东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马成虫的捕食功能

为明确东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对茶棍蓟马Dendrothrips minowai的捕食作用和生物防治潜能,于室内系统研究东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫和成虫对茶棍蓟马雌成虫的捕食行为、捕食功能反应、搜寻效应、自身干扰反应及两者之间的相互干扰效应。结果表明,东亚小花蝽取食单头茶棍蓟马雌成虫的时间随着自身发育阶段的增大而变短,成虫取食时间最短,为7.40 min。在一定的猎物密度范围内,东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫与成虫对茶棍蓟马的捕食作用均符合HollingⅡ功能反应模型,东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫与雌成虫的捕食量均随猎物密度的增加而升高。东亚小花蝽雌成虫对茶棍蓟马雌成虫的瞬时攻击率、捕食能力和日最大捕食量均最高,分别为0.459、124.05和250.00头。东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马的捕食量与猎物密度呈正相关,但搜寻效应与猎物密度呈负相关,且东亚小花蝽雌成虫的搜寻效应最高。东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马的捕食作用同时受自身密度的影响,随着自身密度的增大其平均捕食率降低。东亚小花蝽成虫的捕食作用率随着自身密度和猎物密度的增大而降低。表明东亚小花蝽对茶棍蓟马有较好的生物防治潜能。     

淡翅小花蝽对豆大蓟马的捕食功能反应及猎物偏好性

为评价淡翅小花蝽对豆大蓟马的控害潜能,在室内测定了淡翅小花蝽各虫态对豆大蓟马2龄若虫的捕食能力、寻找效应、捕食选择性及自身密度干扰反应。结果表明：一定的猎物密度范围内,淡翅小花蝽各虫态对豆大蓟马的捕食作用均符合Holling Ⅱ功能反应模型,淡翅小花蝽各虫态的捕食量均随猎物密度的增加而升高,搜寻效应均随猎物密度增加而下降。淡翅小花蝽若虫的捕食能力随龄期的增长而提高,5龄若虫的日捕食能力最强,为42.9头。淡翅小花蝽5龄若虫对2龄若虫捕食率随其自身密度的增加而下降,经拟合获得的干扰模型为E＝0.412P^-0.822,分摊竞争模型为I＝1.042lgP＋0.071。猎物偏好性试验结果表明,淡翅小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫均对豆大蓟马2龄若虫的偏好性明显高于成虫。研究结果表明淡翅小花蝽对豆大蓟马具有较好的防控潜能。     

东亚小花蝽若虫对西花蓟马成虫的捕食作用

室内开展了东亚小花蝽二龄、四龄若虫对西花蓟马成虫的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应研究。结果表明,在26℃试验温度下其捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型方程,东亚小花蝽若虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增加,搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低,捕食上限分别为9.2头和23.0头。     

东亚小花蝽若虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食作用

在室内条件下进行东亚小花蝽2、4龄若虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食功能反应与搜寻效应试验.结果表明在供试温度下,其捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程;相同温度下,东亚小花蝽若虫的捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增加,而搜寻效应随之降低.相同猎物密度条件下,18～26℃之间,随着温度的升高,东亚小花蝽若虫对西花蓟马若虫的捕食量增加、搜寻效应增强;而在26～30℃之间,趋势相反.26℃时,东亚小花蝽2、4龄若虫日捕食量最大,捕食上限分别达18.2头和38.2头;处置1头猎物所需时间(Th)最低,分别为0.0549天和0.0262天;瞬时攻击率(a)s最高,分别为1.0574和1.3665.东亚小花蝽2、4龄若虫捕食作用率与其密度的关系分别为E=0.4034P-0.6669和E=0.3851P-0.4767;分摊竞争强度与其密度的关系分别为I=1.01671gP 0.0172和I=0.80881gP 0.0142.     

东亚小花蝽若虫对大豆蚜捕食功能的研究

本文研究了东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫捕食大豆蚜的功能反应和寻找效应.结果表明,在供试温度下其捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程.在相同温度下,东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫的捕食量随着猎物密度的增加而增大,搜寻效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低.在18～26℃,随着温度的升高,东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫对大豆蚜的捕食量增加,而在26～34℃则有相反的趋势.在相同猎物密度条件下,随着东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫密度的增大,其平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率E也相应地降低,捕食作用率E与东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫密度P的关系为E=0.1249 P-0.1776,分摊竞争强度I与东亚小花蝽4～5龄若虫密度P的关系为I=0.3526 lg P+0.0152.     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确天敌昆虫东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的捕食潜力,在室内测定东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日捕食量,并对其捕食功能、搜寻效应和干扰效应进行分析。结果表明:东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling II模型;东亚小花蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理单头猎物的时间分别为20.833头、0.747和0.048 d;东亚小花蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理单头猎物的时间分别为11.236头、1.355和0.089 d。东亚小花蝽的日捕食量与草地贪夜蛾密度呈正相关,搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度呈负相关。东亚小花蝽自身密度对其捕食作用的干扰符合Hassell模型,对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食作用率随自身密度的增加而降低。     

