甘肃连城国家级自然保护区地栖鸟兽红外相机初步监测

为了解甘肃省连城自然保护区内野生动物资源现状,于2017年8月至2018年7月,在保护区内布设61台红外相机并开展调查工作。结果共记录到兽类4目9科15种,鸟类4目18科42种,其中梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)、林麝(Moschus berezovskii)、马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)、斑尾榛鸡(Bonasa sewerzowi)为国家Ⅰ级重点保护野生动物,马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、青鼬(Martes flavigula)、荒漠猫(Felis bieti)、血雉(Ithaginis cruentus)、蓝马鸡(Crossoptilon auritum)为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物。相对丰富度最高的5种动物为狍(Capreolus pygargus)、喜马拉雅旱獭(Marmota himalayana)、赤狐(Vulpes vulpes)、猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)、蓝马鸡(Crossoptilon auritum)。兽类和鸟类物种数月变化均较为明显,2018年6月最多,2017年12月至2018年1、2月受冬眠和迁徙影响相对较低。本研究提供了甘肃省连城自然保护区部分地栖兽类和鸟类资源的最新现状,同时丰富了祁连山鸟兽调查数据,为祁连山国家公园体制建设及保护区生物多样性监测提供基础资料。研究表明红外相机在调查大中型兽类、地栖性鸟类以及夜行性动物方面具有明显的优势,而对于小型兽类和非地栖性鸟类则有一定的局限性。     

东北虎豹国家公园黑龙江东宁片区人兽冲突现状调查分析

针对人兽冲突现状、补偿情况、野生动物保护态度等问题,通过入户访谈、调查问卷的方式对东北虎豹国家公园东宁片区两个乡镇5个村屯的居民进行了调查。结果显示,发生冲突率47.28%,人兽冲突形式有粮食减产、捕食家畜和人身伤害,造成损害的野生动物物种主要包括野猪、黑熊、东北虎、东北豹、马鹿和狍。造成的平均经济损失为8796.9元/年,其中农牧业损失最大,为10373.3元/年。但大部分野生动物损害未能得到补偿,仅1户得到了1000元的补偿款。人兽冲突的预防和缓解措施包括:规范当地居民的生产生活行为,禁止非法狩猎、在禁牧区放牧等活动;对东北虎及其他重点保护野生动物造成的损害采取经济补偿办法,建立东北虎损害保险制度;加强宣传,提高居民对东北虎等野生动物的保护意愿。     

东北虎一年繁殖两胎五仔

哈尔滨市动物园东北虎繁殖研究组,1980年进行了东北虎一年繁殖两胎的试验,已经获得初步成功,现将试验结果报导如下: 前言东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica Temm)是国内外著名的珍贵观赏动物,虎骨是名贵的药材,虎皮是珍贵的装饰品,虎全身都是宝。但目前数量稀少,因此饲养繁殖     

东北地区三种鹿科动物潜在栖息地预测与保护空缺分析

栖息地是野生动物赖以生存的根本,掌握物种潜在栖息地的空间分布及其与环境因子的关系可以加强对物种的保护。鹿科(Cervidae)动物是东北地区森林等生态系统不可或缺的一部分,本研究选取东北地区3种鹿科动物马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)、驼鹿(Alces alces)为研究对象,通过查阅文献、全球生物多样性信息网络数据库(GBIF)以及部分外业数据得到物种分布点,运用MaxEnt软件对3种鹿科动物进行潜在栖息地预测,模型AUC值如下:马鹿0.939,梅花鹿0.991以及驼鹿0.861。将模拟得到的潜在栖息地与东北地区保护区叠加进行保护空缺分析。模型模拟得出的潜在栖息地占整个东北地区面积:马鹿(25.85%)、梅花鹿(0.99%)以及驼鹿(13.83%);潜在栖息地被现有保护区覆盖率:马鹿(10.03%)、梅花鹿(21.70%)、驼鹿(8.85%),尚有大部分潜在栖息地未得到自然保护区覆盖。上述研究结果对这3种国家级保护鹿科动物的保护管理规划的制定提供了有益参考。     

