野生动物肇事损害补偿调查

对云南、吉林、陕西和西藏4省、自治区的野生动物肇事损害补偿调查表明：野生动物损毁农林作物,伤害人、畜,危害损失逐年加重。主要种类有亚洲象、东北虎、羚牛、黑熊、野猪等,多发生在自然保护区和边远贫困山区。野生动物数量增加、人口增长、人为防范意识不强等是导致野生动物肇事损害严重的主要原因。4省、自治区采取多种措施,实施了野生动物肇事损害的补偿。当前,应尽快修改不适应的法律法规,扩大肇事损害补偿的野生动物范围,明确补偿责任;国家和省财政应加大野生动物肇事损害补偿的投入,降低地、县财政的分摊比例,提高补偿标准;做好野生动物肇事损害的防范措施;安排必要的补偿核查经费;推动全国实施野生动物肇事损害的补偿工作。     

吉林省野生动物损害特点及补偿工作评价

分析了2007~2013年吉林省野生动物损害补偿案件,结果表明野生动物损害案件数量逐年上升,野猪造成的损害占94.07%,其中99.94%为损害农作物,东北虎损害案件占1.38%,其中捕食家畜占99.72%。白山、延边地区是损害发生主要地区,其中长白、靖字、安图、汪清、珲春案件数量占全省数量62.33%。通过问卷调查和专家评估,研究表明吉林省野生动物损害补偿运行良好,补偿工作在政策支撑、案件处理方面专家评分较高,而损害案件补偿过程中在运行经费、监督检查、信息处理、科学研究等方面存在不足,应在今后工作中进行调整。     

中国野生东北虎种群恢复工程建设进程国际研讨会在珲春召开

2002年12月2至3日,经国际野生生物保护学会(WCS)提议,WCS中国项目、吉林省林业厅、黑龙江省林业厅共同主持的“中国野生东北虎种群恢复工程建设进程国际研讨会”在珲春自然保护区管理局召开。国内外有关东北虎野外种群保护方面的专家和各级专业主管部门的领导共33人参加了会议。 会议上重点讨论了建议跨省界、国界的东北虎保护区,东北虎栖息地的保护、生态走廊建设以及野生动物的损害补偿问题,提出了许多建设性的意见和想法。会议决定成立中国野生东北虎保     

食源性人兽共患细菌病及其防控

人兽共患病是指可使人和动物（包括野生动物）都患病的疾病的总称,其中包括将疾病由动物及其产品传染给人和人将疾病传染给动物。近30年间,全球陆续发现了30多种新出现传染病和一批再度出现的老传染病,严重威胁着人类的健康,其中绝大部分是人兽共患病。目前,已证实的人兽共患病有200多种,其中我国大约有130多种。人兽共患病不仅造成畜牧业直接的巨大经济损失（每年数百亿元）,     

食源性人兽共患细菌病及其防控

人兽共患病是指可使人和动物（包括野生动物）都患病的疾病的总称，其中包括将疾病由动物及其产品传染给人和人将疾病传染给动物。近30年间，全球陆续发现了30多种新出现传染病和一批再度出现的老传染病，严重威胁着人类的健康，其中绝大部分是人兽共患病。目前，已证实的人兽共患病有200多种，其中我国大约有130多种。人兽共患病不仅造成畜牧业直接的巨大经济损失（每年数百亿元），     

东北虎高原肺心病一例

东北虎属世界濒危物种之一，为我国一级保护野生动物，主要分布于我国黑龙江、吉林、俄罗斯和西伯利亚一带的森林中，以草食性动物鹿、狍等为食。目前，野外东北虎十分稀少，已达濒危状态。为了有效的保护东北虎，中国各个动物园均加强了东北虎的移地保护工作，相继开展了东北虎的繁殖和人工育幼研究。动物园中饲养的东北虎常因环境变化，     

黑龙江省境内东北虎活动踪迹的最新发现

1988年11月～1989年1月,黑龙江省野生动物研究所在东方红林业局野生动物资源调查中发现了野生东北虎的活动踪迹,现报导如下: 东方红林业局位于黑龙江省东部完达山山脉,与苏联境内东北虎栖息较多的比金河和诺沃波克罗夫卡两个地区隔江相望。地理坐标为东经132°27′～134°05′;北纬46°47′～47°17′。1988年12月11日下午,该所东方红野生动物调查队的五名队员,在虎的目击者(八五三国营农场五十八团二十连工人张某)的带领下,在河口林场6支线上发现了一条野生东北虎的足迹链。该足迹印长:138mm～145mm;宽:115mm～125mm;深:105mm～135mm;步距580mm～620m     

