柑橘木虱防控药剂筛选及矿物油对其增效作用评价

为了筛选柑橘木虱高效防控药剂,提高药剂防治效果,本文探索了 10种杀虫剂对柑橘木虱的田间防效及矿物油对杀虫剂的增效作用.结果表明:对柑橘木虱成虫,22％噻虫·高氯氟悬乳剂(SE)、70％吡虫啉可湿性粉剂(WP)、6％联菊·啶虫脒微乳剂(ME)和5％高效氯氟氰菊酯ME的速效性好,药后1 d防效94.61％～100％;22...     

番石榴叶抽提物对柑橘木虱驱避效果

通过使用不同浓度的番石榴抽提物处理九里香枝条上的叶片,比较柑橘木虱停留在试验组与对照组之间的数量差异,分析番石榴抽提物的驱避作用。结果表明,用高于7.5 g/L番石榴抽提物处理叶片,可观察出番石榴抽提物对柑橘木虱有驱避效果。而用15 g/L和20 g/L番石榴抽提物处理叶片,对木虱有显著的驱避作用。     

柑橘喷施叶面肥对柑橘木虱､柑橘潜叶蛾和炭疽病发生的影响

柑橘生产上叶面肥的使用很普遍?为了评估喷施叶面肥对柑橘新梢期的主要害虫柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri和柑橘潜叶蛾Phyllocnistis citrella发生?为害的影响, 本文分别在养虫笼和网室条件下调查了以上2种害虫对喷不同叶面肥(尿素?复合氨基酸和葡萄糖)砂糖橘苗木的选择和为害, 以及柑橘炭疽病发生情况?试验结果表明:从木虱成虫选择性和产卵两个方面来看, 不同喷施处理的砂糖橘对木虱的吸引作用表现为尿素>复合氨基酸>葡萄糖>清水对照, 其中尿素和复合氨基酸处理吸引作用显著高于对照?喷施3种叶面肥后潜叶蛾为害程度均显著高于对照, 以葡萄糖处理的为害率和受害指数最高?另外, 尿素和复合氨基酸处理苗木的柑橘炭疽病病叶率和病情指数显著高于对照, 复合氨基酸处理病叶率显著高于葡萄糖?说明喷尿素?复合氨基酸叶面肥对柑橘木虱有较强的吸引作用, 同时加重柑橘炭疽病?另外, 与对照相比, 喷施3种叶面肥均能加重潜叶蛾的为害, 尤其是葡萄糖?     

九里香挥发物对柑橘木虱的引诱效果及混配筛选试验

为明确九里香Murraya exotica挥发物对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的引诱效果,筛选田间诱杀柑橘木虱的高效混配物组合,采用Y-型嗅觉仪室内测试柑橘木虱对10种九里香挥发物的行为反应,并测定挥发物混剂对柑橘木虱引诱的增效作用以及九里香挥发物混剂对柑橘木虱的田间诱杀效果。试验结果表明,β-石竹烯、D-柠檬烯和芳樟醇对柑橘木虱均有显著的引诱效果,引诱率分别为80.00%、83.33%和73.33%,显著高于其它7种挥发物;混剂B(β-石竹烯∶D-柠檬烯∶芳樟醇=3∶3∶1)对柑橘木虱的引诱率达到88.89%,显著优于其它混剂,增效作用较好;田间悬挂黄色诱虫瓶15 d后,混剂B平均诱集到的柑橘木虱数量为23.3头/瓶,显著优于其它混剂,为矿物油对照的33倍。     

7种挥发性化合物对柑橘木虱引诱效果的评价

柑橘黄龙病对全球的柑橘产业造成了严重的经济损失,其传播媒介主要为柑橘木虱。在前期研究中利用柑橘木虱对4种芸香科植物的取食偏好结合代谢组学分析筛选出一批可能对柑橘木虱具有引诱效果的挥发性化合物,本研究鉴定了邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯、癸酸、正辛醇、左旋香芹酮、2-环己烯酮、反式-1,2-环己二醇、吡嗪等7种挥发性化合物在0、0.1%、1%、10%4个浓度和10、20、30、40、50、60 min 6个持续时间下对柑橘木虱的引诱效果,并比较了其中5种脂溶性挥发物在各自最优浓度下的引诱效果。试验结果表明,7种挥发物对柑橘木虱都有引诱效果,但是引诱效果与挥发物浓度及持续时间有关。吡嗪、左旋香芹酮、正辛醇、2-环己烯酮、癸酸、邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯和反式-1,2-环己二醇的最佳引诱浓度分别为0.1%、1%、1%、1%、10%、10%、10%。六臂嗅觉仪试验结果显示5种脂溶性挥发物中1%左旋香芹酮的引诱效果高于10%癸酸、10%邻氨基苯甲酸甲酯、1%2-环己烯酮、1%正辛醇及对照(矿物油),但与其他4种挥发物没有显著差异。研究结果可为柑橘木虱引诱剂的开发提供参考,促进柑橘黄龙病的绿色防控。     

