不同含水率下生土导热系数测试及对建筑能耗的影响

为研究不同含水率对生土材料热工性能及对生土建筑能耗的影响，分别从陕西西安、新疆吐鲁番、西藏拉萨采集当地土样并加工成同一密度级的土坯试件，测试了从绝干到湿饱和状态下各种生土导热系数的变化规律。采用建筑能耗动态模拟结合敏感性分析，研究了上述3种土样在不同含水率下导热系数变化对建筑能耗的影响规律。结果表明，含水率与生土导热系数成线性相关；含水率对生土建筑耗热量的影响具有显著的地域性差异；新疆生土在墙体湿度增大情况下建筑能耗增加幅度最小。     

Study on Heat Insulation and Use of Passive Evaporated Roof

According to different construction ways and materials, three kinds of roof, that is ,passive evaporated roof with freedom water surface , water stored roof by means of pore material and hygroscopic roof,are introduced in this paper . Meanwhile the theory of heat insulation and energy efficiency on passive evaporation roofs and suitable weather and places to be used are also discussed .The results show that all kinds of passive evaporated roofs have high efficiency in heat insulation because of water's high specific heat and large quantity of absorbed latent heat,and that they can be adopted according to the practical local weather ,natural resource and economical development.     

Energy crops: Prospects in the context of sustainable agriculture

The objectives of this review are to analyse the potential of bioenergy crops development in European agriculture and to identify research objectives based on transformation technologies. Bioenergy is the chemical energy stored in organic material, which can be directly converted into useful energy sources by biological, mechanical or thermochemical processes. The substitution of food crops with energy crops and the demand for agricultural raw materials for liquid biofuel production will affect agriculture over the next decade and possibly beyond. It is expected that both second-generation biofuel production technology and energy crops used will be more efficient than first-generation. Nonetheless, there are still technical limitations for crop growth and fuel production from second-generation technology. In general, many of the crops that could supply the raw materials for second-generation biofuels are largely undomesticated and are in the first stages of development and management. The development of specific crops dedicated to energy has been proposed as a strategy to produce energy without affecting food security and the environment. The research seeks to develop enzymatic systems for the cost-efficient decomposition of cellulose into its molecular sugar components, which can then be fermented to produce ethanol. This biorefinery of crops into multiple products, including energy, chemical products and materials, will augment the overall value of the biomass. Clearly, multidisciplinary research is necessary to address sustainable biofuel production.     

城市公园灰空间研究——以哈尔滨太阳岛公园为例

"灰空间"作为一个建筑概念被提出,主要指连接室内外的过渡空间。近年来,灰空间也逐渐被应用到园林领域。基于建筑和园林灰空间的研究,提出了城市公园灰空间的定义,确定了其属性、形态、密度和类型,并以哈尔滨太阳岛公园内12处灰空间为研究对象,按形态将其分为4类,结合属性、密度、类型3个方面进行实例分析,以期通过分析对未来城市公园的设计起到积极的作用。     

Three-Way and Four-Way Recurrent Selection in Plant Breeding

Three or four-way recurrent selection is proposed for the development of three or four-way crosses. In term of genetic effects, it could be justified if there are interactions between more than three genes, whether alleles or not, if autopolyploids are also considered. For autotetraploids, in particular with tetragenic interaction, four-way recurrent selection could be more effective than reciprocal recurrent selection (two-way selection). According to the types of progenies used to develop the tests, different selection procedures are considered, the two extremes being called method 1 and method 3. With method 1 (selection for three or four-way general combining ability) a plant from a population is used to produce three-way or four-way progenies with the other populations used as testers. With method 3 (selection for three or four-way specific combining ability) three-way or four-way crosses are developed with one plant from each population. To study the genetic advance, the theory is developed to consider either diploidy or autotetraploidy. It is shown that method 3 will allow a greater genetic advance than method 1 for low heritability and low selection intensity. The way towards hybrid development with three and four-way pedigree selection is discussed: again selection can be for general or specific three or four-way combining ability. It is emphasized that an advantage of recurrent selection for three or four-way specific combining ability is that it allows direct varietal development with pedigree selection on three or four-way specific combining ability. Some other practical aspects are also considered.     

