祁连山青海云杉天然群体表型性状遗传多样性分析

调查祁连山青海云杉天然分布区的10个群体,每群体10个个体 ,以系统揭示其表型变异程度和变异规律为目的,对针叶、球果、种鳞、种翅和种子的17个表型性状进行系统的比较分析.采用方差分析、多重比较,相关分析、聚类分析等多种分析方法,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行讨论.方差分析结果表明:各性状在群体间都存在极显著差异;除球果干质量和球果长/球果径外,其余性状在群体内都存在着极显著的差异.表型分化系数即群体间变异为31.20%,小于群体内的变异(68.80%).17个表型性状间多数呈极显著或显著的正相关.表型性状呈现出以经度变异为主的梯度规律性.通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将青海云杉10个群体划分为4个类群.     

基于球果和种子的青海云杉无性系表型性状多样性研究

【目的】种质资源变异研究是开展遗传改良的前提与重要环节,了解变异程度可对种质资源的保护与可持续利用提供遗传信息,分析不同种源青海云杉无性系表型变异程度和规律,为青海云杉目标性状选育提供依据。【方法】以甘肃省张掖市龙渠青海云杉无性系种子园内的7个种源青海云杉为研究对象,测定和统计不同种源的青海云杉球果、种鳞、种翅和种子表型性状,通过多重比较、方差分析、相关分析、聚类分析,分析和讨论青海云杉种源间、种源内表型性状多样性特点。【结果】青海云杉不同种源间球果、种鳞、种翅和种子性状均存在极显著差异,青海云杉表型分化系数平均值为74.20%,青海云杉表型变异主要来源于种源间的变异;球果和种子表型性状的变异丰富,变异范围为11.40%～55.50%,平均变异系数为21.07%;不同种源间变异差异明显,隆畅河林区种源平均变异系数最大(23.15%),西水林区种源平均变异系数最小(18.46%),11个表型性状间大多数呈显著或显著的正相关关系;通过欧氏聚类分析可将7个种源青海云杉划分为5个类群。【结论】不同种源青海云杉球果与种子的表型性状变异较为广泛,变异来源丰富。因此,在青海云杉种子园遗传改良过程中,应根据不同的育种目的,充分考虑种源间和种源内的变异情况,本研究在青海云杉种质资源收集、遗传多样性保护以及遗传改良方面具有一定的指导意义。     

云南松种内杂交组合的球果和种子表型性状变异分析

以弥渡云南松种子园38个种内杂交组合的球果和种子为研究对象,测定球果和种子的单果重、千粒重和种翅宽等7个表型性状,采用方差分析、变异系数及相关分析等分析方法,探讨云南松种内杂交组合的球果和种子表型性状的变异。结果表明:云南松球果和种子表型性状在杂交组合和杂交组合类别间均存在着较丰富的变异,且前者变异大于后者;在杂交组合变异中,球果表型性状变异大于种子表型性状变异,球果和种子的质量性状变异均大于二者的形态性状变异;在杂交组合类别间,千粒重在个别类别间差异显著,其他性状则在多数类别间差异显著。球果和种子大部分表型性状之间存在显著或极显著相关,其中球果质量越大,球果形态、种子质量和种翅宽就越大;球果形态越大,种子质量就越大;随着种子质量的增大,种翅宽也变大。     

林芝云杉天然群体针叶与种实的变异及其地理趋势

在西藏地区11个有代表性的林芝云杉天然群体内分别随机抽取15～30个个体为试材,测量了针叶与种实共9个表型性状,采用统计分析方法研究了在群体内和群体间的变异和分化趋势.结果显示:林芝云杉9个表型性状在群体内和群体间的差异显著.群体间表型分化系数均值为29.55％,与云杉属其他树种相比处于中等水平;群体内的方差分量占70...     

香榧天然群体表型性状遗传多样性分析

以香榧主要分布区6个天然群体的92个样株为试验材料,对其针叶、果实、种子的8个表型性状进行分析,讨论群体间和群体内的表型多样性.结果表明:香榧各表型性状在群体问和群体内都存在显著差异,群体间表型分化系数占10.8%,群体内占89.2%,群体间的变异小于群体内.各群体表型性状中平均变异系数最小的为果实宽(CVv =13.95%),最大的为单粒重(CVv=34.71%);不同群体各形态性状平均变异系数由大到小顺序为:黄山＞磐安＞嵊州＞钟家岭＞诸暨东白湖、绍兴.通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将香榧6个群体划分为3个类群.     