非寄主植物提取物对橘小实蝇的产卵拒避作用

选取4种非寄主植物柠檬桉Eucalyptus citriodora、樟树Cinnamomum camphora、白千层Melaleuca leucadendron、夹竹桃Nerium indicum,初步研究了这4种植物叶子提取物对橘小实蝇Bactroceradorsalis的产卵拒避作用。以无水乙醇作溶剂,供试4种植物中的白千层提取物对橘小实蝇具有较强的产卵拒避作用。检测了橘小实蝇对4种植物的乙醇提取物的触角电位值,发现各生物测定值与雌虫触角电位值呈显著相关性,表明其中的挥发性组分是橘小实蝇对植物提取物产生拒避反应的重要原因之一。用无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚、二氯甲烷作溶剂,分别提取白千层叶,仅乙醇提取物有显著拒避作用;用这4种溶剂分别提取樟树叶,则无水乙醇、乙醚、石油醚作溶剂的提取物都有较好效果。     

柑橘大实蝇成虫对9种植物提取物的嗅觉反应

为明确对柑橘大实蝇具有引诱或拒避作用的植物精油或挥发物,通过Y形嗅觉仪分别测定柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫对橘子精油、橙叶精油、橙花精油、柠檬桉精油、薄荷素精油、栀子花精油、D-柠檬烯、芳樟醇和月桂烯的选择率。结果表明,柑橘大实蝇雄虫倾向于选择橘子精油、橙花精油、D-柠檬烯、柠檬桉精油、栀子花精油,雌虫倾向于选择芳樟醇和柠檬桉精油。柠檬桉精油对柑橘大实蝇雌虫和雄虫均有显著的引诱作用,雌虫对柠檬桉精油的选择率为52.38%,雄虫的选择率也达到了50%。本研究为开发对柑橘大实蝇雌、雄成虫均具有引诱作用的引诱剂提供了一定的理论参考。     

柑橘粉虱对柑橘叶片及其挥发物的行为反应

通过Y型嗅觉仪比较了7类14个不同品种的柑橘对柑橘粉虱引诱力的差异,采用顶空固相微萃取和气质联用(GC-MS)分析其中3个品种柑橘叶片挥发物成分,并测定柑橘粉虱对其中的10种挥发物单体标样在10-2、10-4、10-6、10-8g/mL浓度下的行为学反应,以期明确植物挥发物在柑橘粉虱寄主定位中的作用。结果显示,供试的14个柑橘品种中南丰蜜橘对柑橘粉虱引诱作用最强,HB柚最弱。被检测出的37种挥发物单体中的主要成分是烃类、醇类化合物,被测3个品种共有的挥发物有9种。在被测的10种挥发物单体中,引诱作用最强的是浓度为10-8g/mL的γ-松油烯和浓度为10-4g/mL的R-(+)-柠檬烯。研究表明,柑橘叶片中的挥发性气味对柑橘粉虱的寄主选择有重要影响,而且挥发性气味的化合物组成及其相对浓度影响其引诱效果。     

柑橘木虱与柑橘黄龙病相关性、暴发原因与防治对策

柑橘木虱（Diaphorina citri）是柑橘果园柑橘黄龙病（HLB）传播蔓延最重要的途径。作者对广西永福县近13年以来的柑橘木虱发生进行调查，结合本县历年柑橘黄龙病发生情况进行分析，结果表明，柑橘木虱是柑橘黄龙病发生为害的决定性因素，两者呈正相关性。欠管和失管果园面积增加、异常气候、控梢药剂乱用、果树冬季盖膜防冻、柑橘木虱抗药增强、果园天敌缺乏等6方面主要原因导致柑橘木虱暴发。据此，分析预计2023—2025年柑橘木虱和柑橘黄龙病仍将维持高位发生态势。提出因地制宜地采取综合措施治理柑橘木虱以有效防控柑橘黄龙病，包括做好柑橘产业规划、清除失管果园、增强果树抗性、设置物理阻隔、加强木虱监测和统防统治、改变化学农药的单一使用等模式。     

黄龙病媒介昆虫柑橘木虱生物防治新进展

柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama是柑橘黄龙病的重要媒介昆虫,对我国柑橘产业的健康发展潜在着巨大的威胁。本文在综合国内柑橘木虱防控技术的基础上,对近年来柑橘木虱生物防治的最新研究进展进行了综述,并且对其生物防治的发展前景给予了展望。目前应用于柑橘木虱生物防治的天敌资源主要是天敌昆虫及昆虫病原真菌,其中捕食性天敌主要包括瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉和蜘蛛,寄生性天敌昆虫主要包括啮小蜂和跳小峰;昆虫病原真菌主要包括蜡蚧轮枝菌、拟青霉、白僵菌、桔形被毛孢等。期望通过对柑橘木虱生物防治工作的综述,为我国今后柑橘木虱的科学、高效防控及其可持续治理提供参考,不断推动我国柑橘产业的健康发展。     