基于BP神经网络的土壤容重预测模型

土壤容重是农业生产和研究的重要参数,但因成本高、工作量大等原因,其获取仍是一个紧迫的问题。数学建模技术使得科研人员尝试使用土壤传递函数PTFs间接获取土壤容重值。本研究以复合圆锥指数仪为工具,探讨应用BP神经网络建立PTFs预测土壤容重。选取粘土和粉质壤土作为实验对象,在MATLAB2008a上建立、并评价预测土壤容重的BP神经网络,即PTFs模型。研究中以均方根误差RMSE和决定系数R²为性能指标来评价所建BP神经网络。结果表明,针对复合圆锥指数仪的测量结果,应用BP神经网络算法建立PTFs可以有效预测土壤容重。粘土容重预测的决定系数R²达到0.6973,粉质壤土容重预测的决定系数R²达到0.6868。实验结果还证实土壤容重预测与测量深度无关,但与土壤类型显著相关。     

棉株载铃量对其主要生育性状的影响

采用 熟性不同 的３ 个陆 地棉 品种 ,在 肥水 充 足的 生 长条 件下 ,研 究了 棉 株不 同载 铃 量对其主要 生育性状 的影响 。结果表 明, 棉株 载铃 量 对株 高、果枝 总长 、果 节总 数均 有 极强 的 影响 ,其影响强 度随载 铃量的增 加而增加 ,累积 影 响量 随棉 株 生长 发 育时 间的 延 长而 增大 ;但 棉株 载 铃量对主茎 节数、果 节平均长 度影响 不显 著。 由此 分析 了 蕾铃 脱 落和 棉株 旺 长之 间的 关 系,以 及 棉株在一定 地力条 件下适宜 的单株载 铃量。     

Comparison on Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Electric Properties of Three Types of Vegetable Insulating Oil

Three types of vegetable oil, transgenic rapeseed oil, transgenic peanut oil and cotton-seed oil, are used as raw materials in experiments to obtain the refined insulating oil. The dosage of reagent in experiments is studied for vegetable insulating oil refinement. Furthermore, basic physical and chemical properties of the three types of vegetable insulating oil are analyzed. The electrical properties including breakdown voltage, dissipation factor, dielectric constant, and volume resistance are studied and presented. By compared with each item of properties of the three types of vegetable insulating oil, rapeseed-oil-based insulating oil is considered to possess the best properties due to the fact that it is more abundant of mono-unsaturated fatty acid than the other two types of insulating oil.     

大白菜种质资源的遗传多样性分析

采用RAPD技术对64份大白菜种质资源的遗传多样性进行了研究。从OPE,OPF,OPG和OPH 4套共80条引物中选出了16个条带清晰、且具有多态性的引物分析供试材料,结果共产生100条扩增带,其中72条带具有多态性,多态性频率平均为72%。由RAPD分析结果可初步得出芜菁、小白菜和大白菜的特征谱带,这些特征谱带可分别作为这3个亚种的RAPD标记,据此可鉴定这3个亚种。将扩增出来的72条多态性片断进行统计,采用UPGMA进行聚类分析,取相似距离0.721为阈值,将大白菜种质资源分为6个类群,而小白菜(66号,苏州青)和芜菁(67号)各成一类,共8个类群。     

不同林地土壤有机碳储量及垂直分布特征

本文研究了黄土高原子午岭林区天然柴松林、辽东栎林及人工油松林3种林地土壤有机碳储量及其垂直分布特征。结果表明：1) 3种林地土壤有机碳含量分别为13.67g/kg、13.95g/kg、11.43g/kg,并随着土壤深度的增加呈现递减的趋势,不同林分变化幅度差异不同,且各土层间达到显著性水平;2) 3种林地土壤有机碳密度差异显著,土层间变化范围为0.53～3.53 kg/m2,并随土壤深度增加而减少。整个土壤垂直剖面,碳密度在9.38～11.43 kg/m2 之间,其中0-50cm深度碳密度的贡献率达80%以上;3) 3种林地土壤碳储量偏低,平均为105.2t/hm2;林分间差异较大。     