两处发现东北虎踪迹的分析

1988年11月在黑龙江省完达山东方红林业局奇源、五林洞林场发现三只东北虎踪迹后,(89年冬被打死一只)相隔13个月,1990年1月5日在张广才岭方正林区进行野生动物调查时又发现一东北虎的踪迹。两次发现国家一级保护动物。东北虎的最新活动情况,引起了人们的普遍关注。     

东北虎雄性生殖器官观察

<正>东北虎(FelistigrisaltaicaTemminck)是世界上的稀有动物,也是我国的珍贵动物之一。为促进东北虎的繁殖发育和今后对东北虎人工授精技术的开展,于今年四月份,我们对一只年龄在十二岁左右的雄性东北虎尸体的生殖器官进行了剖检观察,现报告如下。     

人工哺育幼东北虎代谢性白内障病的早期诊治

东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)是一种珍稀濒危的大型猛兽。深圳野生动物园东北虎的散放区里放养着二十几只东北虎。由于人工哺育东北虎难度较大,发病率高。特别是营养代谢方面的疾病时有发生,幼虎代谢性白内障就是其中之一。该     

一例东北虎截肢术

正东北虎属哺乳纲食肉目猫科,是现存体型最大的猫科动物,又叫西伯利亚虎,为国家一级保护动物。2011年4月2日笔者接诊一只右前肢肿瘤破溃感染且久治不愈的东北虎,对其实施了截肢术。现报道如下。1发病情况该虎雌性,5岁,曾产两胎,体重约150kg。就诊一年前右前肢腕关节处长一肿物,逐渐增大。一月前已有鹅蛋大小,被虎舔破,后发炎。使用清创消炎等方法无效,破溃面积不断扩大。     

东北梅花鹿与东北马鹿最佳种群结构的数学模型

为了使东北梅花鹿(Cervus nippon hortulorum)和东北马鹿(Cervus canadensis)在现有数量的基础上获得最大的经济收益,本文用系统分析法对其种群结构进行了研究。所得种群结构状态的矩阵模型为,X_((?)+1)=A·X_(?)-C。其中,AX_t为鹿群自然变动情况;C为人为控制量;所得线性规划模型为: 根据对典型鹿场多年调查所获数据,利用本线性规划模型,得出了这两种鹿的最佳种群结构。该结构与现行相比,每1000头的鹿场年增加净收益,梅花鹿为117675.35元;马鹿为127080.64元。若全国范围内应用本结构,其经济收益相当可观。     

利用触发相机在中国湖南省壶瓶山国家级自然保护区追踪华南虎

2001—2003年的20个月里,我们在中国湖南省壶瓶山国家级自然保护区内设置了一些触发相机,以确定该地区是否存在华南虎（Pantheratigrisamoyensis）。共设置r3种触发相机,包括TrailMaster（美国）的主动式和被动式相机以及WildlifeTwo（中国深圳）的被动式相机。首先在保护区西部沿着小路和动物足迹放置了一些相机。之后又从2002年开始在保护区东部追加放置了一些相机,这是因为有村民报告在这一区域发生了家畜丢失,发现猫科动物足迹以及听到吼叫声。在2002年5月到2003年12月的20个月期间,共8307个拍摄日,获得6180张照片,其中有1437张包括野生动物（平均每100个拍摄日17张野生动物照片）。合计拍摄到33种野生动物。,野猪（Susscrofa）、红腹锦鸡（Chrysolophuspictu．s）和毛冠鹿（Elaphoduscephalophus）是被拍摄最频繁的物种。既没有拍到虎和其他大型猫科动物,也没有拍到水鹿（Cervusunicolor）这种虎重要的猎物。最频繁被拍摄到的猫科动物是豹猫（Prionailurusbengalensis）。村民偶尔报告的掠走山羊的事件可能是豹（Pantherapardta）造成的,但是不能确定。利用触发相机调查超过1000d没有拍摄到虎,这一充分的证据足以支持该调查区没有虎的结论（d=0．05）。20个月超过8300个拍摄日没有在壶瓶山拍摄到虎,显示该地区没有虎。值得注意的结果是拍到红腹锦鸡、黄喉貂（Martesflavigula）、毛冠鹿和黑熊（Ursusthibetanus）的频率很高。这些物种是中国或国际受保护物种,包括被列为国内受保护物种,或同时列为国际受保护物种,又或者像毛冠鹿这种几乎是未知的物种。壶瓶山国家级自然保护区附近有3个保护区。我们讨论建议将这4个保护区合并为一个更大的保护地域来保护虎及其猎物。并且在此简要地评论了我们使用的3种触发相机的性能。     

