值最小,为0.22。3河北土壤可侵蚀性K值存在较强的变异性,其变异系数为29%。因此,在土壤侵蚀定量监测、评价水土流失时,应考虑土壤可蚀性K值的这种空间变异状况。块金值/基台值为37.3%,表明在变程内具有中等强度的空间相关性。步长为23 km,变程为440 km,变程远大于步长,表明在小流域尺度下有较好的空间相关性,进行Kriging插值能得到较准确的结果。4河北土壤可蚀性K值大体呈现南高北低的空间分布特征,南部主要是耕作栽培区,北部主要是自然植被区。该研究结果为宏观大尺度土壤资源可持续利用与制定水土保持规划提供科学依据。