竹展平板拉伸剪切胶合性能

竹展平板是竹筒最大化利用的一种方式,以竹展平板为单元制备竹质人造板可减少胶黏剂使用量,还有利于加工,具有良好的应用前景。然而,竹材是一种天然梯度复合材料,纤维含量在竹壁径向呈现梯度变异,不同纤维含量的胶合面对竹展平板的胶合性能有重要影响。以无刻痕竹展平板为研究对象,参照拉伸剪切强度测试方法,探讨不同纤维含量的竹展平板胶合面在湿态和干态条件下的拉伸剪切强度和破坏方式;同时,分别研究热压压力和施胶量对不同组坯方式下竹展平板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:热压胶合的竹展平板胶合性能主要由基材性能决定,纤维含量较高的竹青?竹青组坯时的拉伸剪切强度高于其他两种组坯方式。基于不同纤维含量基材的干缩湿胀不一致,纤维含量较高的竹青面与纤维含量较低的竹黄面胶合时的湿态拉伸剪切强度保留率最低。竹黄?竹黄组坯时拉伸剪切强度随热压压力的增大而逐渐增加,而竹青?竹青和竹青?竹黄组坯时则先增大后减小。此外,竹黄?竹黄组坯时的干态剪切强度随施胶量的增大而增加。     

改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造杨木胶合板热压工艺

利用单因素试验方法,研究了热压温度、热压时间、热压压力和施胶量对使用改性大豆蛋白胶黏剂制造的杨木胶合板胶合强度的影响规律.结果表明:在100～ 220℃热压温度范围内,随着热压温度的增加,胶合强度显著增大;在35～60 s/mm热压时间范围内,胶合强度随热压时间的增加呈上升趋势,当时间从60 s/mm升至85 s/mm,胶合强度几乎保持一致;热压压力在1.25 MPa时,胶合强度达到最大值;施胶量在130 ～430g/m2热压时间范围内,胶合强度随施胶量的增加呈上升趋势.由此得出最优工艺参数为:热压温度180℃,热压压力1.25 MPa,热压时间60 s/mm,施胶量为310g/m2.     

云南松正交胶合木胶合工艺探索

为探索云南松用于正交胶合木(CLT)制造的技术可行性,以剪切强度、木破率和剥离率研究了不同胶黏剂、施胶量和压力对云南松CLT胶合性能的影响。结果表明:云南松的物理力学性能和胶合性能达到北美ANSI/APA PRG 320-2019标准要求,云南松可用于CLT制造。不同胶黏剂、施胶量和压力对云南松CLT胶合性能影响显著(P0.05)。随着施胶量增加,云南松CLT胶层剪切性能提高;随着压力增加,云南松CLT胶层剪切性能降低。从胶合性能和生产成本综合考虑,制造云南松CLT的较优工艺为:采用国产EPI(水性高分子异氰酸酯)胶黏剂,施胶量为220 g/m2,压力为0.8 MPa。     

基于高频热压成型的竹集成材制备及力学性能评价

【目的】探索竹材含水率、热压压力、施胶量和热压温度对高频热压成型竹集成材力学性能的影响,并优化高频热压加工工艺获得力学性能较优的竹集成材,为竹集成材高频热压成型提供技术参考。【方法】设计正交试验,采用高频热压加工工艺,以酚醛树脂(PF)为胶黏剂,研究竹材含水率、热压压力、施胶量和热压温度4个参数变量对高频热压成型竹集成材抗弯强度和剪切强度的影响,建立抗弯强度和剪切强度数学模型,分析力学性能最优解。【结果】极差分析表明,热压参数对抗弯强度的影响顺序为热压压力、竹材含水率、热压温度和施胶量,对剪切强度的影响顺序为施胶量、竹材含水率、热压压力和热压温度;主效应分析表明,4级竹材含水率、1级热压压力、1级施胶量和3级热压温度为最佳抗弯强度的热压参数,1级竹材含水率、1级热压压力、2级施胶量和3级热压温度为最佳剪切强度的热压参数;交互分析表明,各热压参数间存在交互作用;方差分析表明,热压压力是影响竹集成材抗弯强度的最重要因素,施胶量是影响竹集成材剪切强度的最重要因素;数学模型分析得出,竹材含水率15%、热压压力2.0 MPa、施胶量260 g·m-~(-2)、热压温度130℃为抗弯强度最优解(168.51 MPa);竹材含水率10.2%、热压压力2.0 MPa、施胶量240 g·m~(-2)、热压温度130℃为剪切强度最优解(263.26 MPa)。【结论】竹材含水率、热压压力、施胶量和热压温度4个参数变量对高频热压成型竹集成材力学性能均有影响,提出的热压参数对竹集成材抗弯强度和剪切强度影响的数学模型,可有效反映热压参数与竹集成材力学性能间的关系,优化高频热压加工工艺生产的竹集成材,其力学性能满足相关标准和使用要求。     

