OPAY02-C型标记与新扬州鸡早期增重关系的研究

随机选择新扬州鸡5个父系半同胞家系后代78只,用于分析RAPD标记与新扬州鸡早期增重的关系。RAPD标记是在21个随机引物中,经反复试验选出的稳定的,具有多态性的3个引物OPAY02,OPAY13,OPAY17扩增产物,统计分析表明:OPAY02引物扩增的1660bp和2326bp两条多态性条带的4种组合中,OPAY02-C型标记具有显著的增效作用(P<0.015),可作为标记进行辅助选择。     

SR92鸡的OPAY02型标记初步研究

测定了SR92A系鸡初生、28、49、75日龄体重,屠体、半净膛、全净膛重等生产性能,同时用OPAY02随机引物对其DNA进行RAPD扩增,分析OPAY02型标记与鸡群早期增重及75日龄屠宰性能之间的关系。结果表明,片段长度为1 660.8bp和2 326.0bp的两条带所代表的位点,在SR92A系中出现A、B、C三种类型,其中C型母鸡75日龄体重超过A型607.4g,初步表明OPAY02C型标记在SR92A系中可作重要遗传标记。     

藏鸡MHCB-G基因第1、2外显子的遗传多态性分析

本研究根据NCBI上红色原鸡MHC（主要组织相容性复合物）B—G基因序列设计特异性引物,在藏鸡、白来航鸡、寿光鸡基因组中扩增出包含第一外显子、第二外显子在内的长度为1178bp的DNA特异性片段,并对该片段的核苷酸序列进行PCR测序及比对分析。结果发现：在MHCB—G基因的第1、2外显子上,藏鸡在177位存在突变点,由C→T;藏鸡在345位存在缺失现象,白来航鸡和寿光鸡都为C;藏鸡在511位存在突变点。由C→T;藏鸡在547位存在突变点．由T→C。     

EAV/DNA指纹图谱条带J与OPAY02型标记对新扬州鸡体质量和生长影响的联合研究

随机选择新扬州鸡大型系和小型系交后代48只，联合研究EAV／DNA指纹图谱带J与OPAY02型2种分子遗传标记与新扬州鸡体质量和生长的关系，结果表明，8、10、26周龄新扬州鸡体质量在2种分子标记的不同组合间比较均存在极显著的差异，尤其是J^-S1^-S2^＋产条带组合遗传标记，8、10、26周龄新扬州鸡体质量均显著或极显著地高于其他JS1S2组合，根据数量性状多基因假说，可以推测J、S1和S2可能是影响鸡增重的多基因，2种分子遗传标记组合J^-S1^-S2^＋遗传标记有望成为鸡体质量选择的遗传标记。     

RAPD标记与新扬州鸡生长性能的相关性研究

本研究对新扬州鸡进行RAPD分析 ,评定其遗传多态性。从 2 1个引物中筛选出OPAY0 2、OPAY1 3和OPAY1 7,并根据其多态性组合对周龄增重的影响 ,探索RAPD标记与新扬州鸡早期生长和屠宰性能的关系。结果表明被检测到的新扬州鸡中 70个DNA条带 ,分子量大小在 0 .38kb～ 2 .98kb之间 ,平均条带共享率为 0 .80 37,OPAY0 2引物对 5 6日龄平均增重、日增重、屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重均存在显著的遗传效应     

两个SCAR标记与京海Ⅰ号黄鸡体重的相关性研究

通过对两个RAPD条带(1660条带和2326条带)的克隆、测序,根据条带序列设计两对SCAR引物,对京海Ⅰ号黄鸡基因组进行扩增。结果表明:S1(1660条带)与S2(2326条带)标记在京海Ⅰ号黄鸡中出现的频率分别为40%和48%。无S1标记个体12周龄、18周龄和43周龄体重显著高于有S1标记个体,有S2标记个体在4周龄、12周龄、18周龄和43周龄体重显著高于无S2标记个体。     