甘蓝枯萎病抗性基因FOC1序列分析及抗性相关变异位点分析

旨在发掘甘蓝抗枯萎病基因FOC1中与抗性相关的特异性单核苷酸多态性(SNP),为进一步开发FOC1特异分子标记提供理论依据。在对11份甘蓝自交系材料枯萎病抗病表型鉴定基础上,通过基因测序,对每份材料中FOC1等位基因及相应的氨基酸序列变异进行分析。结果表明,FOC1等位基因序列之间共存在92处SNP变异和2处Indel变异,其中包含C381A/G等18个在抗、感材料中表现出特异性差异的SNPs。此18个特异的SNP中转换型比率为86.11%、颠换型比率为13.89%,4种碱基变异率以T/C、G/A最高,分别占47.22%和38.89%,而C/G和A/C变异率共占13.89%。本研究也发现抗、感材料中存在4个特异的SNP,可造成3个氨基酸的变化。     

不同施肥量及种植密度对拉萨大黄产量的影响

为昆药集团新药研制提供优质的原药材,对采自西藏地区的拉萨大黄进行引种栽培,研究了不同施肥量及种植密度对拉萨大黄产量的影响。采用施肥量与种植密度的L9(34)正交试验设计,共有4个试验因素,分别为施氮量N、施磷量P、施钾量K和种植密度,每个因素均设3个不同的试验水平。运用直观及方差分析方法对不同处理的拉萨大黄鲜根产量进行分析。结果表明：对拉萨大黄产量的影响的主次因素为施氮量、施钾量、种植密度、施磷量,其中施氮量、施钾量、种植密度对拉萨大黄产量的影响均达极显著水平(P＜0.01)。在云南丽江地区种植拉萨大黄的氮、磷、钾适宜施用量分别为纯N 450 kg/hm2、P2O5 0 kg/hm2、K2O 450 kg/hm2,适宜种植密度为9万株/hm2。     

Evaluation of a lucerne germplasm collection in relation to traits conferring grazing tolerance

Summary A collection of 90 accessions of different germplasm groups from the Medicago sativa complex was evaluated at Lodi, Italy, for dry-matter yield, time to anthesis, height of regrowth, plant diameter, stem density, vegetative recovery after winter, and presence of deep-set crown and ability to spread with creeping roots or rhizomes, these latter characters possibly contributing to grazing tolerance. The germplasm groups proved rather distinct for these traits, but all included types potentially suitable for grazing. Interesting types combining deep-set crown and high yield occurred mainly in subsp. x varia and materials originated from artificial crosses involving at various extent the subspecies falcata, sativa and x varia. Though belonging to subsp. sativa, mielga wild populations from Spain had aerial traits similar to those of the long-dormant, low-yielding subsp. falcata. Deep-crowned plants had greater plant diameter than shallow-crowned plants, and could be categorised into four distinct top-growth models according to their habit and vigour. One of these models combined spreading ability with high yield. The about 150 plants selected for their combination of deep crown, wide diameter, and good yield were characterised by a branch-rooted system. There was general correspondence between top-growth and root morphology of each model. Of the four deep-crowned models, three had rhizomes, with wide range of underground development and morphology, while the fourth had creeping roots. The latter model was the most rare among the examined accessions, never appearing in either cultivated or wild subsp. sativa. The implications of the results on the development of grazing-tolerant lucerne varieties are discussed.     