野生动物与外来人兽共患病

近年来,人兽共患病在全球范围内频繁发生,尤其野生动物源性人兽共患病呈上升趋势,我国在防控野生动物源性外来人兽共患病上面临巨大挑战。本文参考了近年来国内外野生动物与外来人兽共患的相关文献,主要介绍了野生动物在人兽共患病传播过程中的重要作用,阐述了尼帕病毒病、西尼罗热、埃博拉出血热等野生动物源性外来人兽共患病的流行现状,从生态环境的改变、跨境野生动物及捕食野生动物3个方面分析了影响野生动物源性外来人兽共患病传播的风险,针对野生动物源性外来人兽共患病监测防控工作提出了"哨卡前移"、"预防为主"、"依靠科技"、"联防联控"等4点建议。     

山东沾化多个中型养羊场布鲁杆菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

<正>布鲁杆菌属是一类革兰阴性短小杆菌、人兽共患传染病的病原菌,包括牛布鲁杆菌、羊布鲁杆菌、猪布鲁杆菌、绵羊布鲁杆菌、犬布鲁杆菌、沙林鼠布鲁杆菌6个种19个生物型[1]。布鲁杆菌通过皮肤、消化道、呼吸道感染人类、家畜和野生动物,可引起发热、生殖系统感染、神经损害及关节损害。母畜表现为死胎、流产、不育,公畜表现为睾丸炎及不育等,导致牧场巨大的经济损失。本病多发生于夏秋季节,传染源为病畜。笔者于2013年3—10月份,从山东沾化多     

饲养东北虎野化训练的探讨

对饲养东北虎的野化训练,是东北虎日常饲养管理的重要环节,更是实现日后放虎归山的基础性工作之一。本文是在东北虎繁育中心为期1个月的调查研究基础上,研究了人工模拟条件下对饲养东北虎野化训练的现况,指出管理方式、饲喂模式等制度上原因对饲养东北虎野性和行为恢复的影响是东北虎野化训练存在的主要问题。同时为今后东北虎野化训练提出了改进设想。阐明人工模拟野生生境困难和食物链模拟困难是饲养东北虎野化训练难以展开的主要原因。     

黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉自然保护区兽类多样性及东北虎猎物资源

为了深入了解黑龙江穆棱东北红豆杉国家级自然保护区兽类组成及东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)猎物资源现状,于2016—2018年在保护区内布设40个红外相机监测点和7个大样方调查兽类多样性和分析东北虎主要猎物资源。相机监测累计照相日12250个,共获得有效独立照片1139张,从中鉴定出野生兽类4目8科17种,其中国家一级重点保护动物有东北虎和东北豹(Panthera pardus orientalis)。样方调查记录到兽类足迹261条,足迹识别出兽类4目7科10种,其中包括国家一级重点保护动物东北豹1种,东北虎主要猎物野猪(Sus scrofa)、马鹿(Cervus elaphus)、西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)和梅花鹿(Cervus nippon)4种。兽类物种相对丰富度分析表明,相对丰富度最高的是西伯利亚狍和狗獾(Meles leucurus),赤狐(Vulpes vulpes)和东北豹最低。猎物资源分析表明,保护区内分布有西伯利亚狍681只,野猪510只,马鹿35只,梅花鹿27只,4种动物的生物量分别为西伯利亚狍生物量为20210.94 kg,野猪生物量为64735.00 kg,马鹿生物量为6023.25 kg,梅花鹿生物量为1635.00 kg,保护区东北虎可捕食的主要猎物生物量为92604.19 kg。研究表明,保护区内兽类种类虽然较多,但东北虎、东北豹、梅花鹿和马鹿数据仍然较少,需要重点加强保护。     

A comparison of food habits and prey preferences of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at the southwest Primorskii Krai in Russia and Hunchun in China