A comparison of food habits and prey preferences of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at the southwest Primorskii Krai in Russia and Hunchun in China

A small, isolated Amur tiger population ranges across the southwest Primorskii Krai region in Russia and Hunchun region in China. Many individuals, with “dual nationality,” cross the border frequently. Formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger food requirements in both countries. While the diets of tigers ranging in Russia is clearly understood, little is known of the tigers' feeding habits in China.. We used scat analysis combined with data on the abundance of 4 prey species to examine Amur tiger diet and prey preferences in Hunchun. We examined 53 tiger scat samples from 2011 to 2016 and found that tigers preyed on 12 species (11 species in winter), 4 of which were domestic animals with 33.58% biomass contribution; this was the first record of Amur tigers eating lynx in this area. Tigers showed a strong preference for wild boar (Jacobs index: +0.849), which were also the most frequently consumed prey, and a strong avoidance of roe deer (Jacobs index: ?0.693). On the Russian side, domestic animals (just dog) were rarely found in tiger scat, and tigers did not show strong avoidance of roe deer, but of sika deer. We also found red deer footprints during winter surveys and that tigers ate red deer on the Chinese side, while there was no record of red deer feeding on the Russian side. Reducing or eliminating human disturbance, such as grazing, is essential to recovering tiger prey and habitat in this area and the Sino‐Russian joint ungulate annual survey is indispensable for prey estimates of this small, isolated Amur tiger population.     

Free-ranging livestock altered the spatiotemporal behavior of the endangered North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) and its prey and intensified human–leopard conflicts

Widespread distribution of livestock in the natural habitats of large carnivores may negatively impact carnivore populations by reducing wild prey availability and increasing human–carnivore conflicts. In this study, we used camera-trapping data collected in the temperate forests of the Taihang Mountains in North China during 2016–2019 to examine whether and how free-ranging cattle affected habitat use and Diel activity patterns of the endangered North Chinese leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) and its 2 wild prey species, Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), and wild boar (Sus scrofa). Residents were also interviewed to record livestock depredation events by leopards during 2015–2019. We found that roe deer spatially avoided sites frequented by cattle, but wild boar did not. In the growing seasons, leopards shared habitats with cattle and tended to increase their diurnal activities where cattle were present. All 3 study species exhibited fine-scale spatial-temporal segregation to cattle. Leopards selectively preyed on calves over adult cattle and livestock depredation frequency was positively correlated with the detection rates of cattle and wild prey, but not that of leopard. These findings not only show that through behavioral adaption large carnivores and their ungulate prey may persist under livestock disturbance, but also highlight how important proper livestock management is for conserving North Chinese leopards in this region. To enhance livestock management and mitigate human–leopard conflicts, we recommend specific actions, such as better guarding of free-ranging cattle or adoption of a captive farming system.     

Immunoglobulin G class identification from wild ungulates by cross-reactivity with antisera to domestic animals

Seven species of Spanish ungulates were tested for the presence of homologous immunoglobulin G (IgG) with a gel-diffusion test using bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine IgG antisera. Homologous ovine and caprine IgG were detected in sera from chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica), Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica), mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon), red deer (Cervus elaphus), fallow deer (Dama dama) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Homologous porcine IgG was detected in wild boar (Sus scrofa) serum. Immunoelectrophoretic assays were performed to compare the electrophoretic mobility of IgG from domestic and wild species.     