玉米籽粒水分的快测法误差分析

以山西省中晚熟区域试验中37个玉米品种为试验材料,用PM-8188-A型谷物水分测定仪在4个环境温度下对玉米籽粒含水率进行水分快测,与传统标准烘干法测定值比较,利用回归分析建立对应的玉米籽粒真实水分数学方程,减小了电容式快测法在田间测定玉米籽粒水分过程中受环境温度影响而导致的误差,对育种家在田间选择含水率低的玉米品种方面具有一定应用价值。温度为10℃~25℃时,电容式快测法测定值随着温度的提高有变大趋势,20℃时测定的误差值最小。     

不同有机物料对烤烟根系特征及氮磷钾积累量的影响

为探索不同有机物料对烤烟根系特征及地上部氮磷钾积累量的作用效果,以‘云烟87’为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究了汽爆秸秆、草炭和生物炭3种有机物料对植烟土壤理化特性、根系特征以及地上部N、P、K积累量的影响。结果表明：添加有机物料,尤其是添加生物炭和草炭后,植烟土壤容重和总孔隙度等物理性状得到明显改善;与汽爆秸秆相比生物炭或草炭处理下层土壤、距主根轴较远土壤内的根长密度更大,一级侧根和不定根发育更好;有机物料处理后土壤中的有机质、碱解氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量显著提高,其中以生物炭和草炭处理效果最明显;根系特征与植株地上部N、P、K积累量间的典型相关性分析表明,两者间存在正向相关性,相关性达0.999。有机物料能够改善土壤性状,增加土壤有效养分含量,促进根系发育、深扎和扩散,提高地上部的氮磷钾积累量,其中以生物炭处理效果最显著,其次是草炭。     

不同类型玉米品种果穗维管束的比较研究

选用不同株型和穗型的3个玉米高产杂交种掖单4号、掖单13和沈单7号,利用植物显微技术与生理生化相结合的方法,比较了不同品种间果穗维管束发育的差异及对种植密度的响应,激素对维管束发育的调控。结果表明,在穗柄（轴）大维管束数、总维管束数、单个大维管束的平均面积、大维管束总面积、维管束总面积上,大穗型品种掖单13和沈单7号显著优于小穗型品种掖单4号;在维管束密度及维管束相对面积上,则紧凑型品种掖单4号和掖单13大于平展型品种沈单7号;密度对果穗维管束的数目、面积及穗粒库容影响显著,不同类型品种间对密度的反应有差异;促进类生长调节剂GA3和6-BA处理能显著增加穗柄内大维管束的数目和面积,显著增加籽粒体积,提高单粒胚乳细胞数和千粒重。     

马铃薯叶型和种植密度对产量组分的影响

最佳种植密度有利于对不同叶型马铃薯品种的田间管理,而且在高产同时可以获得最佳产量组分。为研究马铃薯叶型和种植密度的相互关系,找到不同叶型品种的最佳种植密度,选取株型直立的中晚熟代表品种Atlantic（叶上冲型）和甘农薯7号（叶平展型）,固定行距70cm,设置30、25、20、15和10cm 5个株距,测定了植株性状、叶绿素荧光参数和块茎产量组分,并分析了不同种植密度下2个品种性状差异以及植株性状和产量组分之间的相关性。田间鉴定表明,随着种植密度的增加,2个品种的株高、节间距、披垂度和叶面积指数增加,茎粗、垂角和叶夹角降低,光合系统Ⅱ最大光化学效率F_v/F_m增加,但实际光化学效率Φ_PSII降低。相对于叶上冲型品种Atlantic,叶平展型品种甘农薯7号披垂值显著增加。株距为15~30cm时,2个品种种植密度的提高均可以显著增加单株产量、单株结薯数和小区产量。结果表明,叶平展型品种甘农薯7号在株距25cm、叶上冲型品种Atlantic在株距20cm时,植株冠层结构分布最佳,商品薯率和小区产量较高,为最适种植密度。     

选区激光熔化TC4生物腐蚀和生物相容性分析

选区激光熔化(SLM)为降低TC4钛合金医用植入体的弹性模量、减小应力屏蔽效应提供了一种有效的解决方案,但这种材料在投入实际应用前尚需有充分的生物安全性评价。采用SLM技术制备出致密度为99.5%的TC4合金,通过电化学实验、溶血实验和细胞毒性实验测试了SLM成形TC4的生物腐蚀性能和生物相容性,并与传统铸轧工艺制备的合金进行了对比。实验结果表明：前者相比于后者有着更好的耐蚀性能,并且SLM成形TC4还具有优良的生物相容性,在生物医用植入物方面展现出很好的应用前景。