A small, isolated Amur tiger population ranges across the southwest Primorskii Krai region in Russia and Hunchun region in China. Many individuals, with “dual nationality,” cross the border frequently. Formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger food requirements in both countries. While the diets of tigers ranging in Russia is clearly understood, little is known of the tigers' feeding habits in China.. We used scat analysis combined with data on the abundance of 4 prey species to examine Amur tiger diet and prey preferences in Hunchun. We examined 53 tiger scat samples from 2011 to 2016 and found that tigers preyed on 12 species (11 species in winter), 4 of which were domestic animals with 33.58% biomass contribution; this was the first record of Amur tigers eating lynx in this area. Tigers showed a strong preference for wild boar (Jacobs index: +0.849), which were also the most frequently consumed prey, and a strong avoidance of roe deer (Jacobs index: ?0.693). On the Russian side, domestic animals (just dog) were rarely found in tiger scat, and tigers did not show strong avoidance of roe deer, but of sika deer. We also found red deer footprints during winter surveys and that tigers ate red deer on the Chinese side, while there was no record of red deer feeding on the Russian side. Reducing or eliminating human disturbance, such as grazing, is essential to recovering tiger prey and habitat in this area and the Sino‐Russian joint ungulate annual survey is indispensable for prey estimates of this small, isolated Amur tiger population.     

Saving wild tigers: A case study in biodiversity loss and challenges to be met for recovery beyond 2010

Wild tigers are being annihilated. Tiger range countries and their partners met at the 1st Asian Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation in January 2010 to mandate the creation of the Global Tiger Recovery Program to double the number of tigers by 2022. Only 3200–3600 wild adult tigers remain, approximately half of the population estimated a decade ago. Tigers now live in only 13 countries, all of which are experiencing severe environmental challenges and degradation from the effects of human population growth, brisk economic expansion, rapid urbanization, massive infrastructure development and climate change. The overarching challenge of tiger conservation, and the conservation of biodiversity generally, is that there is insufficient demand for the survival of wild tigers living in natural landscapes. This allows the criminal activities of poaching wild tigers and their prey and trafficking in tiger derivatives to flourish and tiger landscapes to be diminished. The Global Tiger Recovery Program will support scaling up of practices already proven effective in one or more tiger range countries that need wider policy support, usually resources, and new transnational actions that enhance the effectiveness of individual country actions. The program is built on robust National Tiger Recovery Priorities that are grouped into themes: (i) strengthening policies that protect tigers; (ii) protecting tiger conservation landscapes; (iii) scientific management and monitoring; (iv) engaging communities; (v) cooperative management of international tiger landscapes; (vi) eliminating transnational illegal wildlife trade; (vii) persuading people to stop consuming tiger; (viii) enhancing professional capacity of policy-makers and practitioners; and (ix) developing sustainable, long-term financing mechanisms for tiger and biodiversity conservation.     

Noninvasive genetics provides insights into the population size and genetic diversity of an Amur tiger population in China

Understanding population size and genetic diversity is critical for effective conservation of endangered species. The Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is the largest felid and a flagship species for wildlife conservation. Due to habitat loss and human activities, available habitat and population size are continuously shrinking. However, little is known about the true population size and genetic diversity of wild tiger populations in China. In this study, we collected 55 fecal samples and 1 hair sample to investigate the population size and genetic diversity of wild Amur tigers in Hunchun National Nature Reserve, Jilin Province, China. From the samples, we determined that 23 fecal samples and 1 hair sample were from 7 Amur tigers: 2 males, 4 females and 1 individual of unknown sex. Interestingly, 2 fecal samples that were presumed to be from tigers were from Amur leopards, highlighting the significant advantages of noninvasive genetics over traditional methods in studying rare and elusive animals. Analyses from this sample suggested that the genetic diversity of wild Amur tigers is much lower than that of Bengal tigers, consistent with previous findings. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of this Hunchun population in China was lower than that of the adjoining subpopulation in southwest Primorye Russia, likely due to sampling bias. Considering the small population size and relatively low genetic diversity, it is urgent to protect this endangered local subpopulation in China.     

虎源大肠杆菌耐药性的检测与分析

对黑龙江省哈尔滨市东北虎林园虎源大肠杆菌进行分离培养,开展大肠杆菌耐药性调查。采用纸片扩散法测定各分离菌株对14种抗生素的敏感性,结果表明:虎源大肠杆菌各分离株对各抗生素的敏感性不同。对氨苄西林高度耐药,耐药率为100%;对四环素、复方新诺明的耐药率也均在80%以上;对氨曲南、阿莫西林/克拉维酸钾敏感率为70%以上。     

Human–wildlife conflict and attitude of local people towards conservation of wildlife in Chebera Churchura National Park,Ethiopia