萧山鸡的OPAY02型标记初步研究

本文以OPAY0 2作为引物 ,在萧山鸡中探索到 16 6 0 .8bp和 2 32 6 .0bp的两条带的 4个组合 ,即A ,B ,C ,D型 ,它们的频率大小依次为A >C >B >D。带型对 4 9日龄体重有显著效应 ,依 4 9～ 75日龄两阶段的体重 ,其效应由大到小依次为A >C >B ,D因频率极低 ,这种效应不同于新扬州鸡 ,初步表明在不同遗传群体中效应不一样     

鸡痘病毒基因探针检测方法的建立及初步应用

利用PCR方法成功克隆了鸡痘病毒（Fowl poxvirus，FPV）4b核心蛋白基因549bp片段，序列分析表明，该序列与模板DNA（AF198100）碱基序列的同源性为99．45％，只有3个碱基差异，第215位由C→T，第386位由T→A，第388位由G→A。回收FPV4b核心蛋白基因549bp片段，以其为模板制备了地高辛标记的DNA探针。对新标记的探针进行标记效率检测，结果显示其标记效率为100mg／L；敏感性检测表明，该探针对同源DNA的检出限量为10Pg；特异性检测结果表明，用本试验所标记的探针对提取的FPV282E4和FPV儿株DNA、重组质粒pMD 18-T-4b进行检测结果均呈阳性，而鸡马立克氏病病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、CEF的核酸提取物均成阴性，说明该探针具有较强的特异性。初步应用表明，本试验所建立的FPV的基因探针检测法可用于FPV的检测。     

3个贵州地方鸡种NKX2-5基因多态性及生物信息学分析

以高脚鸡、威宁鸡、乌蒙乌骨鸡(含白壳蛋鸡和绿壳蛋鸡)3个贵州地方鸡种为研究对象,构建品种DNA池,扩增NKX2-5基因第1外显子全部序列及第2内含子部分序列,采用直接测序法对3个品种(4个群体)的NKX2-5基因进行单核苷酸多态性检测,利用生物信息学软件预测不同多态性位点对NKX2-5基因mRNA二级结构、蛋白质二级结构的影响.结果表明,在3个品种(4个群体)中共检测到G108A、T288C、C400T、T420G和G429A 5个SNPs位点,其中,G108A位于非编码区;T288C、C400T位于第1外显子区;T420G和G429A位于内含子区.T288C和C400T均为错义突变,T288C突变导致丝氨酸(Ser)变为脯氨酸(Pro)、C400T突变导致丙氨酸(Ala)变为缬氨酸(Val),SNPs位点对于NKX2-5基因mRNA二级结构、蛋白质二级结构有一定影响.     

中国家鸡和红色原鸡mtDNA控制区遗传多态性及系统进化分析

通过线粒体DNA控制区的结构和多态性来研究中国家鸡和红色原鸡的遗传多态性与系统进化。测定14个中国地方鸡种和红色原鸡2个亚种的256个个体线粒体DNA控制区部分序列约560bp,结果表明,A、C、G、T这4种核苷酸的平均比例分别为25．∞％、37．40％、4．40％和33．20％。共发现44个变异位点,约占分析位点总数的7．86％,没有观测到插入／缺失,颠换和转换之比为0．13;共具有32种单倍型,9种为共享单倍型;16个群体内单倍型多样度从0到0．964,单倍型变异度总体为0．909&#177;0．014,整体的平均核苷酸差异数为7．276,核苷酸多样度为1．851％。群体间核苷酸分歧度（Dxy）在0．747％～3．125％之间变化,核苷酸净遗传距离（Da）为0．015％～2．633％。16个群体表现出较高水平的遗传多态性,群体间表现出显著的遗传分化。群体遗传多态性和亲缘关系分析表明,一些中国家鸡的群体（如固始鸡和仙居鸡）起源于泰国红色原鸡Gallus gallu sgallus亚种,一些中国家鸡的群体（如茶花鸡和藏鸡等）起源于中国红色原鸡Gallus gallus spadiceus亚种,在一些中国地方鸡种还同时具有这2种红色原鸡的遗传贡献;认为中国家鸡起源于泰国或单纯起源于中国的观点都是不全面的。     