四川省桢楠天然群体种子表型多样性的初步研究

在四川桢楠天然林分布区共抽取了7个群体,分别测量了其种子长、宽、长宽比、单粒种子重等4个性状,采用方差分析、聚类分析,对群体间和群体内的表型多样性进行了系统比较研究。结果表明：四川桢楠种子长、种子宽、种子长宽比和单粒种子重的变异系数分别为12．14％,17．14％,16．29％和25．78％,以种子长的变异系数最小,其性状稳定性较高,单粒种子重量的变异系数最大,该性状变异较大;种子性状表型分化系数均值为31．23％．群体间变异（31．2％）小于群体内变异（68．77％）,该树种种子3个性状总的遗传变异大约30％存在于群体间。大约70％存在于群体内。通过表型性状的聚类分析可以将7个群体分成3类,都江堰、邛崃和峨眉山3个群体聚为1类,成都、洪雅聚为1类,崇州和泸州聚为1类。     

蒙古栎天然群体表型多样性研究

以蒙古栎全分布区的 8个天然群体为试材 ,对当年生枝的顶芽、叶、坚果、壳斗等 15个表型性状进行比较分析 ,讨论群体间和群体内的表型多样性。结果表明 ,蒙古栎种内表型性状在群体间和群体内存在着极其丰富的变异。群体平均表型分化系数 (VST)为 0 5 397,群体间变异 (5 3 97% )略大于群体内变异 (46 0 3% )。蒙古栎表型性状与地理气候因子相关分析表明 ,其种内群体表型变异呈梯度规律性 ,随着经纬度的增加 ,坚果逐渐增大 ,坚果形状由近球形向长椭球形变异 ;叶形由长倒卵形向宽倒卵形变异 ;随着海拔升高 ,坚果逐渐变小。蒙古栎表型性状(顶芽、叶、壳斗、坚果 )间存在显著或极显著的相关关系。利用群体间欧氏距离进行的UPGMA聚类分析表明 ,蒙古栎群体可以划分为 4类。     

白花树天然群体表型多样性研究

调查了9个群体的14个表型性状,采用巢式方差分析、变异系数、相关分析和聚类分析等方法,分析了群体间和群体内表型多样性.结果表明:白花树表型性状在群体间和群体内都存在丰富的变异,群体间表型分化系数为59.08％,大于群体内变异;侧枝、叶片、果实和种子4类表型性状的平均变异系数分别为31.02％、16.85％、8.2％和6...     

紫丁香表型多样性研究

以紫丁香天然林分布区抽取的4个天然群体和1个栽培群体为拟似群体,进行了其表型多样性分析.结果表明: 紫丁香表型性状存在着丰富的群体间、群体内变异,5个群体的果、种子、叶以及子代幼苗等14个表型性状差异显著,变异系数为14.25%～29.13%,表型性状分化系数为1.85%～86.67%,平均值为43.93%;群体间和群体内的差异均极显著,群体内的方差分量为56.06%,其中有10个种实性状与生态梯度值呈显著或极显著的相关,采用Dist平均分类距离系数的聚类分析得到的群体间的遗传距离关系基本上与群体采种点的生态地理位置关系一致,其中山西五老峰群体独立为一组,北部三个群体聚为一组,栽培群体聚入了北部群体组,并且与辽宁北票群体较近.依据研究结果,紫丁香种质资源收集、保护策略应当是:基于表型分化系数群体间平均值达到较高水平,而群体内保留了种质的大部分变异,所以在分布区内应首先保护天然群体的存在,即尽可能多的群体数量,同时,要很好保护天然群体的完整性.育种亲本的选择策略应当是:在群体内收集、选择特异变异的同时,加强多群体的收集和选择.     

君迁子天然群体表型变异研究

以君迁子（Diospyros lotus）的13个天然群体为研究对象,对其果实纵径、果实横径、叶片纵径、叶片横径、种子长、种子宽、种子千粒重、2年生苗高、地径等9个表型性状的变异进行研究。结果表明：君迁子性状在不同群体间的果实、叶片和种子等表型均存在变异。果实分为长椭圆形和扁椭圆形2种。叶片的表型性状在种群间和种群内都存在变异,变异系数都超过了10%。群体间种子大小差异明显,群体间种子千粒重变化很大,桑植群体的千粒重为济源群体的4.25倍;群体内比较一致,个体间种子千粒重变异系数有9个群体小于3%,12个群体小于4%。2年生苗高、地径在群体间存在显著差异,其中卢氏群体的生长表现最好,苗高为94.70 cm,地径为16.7 mm;分宜群体生长表现最差,苗高为13.05 cm,地径为2.9 mm。多数表型性状与地理因子纬度、经度成正相关,与海拔成负相关。聚类分析显示,11个君迁子群体可分为4类,群体间的分类并没有依据地理距离的远近而聚类,说明君迁子群体间表型性状变异的不连续性。     

Biogeographic Differences in Cone, Needle and Seed Morphology among Natural Picea asperata Populations in Western China