4种植物精油对瓜实蝇毒杀及驱避作用

瓜实蝇 Bactrocera cucurbitae (Copullett)是我国瓜类蔬菜的重要入侵害虫, 为筛选出对瓜实蝇具有毒杀及驱避作用的植物精油, 室内测定了4种植物精油在不同浓度下对瓜实蝇的毒杀及产卵驱避效果, 并进行了田间验证。结果表明:4种植物精油对瓜实蝇成虫的毒杀效果随精油浓度升高而升高, 浓度为7 mg/mL和10 mg/mL的肉桂精油对瓜实蝇的毒杀效果极显著高于其他精油, 处理后24 h瓜实蝇校正死亡率分别为75.9%和100%;雌虫对冬青精油的嗅觉反应率为93.3%, 显著高于紫苏精油和山苍子精油。不同植物精油对雌虫产卵的驱避效果不同，当植物精油浓度为10 mg/mL时, 冬青精油对雌虫的产卵驱避率为69.04%, 显著高于其他精油。田间试验结果显示:不同植物精油对瓜实蝇成虫具有一定防控效果, 但处理间差异不显著, 可能是由于田间环境复杂、植物精油理化性质存在差异等因素导致。     

Neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel extracts and azadirachtin as oviposition deterrents against the melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) and the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis)

Neem(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed kernel (NSK) extracts,viz., NSK aqueous suspension (NSKS), ethanolic extract of NSK (EtOH. NSK), hexane extract of NSK (neem oil), ethanolic extract of the hexane extract (EtOH. oil) and acetone extract of deoiled NSK powder (Acet. DNSKP) at 1.25-20% concentrations, and pure azadirachtin at 1.25-10 ppm, were evaluated as oviposition deterrents toBactrocera cucurbitae (Coq.) andB. dorsalis Hendel. NSKS at ≥5% under choice test conditions, and at all concentrations (≥1.25%) in no-choice tests significantly deterred oviposition in both species. Similarly, EtOH. NSK was significantly active at all the concentrations tested for both species in choice and no-choice tests. However, with neem oil and EtOH. oil sensitivities of the two species differed considerably. Both extracts deterred oviposition byB. cucurbitae at all the concentrations tested under both choice and no-choice test conditions. On the other hand, withB. dorsalis, neem oil was significantly deterrent only at 20% in both test regimes and at 5% and 20% for EtOH. oil under choice and no-choice test conditions, respectively. Acet. DNSKP significantly deterred oviposition by both species at all concentrations tested. Azadirachtin failed to deter oviposition in either species.     

6种植物乙醇提取物对桔小实蝇成虫的毒杀和产卵驱避作用的初步研究

为筛选出对桔小实蝇成虫有效毒杀和产卵驱避的植物乙醇提取物,采用超声提取法制备了紫茎泽兰、臭椿、菖蒲、青蒿、臭牡丹、樟树等6种植物提取物,并测定提取物对桔小实蝇成虫的毒杀和产卵驱避活性.结果表明:紫茎泽兰、青蒿、臭椿和菖蒲的乙醇提取物均对桔小实蝇成虫有较强的毒杀作用,当浓度为100mg/mL时,校正死亡率均为100％.臭...     

Biochemical and molecular characterisation of acetylcholinesterase in four field populations of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

BACKGROUND: The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is a major pest that infects fruits and agricultural products worldwide. The latest resistance monitoring of B. dorsalis from mainland China has identified high levels of resistance to insecticides. In this study, the biochemical and molecular characteristics of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in four field populations of B. dorsalis are investigated. RESULTS: Among the four populations, the DG population and its purified AChE were found to be the least susceptible to malathion and five inhibitors, whereas the KM population and its purified AChE were the most susceptible. The highest catalytic activity of purified AChE was found for the KM population, and the catalytic activity of the DG population was the lowest. Among developmental stages, the AChE purified from larvae was found to be the most insusceptible to inhibitors, but its catalytic activity was the highest. Sequence analysis of the cDNA encoding AChE showed that some residue differences existed. However, no significant differences in expression levels of the AChE gene among populations and developmental stages were detected. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the decrease in susceptibility of B. dorsalis was mainly caused by decrease in AChE activity, and they provide a broad view on the relation between AChE and resistance. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Insecticide resistance of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in mainland China