杭州悬铃木方翅网蝽的捕食性天敌种类及日本通草蛉幼虫捕食作用

本文调查发现杭州悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata(Say)的捕食性天敌有5科7种,主要是日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipponensis(Okamoto)、普通草蛉Chrysoperla carnea(Stephens)和小花蝽属Orius spp..日本通草蛉幼虫对悬铃木方翅网蝽成虫、若虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,捕食作用强弱为:日本通草蛉3龄幼虫捕食若虫＞日本通草蛉2龄幼虫捕食若虫＞日本通草蛉3龄幼虫捕食成虫,其对应的搜寻效率α与处理时间Th值分别为1.0141、0.5687、0.3757和0.0075、0.0121、0.0267.成虫和若虫共存时,日本通草蛉3龄幼虫喜好捕食若虫.日本通草蛉幼虫的搜寻效应随猎物密度的增加而降低.在悬铃木方翅网蝽若虫密度相同的条件下,日本通草蛉2龄、3龄幼虫随着自身密度的增大,其平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应降低,其捕食作用率E与自身密度P的关系分别为:E=0.3164 P-0.4700和E=0.3411 P-0.4762.日本通草蛉幼虫间存在分摊竞争.     

南方小花蝽和黄蓟马的种群动态及捕食功能反应

为明确南方小花蝽和黄蓟马在冬季蚕豆植株上的发生情况及南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的室内捕食控害能力,本试验采用五点取样盘拍法调查了蚕豆植株上黄蓟马及其天敌南方小花蝽的种群密度;在实验室内用捕食功能反应法研究了南方小花蝽雌成虫对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能、寻找效应及其自身密度对捕食黄蓟马的干扰反应。结果表明：黄蓟马在3月初达种群密度最大值18.2头/株,南方小花蝽种群高峰晚于黄蓟马19 d出现,在3月中旬达到最高峰3.4头/株;南方小花蝽对黄蓟马的捕食效应受自身密度和猎物密度影响,捕食效应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程功能反应模型,南方小花蝽对黄蓟马成虫和2龄若虫的捕食功能反应方程分别为N_a=0.5655N/（1＋0.0193N）和N_a=1.1864N/（1＋0.0346N）;日最大捕食量分别为29.3头/d和34.3头/d;当猎物密度不变时,南方小花蝽成虫对黄蓟马的捕食作用受到自身密度的干扰,平均捕食量随南方小花蝽密度升高而下降,其干扰反应方程为E=0.3009P^-0.4290。南方小花蝽种群在野外蚕豆上种群对黄蓟马种群有跟随现象,其种群随着黄蓟马的增加而增长,在2―3月,蚕豆进入花期时黄蓟马种群数量达到最大值;南方小花蝽对黄蓟马有较强的捕食能力,可作为黄蓟马生物防治实践中重要的天敌资源加以研究和利用。     

蠋蝽对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的捕食作用

为明确蠋蝽Arma custos对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis的捕食能力,在实验室条件下采用捕食功能反应方法测定蠋蝽5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对亚洲玉米螟4龄幼虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应和种内干扰效应对其自身捕食能力的影响。结果显示,蠋蝽5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对亚洲玉米螟4龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程;蠋蝽5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对亚洲玉米螟4龄幼虫的瞬间攻击率分别为0.790、0.849和0.818,处理时间分别为0.041、0.027和0.036 d,日最大捕食量分别为24.390、37.037和27.778头;随着亚洲玉米螟密度的增加,蠋蝽的搜寻效应逐渐降低,雌成虫的搜寻效应明显大于5龄若虫和雄成虫;蠋蝽5龄若虫和雌雄成虫捕食亚洲玉米螟4龄幼虫时均受到种内干扰的影响,干扰常数分别1.372、1.410和1.309。表明蠋蝽5龄若虫和雌雄成虫均对亚洲玉米螟具有较好的控害潜能,且成虫的控害潜能大于5龄若虫。     

南方小花蝽对西花蓟马成虫的捕食功能及种内互残行为

为进一步评价南方小花蝽Orius strigicollis的生物防治潜能,明确南方小花蝽高龄若虫以及成虫对西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis成虫的捕食作用及其种内互残行为。在室内通过捕食功能反应试验评价南方小花蝽对西花蓟马成虫的捕食能力,通过南方小花蝽种内互残的选择与非选择性试验分析不同龄期、不同猎物密度下南方小花蝽的种内互残行为。结果表明,南方小花蝽4～5龄若虫和雌雄成虫对西花蓟马的捕食功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,捕食能力评价指标a’/T_h大小依次为雌成虫(33.2)>雄成虫(18.8)>5龄若虫(16.7)>4龄若虫(11.7)。种内互残试验结果表明,在没有蓟马的环境下南方小花蝽4、5龄若虫平均死亡数量分别为1.5头和1.7头,显著高于对照。接入南方小花蝽雌成虫后,当西花蓟马若虫密度为10头时的死亡数量高于密度为5头时的死亡数量。当南方小花蝽雌成虫∶若虫∶蓟马数量比为1∶5∶5时,南方小花蝽1龄若虫死亡数量最高,为2.3头;当南方小花蝽雌成虫∶若虫∶蓟马数量为1∶5∶50头时,南方小花蝽若虫的死亡数量均较...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.