This study represents a geographical approach to morphological variation of cones, needles and seeds in natural dragon spruce （Picea asperata Mast.） populations across western China and the relationship between morphological traits and weather variation for the origins of populations. Significant differences were found for all cone, needle and seed traits among populations and trees within populations. The coefficients of variation in 2 higher latitude populations were higher than those in other populations in all traits except for needle width and seed width. Fairly high within-population variability was also detected for cone dry weight, seed dry weight and needle traits in this study. Cone length, cone width, cone dry weight, seed scale length, seed scale width and seed wing length were strongly positively intercorrelated. Seed length and seed dry weight showed a significantly positive correlation with seed wing length. And needle width showed a significant negative correlation with cone traits, seed scale length, seed wing length and seed length. The higher the annual mean temperature, the higher the average cone length. This study also revealed a negative linear dependence on latitude： the higher the latitude, the lower the population average seed length. Seed dry weight was positively and linearly related with altitude.     

Biogeographic differences in cone, needle and seed morphology among natural Picea asperata populations in Western China

This study represents a geographical approach to morphological variation of cones, needles and seeds in natural dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) populations across western China and the relationship between morphological traits and weather variation for the origins of populations. Significant differences were found for all cone, needle and seed traits among populations and trees within populations. The coefficients of variation in 2 higher latitude populations were higher than those in other populations in all traits except for needle width and seed width. Fairly high within-population variability was also detected for cone dry weight, seed dry weight and needle traits in this study. Cone length, cone width, cone dry weight, seed scale length, seed scale width and seed wing length were strongly positively intercorrelated. Seed length and seed dry weight showed a significantly positive correlation with seed wing length. And needle width showed a significant negative correlation with cone traits, seed scale length, seed wing length and seed length. The higher the annual mean temperature, the higher the average cone length. This study also revealed a negative linear dependence on latitude: the higher the latitude, the lower the population average seed length. Seed dry weight was positively and linearly related with altitude.     

Variation in needle and cone traits in natural populations of Pinus yunnanensis

Pinus yunnanensis Franch. is a major component of coniferous forests in southwestern China. Little is known about its intraspecific variation. Morphological variations in needle and cone traits of P. yunnanensis were analyzed to quantify variability among and within natural populations.Seven traits were measured on 10 needles collected from 30 trees in each of the 18 sampled populations of P. yunnanensis. Four cone traits were measured in 221 individual trees from nine populations. The results showed that there were significant differences(p \ 0.01) both among populations and within populations in each needle and cone trait.The proportion of phenotypic variation of nearly all needle and cone traits was over 50 % within populations, which showed trees within populations accounted for a majority of the total variation. The needle traits showed higher variability within population than cone traits. Variability in theneedle traits was correlated with geo-climatic parameters(longitude, latitude, altitude, temperature, and precipitation).Needle length and the ratio of needle length to fascicle sheath length showed clinal variation in response to latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. A hierarchical classification of all populations based on needle traits led to the formation of four major groups. The findings provide important genetic information for the evaluation of variation. Moreover, it will assist in management of genetic diversity of P. yunnanensis.     

Phenotypic variation in Phoebe bournei populations preserved in the primary distribution area

Phoebe bournei(Hemsl.) Yang is a rare and protected plant in China. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic variation in this species and to document phenotypic variation within and among populations of P. bournei. Nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis(PCA) and correlation analysis were used to analyze ten phenotypic traits in ten natural populations of P.bournei from both the northeastern and the primary region of the range of this species. Significant differences among and within populations were observed in leaf and seed phenotypic traits. Variation among populations(34.92%)was greater than that within populations(26.19%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 53.77%among populations, indicating that variation among populations comprised the majority of the phenotypic variation of P. bournei. The coefficient of variance(CV) of ten traits varied from 6.44 to 18.45%, with an average of 12.03%.The CV of leaf traits among populations(15.64%) was higher than that of seed traits(8.60%), indicating that seed traits were more stable. The results from CV and PCA indicated that leaf area, leaf length and thousand seed weight were the main factors accounting for the observed phenotypic variations. Significant or highly significant correlations were observed among most leaf and/or in seed phenotypic traits, whereas no significant correlations were observed between phenotypic traits and geographic factors.Based on cluster analysis, the ten populations can be divided into three clusters. These clusters were not a result of geographic distances.     

Phenotypic variation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phoebe bournei</Emphasis> populations preserved in the primary distribution area

Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang is a rare and protected plant in China. This study was conducted to determine the phenotypic variation in this species and to document phenotypic variation within and among populations of P. bournei. Nested analysis of variance, coefficient of variation, multiple comparisons, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were used to analyze ten phenotypic traits in ten natural populations of P. bournei from both the northeastern and the primary region of the range of this species. Significant differences among and within populations were observed in leaf and seed phenotypic traits. Variation among populations (34.92%) was greater than that within populations (26.19%). The mean phenotypic differentiation coefficient was 53.77% among populations, indicating that variation among populations comprised the majority of the phenotypic variation of P. bournei. The coefficient of variance (CV) of ten traits varied from 6.44 to 18.45%, with an average of 12.03%. The CV of leaf traits among populations (15.64%) was higher than that of seed traits (8.60%), indicating that seed traits were more stable. The results from CV and PCA indicated that leaf area, leaf length and thousand seed weight were the main factors accounting for the observed phenotypic variations. Significant or highly significant correlations were observed among most leaf and/or in seed phenotypic traits, whereas no significant correlations were observed between phenotypic traits and geographic factors. Based on cluster analysis, the ten populations can be divided into three clusters. These clusters were not a result of geographic distances.     