Presence–absence surveys of prey and their use in predicting leopard (Panthera pardus) densities: a case study from Armenia

It is important to predict how many individuals of a predator species can survive in a given area on the basis of prey sufficiency and to compare predictive estimates with actual numbers to understand whether or not key threats are related to prey availability. Rugged terrain and low detection probabilities do not allow for the use of traditional prey count techniques in mountain areas. We used presence–absence occupancy modeling and camera‐trapping to estimate the abundance and densities of prey species and regression analysis to predict leopard (Panthera pardus) densities from estimated prey biomass in the mountains of the Nuvadi area, Meghri Ridge, southern Armenia. The prey densities were 12.94 ± 2.18 individuals km^?2 for the bezoar goat (Capra aegagrus), 6.88 ± 1.56 for the wild boar (Sus scrofa) and 0.44 ± 0.20 for the roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). The detection probability of the prey was a strong function of the activity patterns, and was highest in diurnal bezoar goats (0.59 ± 0.09). Based on robust regression, the estimated total ungulate prey biomass (720.37 ± 142.72 kg km^?2) can support a leopard density of 7. 18 ± 3.06 individuals 100 km^?2. The actual leopard density is only 0.34 individuals 100 km^?2 (i.e. one subadult male recorded over the 296.9 km²), estimated from tracking and camera‐trapping. The most plausible explanation for this discrepancy between predicted and actual leopard density is that poaching and disturbance caused by livestock breeding, plant gathering, deforestation and human‐induced wild fires are affecting the leopard population in Armenia.     

Hepatitis E Virus Antibody Prevalence in Wildlife in Poland

Hepatitis E is an important public health problem mostly in developing but occasionally also in industrialized countries. Domestic and wildlife animals are considered reservoirs of the hepatitis E virus (HEV). Since no information on the prevalence of autochthonous HEV infections in human and animal in Poland is available, the aim of the study was to investigate the HEV seroprevalence of different wildlife species as potential virus reservoirs in the country. No HEV antibodies were found in any of the sera collected from the red deer (Cervus elaphus), European bison (Bison bonasus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), elk (Alces alces), fallow deer (Dama dama), sika deer (Cervus nippon), Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica) or brown bear (Ursus arctos). HEV‐specific antibodies were detected in 44.4% (95% CI 38.3–50.7) serum samples originated only from wild boars. The percentage of seropositive wild boars differed significantly between the provinces and was positively correlated with the wild boar density and rurality of the area. This study showed that HEV circulates among wild boar population in Poland, and this species should be considered as an important reservoir of the virus.     

Serological surveillance for Tahyna virus (California encephalitis orthobunyavirus,Peribunyaviridae) neutralizing antibodies in wild ungulates in Austria,Hungary and Romania

A serosurvey for Tahyna virus (TAHV), a mosquito‐borne California encephalitis orthobunyavirus (Peribunyaviridae) endemic to Europe, was performed to estimate the activity of TAHV on a broad geographic scale. Sera from wild boar (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) were collected from Austria, Hungary and Romania. Samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against TAHV using a virus microneutralization assay. The results demonstrate that TAHV transmission to mammals is widespread in Europe, particularly in the wild boar population where the mean rate of seroconversion is 15.2%.     

Seroprevalence of pestivirus in four species of alpine wild ungulates in the High Valley of Susa, Italy

Wildlife, once infected, can serve as a reservoir of infectious diseases that form a constant threat to domestic livestock. To make control and eradication programs successful in the long-term, presence of pestivirus in wildlife populations should be monitored. The goal of this study was to investigate seroprevalence of pestivirus in four alpine wild ungulates in the High Valley of Susa, north-west Italy. Species studied were: red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), wild boar (Sus scrofa) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). A further goal was using virus neutralisation tests (VNT) for four strains of pestivirus in chamois and wild boar. Three hundred and seventy-five serum samples collected during the hunting season of 1999 were tested for pestivirus specific antibodies. Positive sera of chamois and wild boar were subsequently tested in a VNT with four major subtypes of pestivirus, and virus isolation was performed. No antibodies were found in the 73 samples of roe deer, while 7 (12.5%), 8 (5.9%) and 28 (25.5%) of 56, 136 and 110 samples of wild boar, red deer and chamois were ELISA-positive, respectively. Different ranges of titers were found in the VNT and no pestivirus was isolated in the ELISA-positive wild boar and chamois samples. Several possibilities, which might explain the high seroprevalence in chamois are discussed. Pestivirus antibodies were found in three out of four large alpine ungulates in the High Valley of Susa. Seroprevalence was particularly high in chamois. Further investigation is needed to characterise the pestiviruses that circulate in these animals.