动物遗传标记的研究进展及应用

遗传标记已经从形态标记发展到分子遗传标记。中间经历了细胞标记和生化标记。本文阐述了各个阶段遗传标记的特点、原理、及其应用;总结了各种标记方法的优缺点,阐述了分子遗传标记。由于各种遗传标记的不同优势,在实际应用中应该相互结合相互补充,从各个角度揭示生物的遗传本质,以便更好地培育优良品种,保护生物多样性,保存人类赖以生存的生物源和生态环境。     

Genetic markers for the production of US country hams

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of candidate genes on processing quality traits of US country hams. A total of 321 fresh hams of unknown breed and sex were examined and data on quality and physical traits were collected. The hams were then processed following typical US commercial dry-curing procedures for ham and data on additional traits were collected from the cured hams. Several genes involved in biological processes affecting dry-cured ham production were selected. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) tests were designed for each of the genes where polymorphisms were discovered and association analyses between each marker and the traits collected were performed. Results showed that two genetic markers were significantly associated with cured weight and yield: (i) a gene from the cathepsin family (cathepsin F) and (ii) the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (delta-9-desaturase) gene, involved in lipid metabolism. Moreover, markers that significantly affected colour traits and those having a significant impact on pH and lipid percentage were also identified. These markers could be used for screening and sorting of carcasses prior to ham processing and, eventually in pig improvement programmes designed to select animals possessing genotypes more suitable for the production of dry-cured hams.     

中国地方鸭遗传资源的分子评估与保护利用

论文从分子遗传学的角度对鸭的遗传资源在群体遗传多样性、群体起源、进化及构建遗传图谱等多个方面的评估进行综述,并对分子遗传标记技术在鸭遗传资源的保护利用上的应用进行概述,以期通过现代动物分子育种技术加快鸭的育种进程。     

早胜牛微卫星多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

为了更好地了解早胜牛的遗传信息,为早胜牛的选育保种提供理论依据,本试验选取13对微卫星引物,应用PCR扩增和毛细管电泳的方法对48头早胜牛进行遗传多样性分析,并对13个位点不同基因型与早胜牛的初生重、6月龄重、成年体重、体高、体长、胸围和管围7个性状进行关联分析。结果显示,13个微卫星位点平均等位基因数目为9.54,平均有效等位基因数为4.792,平均观测杂合度为0.498,平均期望杂合度为0.783,平均多态信息含量为0.712。关联分析发现,与初生重存在关联的位点有D12S4和D15S10;与6月龄重存在关联的位点有D18S5和D12S4;与成年体重存在关联的位点有D14S31和D11S15;与体高存在关联的位点有D18S5、D15S10和D19S2;与体长存在关联的位点有D15S10、D14S31和D19S2;与胸围存在关联的位点有D18S5、D12S4和D19S2;与管围存在关联的位点有D18S5和D19S2。研究发现,选取的13个位点中存在关联的位点有6个：D18S5、D12S4、D15S10、D14S31、D19S2和D11S15。本试验所选微卫星位点在早胜牛群体中存在较丰富的多态性,并与经济性状具有关联性,可用于早胜牛遗传资源评价及早期选育改良。     

微卫星标记遗传距离与鸡杂种优势的相关分析

试验利用微卫星标记技术测定6个亲本群体及其杂交后代间的遗传距离,并结合鸡主要经济性状的杂种优势率进行了相关性分析。结果表明,亲本间遗传距离与7个性能指标杂种优势率的相关系数绝对值在0.0651～0.9344之间,胸宽、腹脂重、半净膛重、全净膛重、腿肌重与遗传距离呈正相关;初生重、胫长与遗传距离呈负相关,获得了全净膛重等3个可用于预测杂交后代生产性能的指标,提示微卫星标记遗传距离对杂种优势的预测有重要的参考价值。     

The legacy of Columbus in American horse populations assessed by microsatellite markers