木质素改性脲醛树脂对竹层积材甲醛释放量及胶合性能的影响

针对竹层积材中甲醛释放量过高的问题,以碳化竹片为原料,利用木质素作为脲醛树脂胶黏剂的甲醛捕捉改性剂,对脲醛树脂胶黏剂进行共混改性后压制双层竹层积材。采用木质素添加量和组坯方式的双因素分析法,探讨木质素改性脲醛树脂胶黏剂对竹层积材甲醛释放量及胶合性能的影响;采用环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)对木质素改性后的竹层积材胶合界面进行微观形貌分析。木质素的加入使竹层积材的甲醛释放量明显降低,各组坯方式下竹层积材的甲醛释放量差异较小,均可达到GB 18580—2001标准规定的E2级;随着木质素添加量的增加,竹层积材的剪切强度逐渐增大,竹黄面与竹黄面无节组坯试件(II)、竹黄面与竹青面无节组坯试件(IO)及竹黄面与竹黄面有节组坯试件(Node)的剪切强度均在木质素添加量为40%时达到最大,分别为7.6,8.0和8.5 MPa,相比空白组分别提高了85%,70%和41%;对于竹黄面与竹黄面组坯试件,带节试件的胶层剪切强度大于无节组;由ESEM可知,碳化竹材胶合界面被压缩甚至压溃,表面细胞不同程度呈扁平碎片状,胶黏剂主要渗透到竹材的表层破坏细胞,多数为薄壁细胞,位于竹材表层的维管束中偶尔也会有胶黏剂存在,极少量胶黏剂可能通过裂隙进入竹材更深部位的细胞。结果表明:在相同木质素添加量条件下,组坯方式对竹层积材甲醛释放量几乎没有影响;黄-黄无节组坯试件、黄-青无节组坯试件及黄-黄有节组坯试件胶层剪切强度随着木质素添加量的增加逐渐增大,黄-青组坯试件的胶层剪切强度普遍优于黄-黄组坯试件,黄-黄有节组坯试件胶层剪切强度均大于无节试件;ESEM分析表明,由于碳化竹片表面易被压缩压溃,木质素含量较大的高黏度胶黏剂缺乏有效渗透,致使胶黏剂集聚在压溃细胞表面,竹片胶合界面有效胶层厚度增大,从而导致胶层剪切强度增加。     

尾叶桉单板胶合性能的初步研究

根据尾叶桉(E.urophylla)木材的特点,采用单因素试验方法,探讨了尾叶桉生产胶合板的可行性。重点讨论了胶合板的热压工艺(热压压力、热压时间、热压温度)和涂胶量以及心边材对三层胶合板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:在未采用厚度规时,压力为1．2MPa,温度为140℃左右,热压时间为0．8～1．1min／mm,涂胶量为250g／m2,用pH值为 12．5的PF胶,生产出的桉树胶合板胶合性能较佳。     