BACKGROUND: In order to investigate the extent of resistance of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), which is a widespread pest throughout tropical, subtropical and temperate fruit crops, 25 populations of this insect were collected from 13 sites in mainland China in 2007 and 2008. In addition, resistant strains were established that showed increasing development of resistance. RESULTS: Compared with the susceptible strain, one population of B. dorsalis expressed high resistance (RR = 70.4‐fold), 16 populations expressed medium resistance (11.5‐fold < RR < 25.8‐fold) and eight populations had low resistance or remained susceptible (1.4‐fold < RR < 8.9‐fold) to trichlorphon. As regards β‐cypermethrin, one population showed high resistance (RR = 44.0‐fold), nine populations expressed medium resistance (12.2‐fold < RR < 28.4‐fold), 14 populations expressed low or minor resistance (3.0‐fold < RR < 9.7‐fold) and one population remained susceptible (RR = 1.1‐fold). As regards avermectin, five populations had developed high resistance (44.3‐fold < RR < 104‐fold), seven populations expressed medium resistance (11.4‐fold < RR < 38.6‐fold) and three populations expressed low or minor resistance (3.5‐fold < RR < 5.6‐fold). A continuous resistance selection in the laboratory strain showed that the resistance ratios to trichlorphon, β‐cypermethrin and avermectin were 71.6‐fold, 333‐fold and 70.4‐fold respectively. CONCLUSION: The data provided a comprehensive survey of insecticide resistance in Bactrocera dorsalis in mainland China. All results suggested that early resistance management programmes should be established for restoring the efficacy of pesticide‐based control measures. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

应用楝科植物防治柑桔害虫试验

本文应用楝科植物(印楝、川楝、苦楝)种籽油及其抽提物对柑桔木虱及其他害虫进行一系列的忌避拒食及触杀作用试验,证明印楝油有明显的忌避及拒食作用。印楝油对柑桔潜叶蛾有良好的防效。印楝、川楝及苦楝油对柑桔红蜘蛛也有较强的触杀作用。应用楝科植物杀虫剂可兼治几种害虫,对人畜安全,不污染环境,不会引起抗药性的产生,而且对害虫天敌也比较安全。     

Effects of patchouli and wormwood oils on the bioassays and behaviors of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari: Tetranychidae)

Abstract

The fumigation bioassays, the oviposition inhibition and repellent bioassays of patchouli and wormwood oils to T. cinnabarinus were determined in the laboratory with the methods of fumigation and repellency. Ethovision XT6 was used to analyze the effects of two essential oils at sublethal dosages on the behaviors of T. cinnabarinus. Based on the results, compared with wormwood oil, the fumigation bioassay of patchouli oil was stronger against T. cinnabarinus. In a simultaneous fumigation experiment, the effects of patchouli oil on the inhibition of oviposition of T. cinnabarinus were significantly higher (P?<?0.01) than those of wormwood oil at the tested dosages. When T. cinnabarinus was exposed to the two essential oils at LD₁₀, LD₂₀, and LD₃₀, the spontaneous movement tracks of T. cinnabarinus changed significantly, with the highest mobility frequencies at LD₁₀. Moreover, the effects of exposure to patchouli oil on the spontaneous movement abilities of T. cinnabarinus were greater than those on movements following exposure to wormwood oil. Thus, patchouli oil is a promising candidate as a green vegetable, botanical acaricide.     

三种果园中实蝇粘虫板对橘小实蝇及天敌的诱杀作用

为减少实蝇粘虫板对天敌的诱杀作用,完善实蝇粘虫板在果园的使用方法,于2018年和2019年分别在湖南省农业科学院园艺研究所橘园、桃园、梨园悬挂实蝇粘虫板,调查其诱杀的橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌数量。结果表明,橘园、梨园和桃园共诱杀到15个种、4个科和9个类群,包括靶标害虫橘小实蝇、其他害虫和天敌。3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的昆虫种、科或类群数量有差异,其中梨园中诱杀的昆虫总数最多,为13 653头,其次是桃园,橘园中诱杀的昆虫总数最少。在橘园、梨园和桃园中,橘小实蝇的相对丰富度分别为5.90%、23.45%和21.73%,最早出现时间均为6月;在橘园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期在8月下旬至10月上旬,下半年天敌诱杀量高峰期略滞后于橘小实蝇的诱杀量高峰期,在梨园和桃园中橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期主要集中在7月中下旬至10月中旬,橘小实蝇诱杀量高峰期与天敌诱杀量高峰期无明显相关性;3种果园中粘虫板诱杀的主要天敌有瓢虫、食蚜蝇、草蛉、寄生蜂,桃园和梨园中诱杀的草蛉较多,橘园中诱杀的瓢虫和寄生蜂较多。应用实蝇粘虫板防控橘小实蝇时,梨园和桃园应从6月上旬开始悬挂,橘园应从8月上旬开始悬挂,先少量悬挂,根据诱杀橘小实蝇数量,再逐渐增加粘虫板。