Criollo horse populations descend from horses brought from the Iberian Peninsula over the period of colonization (15th to 17th century). They are spread throughout the Americas and have potentially undergone genetic hybridization with other breeds in the recent past. In this study, 25 autosomal microsatellites were genotyped in 50 horse breeds representing Criollo populations from 12 American countries (27 breeds), breeds from the Iberian Peninsula (19), one breed each from France and Morocco and two cosmopolitan horse breeds (Thoroughbred and Arabian). The genetic relationships among breeds identified five clusters: Celtic; Iberian; North American with Thoroughbred influence; most Colombian breeds; and nearly all other Criollo breeds. The group of “all other Criollo breeds” had the closest genetic relationship with breeds originating from the Iberian Peninsula, specifically with the Celtic group. For the whole set of Criollo breeds analysed, the estimated genetic contribution from other breeds was approximately 50%, 30% and 20% for the Celtic, Iberian and Arab-Thoroughbred groups, respectively. The spatial distribution of genetic diversity indicates that hotspots of genetic diversity are observed in populations from Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil, Paraguay and western United States, possibly indicating points of arrival and dispersion of Criollo horses in the American continent. These results indicate that Criollo breeds share a common ancestry, but that each breed has its own identity.     

Review on the development of genotyping methods for assessing farm animal diversity

Advances in molecular biotechnology have introduced new generations of molecular markers for use in the genetic improvement of farm animals. Consequently, more accurate genetic information can be obtained to better understand existing animal genetic resources. This review gives a brief summary on the development of genetic markers including both the classical genetic markers and more advanced DNA-based molecular markers. This review will help us better understand the characteristics of different genetic markers and the genetic diversity of animal genetic resources.     

Riverine status and genetic structure of Chilika buffalo of eastern India as inferred from cytogenetic and molecular marker-based analysis

The present study aimed at assessing the status of the Chilika buffalo population of eastern India employing cytogenetic and molecular markers. The Chilika buffaloes investigated cytogenetically possess a somatic chromosome count of 50, identical to that of typical riverine buffaloes. Various diversity estimates, viz. observed number of alleles (4.68), effective number of alleles (2.79), and observed (0.487) and expected (0.602) heterozygosity across 25 heterologous microsatellite markers indicated the presence of a moderate level of genetic diversity in Chilika buffaloes, comparable with three other prominent Indian riverine buffalo breeds (Murrah, Nagpuri and Toda) included in this study. Across the four buffalo populations, mean estimates of F -statistics from Jackknifing over loci were significantly different from zero (p < 0.05), with F _IT (total inbreeding estimate) = 0.315 ± 0.038, F _IS (within-population inbreeding estimate) = 0.178 ± 0.038, and F _ST (population differentiation) = 0.166 ± 0.025. Inter-breed analysis reflected Chilika buffaloes to be genetically close to Nagpuri followed by Murrah and Toda buffaloes. Factorial correspondence analysis (FCA) revealed low breed-specific clustering of Chilika and Nagpuri buffaloes. Additionally, the neighbour-joining tree structure of mitochondrial DNA D-loop haplotypes indicated clear grouping of the Chilika haplotypes with the riverine buffalo. Thus the cytogenetic, microsatellite and mitochondrial data analysed in the present study classify Chilika buffalo of eastern India to be of the riverine type and not swamp-type buffalo.     

太湖鹅群体遗传多样性研究

通过筛选的28个多态性较好的微卫星标记,检测了太湖鹅群体的遗传多样性,结果表明,28个微卫星位点均表现出多态性,总共检测到87个等位基因,平均等位基因数为3.1071个;群体多态信息含量为0.4450,杂合度为0.5206。瓶颈效应分析结果表明该群体已偏离了突变-漂移平衡,近期可能经历了瓶颈效应,种群数量曾经下降。根据遗传多样性检测数据,提出保护与开发建议。     

昆山麻鸭微卫星DNA标记监测选种效果的研究

利用12个微卫星标记分析了昆山麻鸭高产系F0代和F1代遗传多样性,监测选种效果。结果表明12个微卫星座位共检出83个等位基因,基因频率分布在0.0077～0.5859,平均每对引物扩增出8.3个等位基因。F0代微卫星的平均杂合度为0.7489,平均多态性含量0.7125;F1代为0.7668和0.6901。表明昆山麻鸭种群的群体遗传变异已趋于稳定。