组坯结构对竹材胶合界面破坏行为及细胞壁力学性能的影响

竹质工程材料在轻质结构建筑及其关键承载构件中有巨大的应用潜力,然而竹材天然径向结构差异性会对其胶合质量造成显著影响。以4年生毛竹材和酚醛树脂(PF)胶黏剂为原料制备了双层竹片层积材,探讨组坯结构对双层竹片层积材的宏观胶合性能和胶合界面细胞壁力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,外表面-外表面(O/O型)组坯时竹片层积材的胶合剪切强度(干态胶合强度17.3 MPa,湿态胶合强度5.3 MPa)显著高于外表面-内表面(I/O型)和内表面-内表面(I/I型)组坯样品。这主要是由于O/O型竹材胶合界面内薄壁细胞壁的力学性能更加接近厚壁细胞壁,改善了界面内应力集中现象。PF胶黏剂在不同组坯结构竹材胶合界面内的差异性渗透行为是造成这一现象的主要原因：竹材薄壁细胞表面氧碳比较高(0.40)且毛细管作用较强,在I/O型和I/I型界面内PF胶黏剂的渗透行为主要表现为填充细胞腔;而在O/O型界面内PF胶黏剂能够有效浸润薄壁细胞壁,而非简单填充其细胞腔,因此O/O型竹片层积材具有更高的界面细胞壁力学强度和宏观胶合强度。     

竹杨复合材料高频热压工艺研究

将具有优良力学性能的竹材与轻质的速生杨木进行复合,制备轻质高强竹木复合材料,可以促进竹材和人工速生林的高效利用和高附加值利用,并拓宽竹材和木材的应用领域。高频加热技术具有选择性加热特点,加热效率高,升温速率快,尤其针对较厚的木质复合材料热压胶合更具有独特的优越性,并能提高产品的综合性能。研究了高频加热对厚度超过40 mm的竹杨复合材料热传导特性和力学性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,高频热压与普通接触式热压相比,升温速率可以提高2倍以上,并且表芯层升温速率基本一致。竹杨复合材料在竹材占比20%和密度为0.50 g/cm~3的情况下,静曲强度可以达到70 MPa以上,比普通杨木提高了40%以上,实现了材料性能的优势互补。高频热压制备竹杨复合材料的工艺中,在本试验范围内,压力、热压时间和施胶量与竹杨复合材料的各项力学性能均呈二次相关关系,并且这3个因子之间存在交互作用。压力为0.85 MPa左右时,竹杨复合材料的各项性能均较好;在选定的施胶量范围内,合理降低施胶量有利于提高竹杨复合材料的综合性能。     

超声对竹材表面性能和竹层积材胶合性能的影响

运用超声空化作用处理漂白和炭化竹材以期提高竹材表面性能,提高胶黏剂在竹材表面上的浸润性,进而提高竹层积材的胶合剪切强度。分析了不同超声处理工艺对竹材表面粗糙度和表面润湿性的影响;测试分析了超声处理竹片制成的竹层积材的胶合剪切强度变化。结果表明:超声空化作用能够提高竹材表面粗糙度、降低酚醛树脂胶在竹材表面的接触角,提高酚醛树脂在竹材表面浸润性。超声工艺参数对竹层积材胶合剪切强度的影响程度由大到小依次是温度、功率、时间,竹层积材胶合剪切强度表明:相比较于未处理的竹层积材,经最优超声工艺处理后的漂白竹层积材胶合剪切强度提升18%,炭化竹层积材胶合剪切强度提升12.5%,说明超声提高了竹材表面粗糙度和表面润湿性进而增强了竹材与酚醛胶黏剂的机械耦合作用。总体来看,漂白竹材表面粗糙度大于炭化竹材、润湿性弱于炭化竹材,漂白竹层积材胶合剪切强度大于炭化竹层积材。     

刨花形态对竹材自生胶合刨花板性能的影响

利用半纤维素酶/漆酶协同处理3种不同类型的竹刨花,热压制备竹材自生胶合刨花板,研究不同刨花形态对刨花板物理力学性能的影响.结果表明:刨花形态对竹材自生胶合刨花板主要物理力学性能有显著影响,3种刨花形态中,4～16目的细刨花性能最佳,16目以上碎刨花作为填料加到大刨花中有利于提高刨花板弹性模量,减小吸水厚度膨胀率.该结论为进一步研究刨花形态与竹材自生胶合刨花板物理力学性能的关系提供了理论基础.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。