广西西南桦天然居群的表型变异

以广西壮族自治区的西南桦天然分布区为研究对象 ,调查了 11个居群 190个单株的 12个表型性状指标 ,运用变异系数和巢式方差分析研究了居群间和居群内的表型变异 ;应用相关分析揭示了表型性状间及其与地理、气候因子间的相关性以及表型变异的地理格局 ;并且运用聚类分析进行了居群分类。结果表明 ,西南桦天然居群内的变异远大于居群间的变异 ,居群分化较小 ;侧脉数、叶片基部至最宽处距离与经度、纬度显著相关 ,叶片长与经度相关显著 ,种翅宽与海拔显著相关 ,存在较明显的地理变异趋势。而表型性状的Mahalanobis距离与地理距离间相关不显著。研究结果为西南桦的遗传改良工作奠定了基础 ,为制定西南桦育种策略和天然林持续利用对策提供了科学依据     

濒危植物格木天然种群的表型多样性及变异

【目的】通过对濒危植物格木在我国中心分布区种群的果荚和种子表型性状测量分析,研究其表型多样性及变异规律,结合地理气候信息探讨影响表型变异的关键因子,为格木天然种群的遗传多样性保护恢复和引种栽培提供科学依据。【方法】对8个格木天然种群114个单株的13个果荚及种子表型性状进行测量,利用巢式方差分析、多重比较、相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等分析方法,探讨格木天然种群的表型多样性水平、进化和适应性潜力、表型变异规律、表型分化水平、种群聚类特征及其与地理气候因子的相关性。【结果】格木表型多样性水平中等,13个性状的Shannon-Wiener指数在1. 911 1(种形指数)～2. 103 9(果荚周长)之间,平均2. 027 8;8个种群的Shannon-Wiener指数在0. 920 9(P6)～1. 885 6(P8)之间,均值为1. 474 7。格木表型性状离散程度较轻,13个性状的变异系数在7. 544 6%(种子长)～18. 868 5%(果荚面积)之间,均值为12. 410 9%; 8个种群的变异系数在8. 852 9%(P1)～13. 984 8%(P5)之间,均值为12. 410 9%。13个表型性状的极大值为极小值的1. 395 2(种形指数)～2. 805 6(每荚种子数)倍,均值为1. 791 7。巢式方差分析表明,格木13个表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著差异(P<0. 01),说明这些性状在种群间和种群内均存在丰富的变异;种群内的变异(40. 387 1%)远大于种群间(11. 948 9%)。种群平均表型分化系数为21. 857 9%,各性状的分化系数变化幅度在7. 476 5%(种形指数)～38. 674 0%(果荚宽)之间。相关性分析表明,13个表型性状之间大多存在显著或极显著相关,果荚宽度、种子周长等性状和温度指标呈负相关,与纬度呈正相关,格木在气温高、降雨量大的地区往往具有小果荚、小种子的特征,随着温度指标降低和纬度增加,格木果荚及种子有变大的趋势。格木13个表型性状可提炼为4个主成分,累积贡献率为87. 382%。8个天然群体基于欧氏距离可分为3类:第1类2个种群呈现果荚小、种子小的特征,该类表型主要出现在格木分布区的南端;第2类5个种群呈现果荚大、种子大的特征,该类表型主要出现在格木分布区的北部,仅1个种群位于分布区的南部;第3类1个种群呈现果荚小、种子少、种子大而薄的特征,该类表型出现在格木南北分布区的中间衔接部。【结论】格木的表型多样性处于中等水平,在个体上存在较为丰富的变异。在群体及物种水平上,格木表型性状离散程度较轻,各个性状分布相对集中,较为稳定,不易发生群体分化,拥有特殊表型的格木单株具有较高的保存价值。果荚及种子大小进化及适应性潜力相对较大,种形指数最不易产生变异。种群内的变异是格木表型变异的主要来源,格木的种质资源收集保存可减少种群数量,增加种群内个体数量,并优先收集有特殊表型的单株。广西省容县和龙圩区的格木种群是格木遗传多样性保护及种质资源收集保存的重点区域。年均温等温度因子是影响格木表型及分布的最主要因子。果荚及其中种子的大小是格木种群间聚类的主要依据。