Human–wildlife conflict is a serious challenge undermining the integrity of protected areas in developing countries. Developing effective human–wildlife conflict mitigation strategies requires an understanding of the conflict patterns, species involved and attitudes of local people living along protected area boundaries. We hypothesised that (1) there was a high level of human–wildlife conflict and (2) the local people would have less favourable attitudes towards problematic wild animals. We assessed patterns of human–wildlife conflict and attitudes of local people along the boundary of Chebera Churchura National Park, Ethiopia from 2012 to 2014. A total of 354 households were selected randomly for interview. A questionnaire survey, focus group discussions and direct field observations were carried out in the selected villages. The major types of human?wildlife conflict in the area include crop raiding, livestock predation, increased risk of livestock diseases and direct threats to human life. A majority of the respondents (68.1%) faced crop damage and domestic animal loss, 12.3% reported threat to humans and 0.3% reported that the wildlife might cause diseases. Close proximity of the villages to the park and seasons influenced livestock predation intensity with highest predation in the wet season (56.0%). To mitigate these problems, the local people utilised various traditional methods, including guarding. Most respondents had positive attitudes towards the conservation of wildlife. However, as the frequency of conflicts increased in the last five years, the attitudes of local people might change. Active measures are to be implemented to mitigate the problem and safeguard the future of the wildlife around the park. The park has enormous potential to benefit more local people by implementing a participatory management approach to conservation.     

Public Perceptions of Significant Wildlife in Hyogo,Japan

Public perceptions of wildlife vary by species, context, and culture. Understanding these perceptions helps managers understand how their decisions may generate conflict among stakeholders. We mailed questionnaires to residents in the northern region of Hyogo prefecture in Japan to examine their willingness to tolerate wildlife species of greatest concern to government officials, including: (a) native species frequently causing agricultural damage (wild boar [Sus scrofa], sika deer [Cervus nippon], Japanese macaque [Macaca fuscata]), (b) vulnerable species (Asiatic black bear [Ursus thibetanus]), (c) endangered species (reintroduced oriental white stork [Ciconia boyciana]), and (d) non-native, invasive species (nutria [Myocastor coypus]). We used the Potential for Conflict Index (PCI₂) to analyze our data, and found that respondents’ (n?=?868) acceptance was highest for the endangered oriental white stork and lowest for the non-native nutria. These perceptions also varied with sociodemographic characteristics, including a significant negative relationship between age and willingness to have boar, deer, macaque, bears, and nutria nearby.     

Individual automatic detection and identification of big cats with the combination of different body parts

The development of facial recognition technology has become an increasingly powerful tool in wild animal individual recognition. In this paper, we develop an automatic detection and recognition method with the combinations of body features of big cats based on the deep convolutional neural network (CNN). We collected dataset including 12 244 images from 47 individual Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) at the Siberian Tiger Park by mobile phones and digital camera and 1940 images and videos of 12 individual wild Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) by infrared cameras. First, the single shot multibox detector algorithm is used to perform the automatic detection process of feature regions in each image. For the different feature regions of the image, like face stripe or spots, CNNs and multi-layer perceptron models were applied to automatically identify tiger and leopard individuals, independently. Our results show that the identification accuracy of Amur tiger can reach up to 93.27% for face front, 93.33% for right body stripe, and 93.46% for left body stripe. Furthermore, the combination of right face, left body stripe, and right body stripe achieves the highest accuracy rate, up to 95.55%. Consequently, the combination of different body parts can improve the individual identification accuracy. However, it is not the higher the number of body parts, the higher the accuracy rate. The combination model with 3 body parts has the highest accuracy. The identification accuracy of Amur leopard can reach up to 86.90% for face front, 89.13% for left body spots, and 88.33% for right body spots. The accuracy of different body parts combination is lower than the independent part. For wild Amur leopard, the combination of face with body spot part is not helpful for the improvement of identification accuracy. The most effective identification part is still the independent left or right body spot part. It can be applied in long-term monitoring of big cats, including big data analysis for animal behavior, and be helpful for the individual identification of other wildlife species.     

东北虎林园虎粪的资源化利用研究

目前黑龙江东北虎林园有东北虎1000多只，每天会排出大量的粪便，之前仅将虎粪作为垃圾处理，耗费大量的人力、物力和财力，而且还存在处理不及时造成对水源、空气、土壤等污染的问题。本研究通过系统比较野生东北虎和人工圈养东北虎粪便的矿物质含量，分析不同饲喂条件下人工圈养东北虎虎粪的矿物质含量和营养组成，在充分认识虎粪的环境污染问题的基础上，探讨虎粪的有效利用问题，提出了虎粪可作为沼气池发酵原料和有机肥料等潜在的利用途径，为改善和美化东北虎林园的环境，同时为开发虎粪资源，变废为宝提供了新的思路。