氮钾肥施用对土壤有效养分和盐分及番茄生长的影响

通过土培盆栽模拟试验,研究氮、钾肥施用量对土壤有效养分、水溶性盐分及番茄生长的影响。结果表明：随着氮、钾肥施用量的增加,土壤NO3--N、速效钾及土壤水溶性盐分含量均显著增加,氮、钾肥施用量与土壤NO3^--N、速效钾含量为极显著线性关系,每施纯氮0.1 g/kg土（相当于225 kg/hm^2）,增加土壤NO3^--N 50.5 mg/kg,每施K2O 0.1 g/kg土,土壤速效钾增加79.5 mg/kg;施氮对水溶性盐分含量的增加为施钾的2倍,土壤水溶性盐分含量超过0.8 g/kg后,盐分含量与番茄生物量、开花率呈极显著负相关关系,土壤盐分含量为0.9 g/kg时,显著抑制番茄生长并延迟其生育期,而叶绿素含量相对增加;番茄叶片中脯氨酸含量与土壤水溶性盐分含量间呈极显著正相关。日光温室栽培土壤盐分累积影响作物生长在外观上的隐蔽性应引起人们的重视。     

海水倒灌农田土壤盐分空间变异特征

以海南省海口市三江农场为研究区域,采集并化验海水倒灌后土壤样品191份,利用地统计学方法和空间插值法对区域土壤盐分空间变异特征进行了研究。结果表明:14个土层中土壤盐分的均值最大的为0~5 cm土层,土壤盐分平均含量达到9.63 g/kg,最小的是20~40 cm土层,盐分平均含量仅为4.36 g/kg;24个土层中第一层(0~5 cm)土壤盐分含量属弱相关性,第四层(20~40 cm)土层属于剧烈空间自相关性;3各土层土壤盐分分布格局差异明显,含盐量1 g/kg的各土层均没有分布;含盐量1~3和3~5 g/kg两个级别随着土层深度的增加面积逐渐增大,9 g/kg的级别则面积逐渐减少。不同深度土壤层土壤盐分含量差异明显,空间变异特征各不相同,总体呈现土壤盐分表聚特征。     

河西走廊盐土资源及耐盐牧草改土培肥效应的研究

本文论述了河西走廊盐土的地理分布、成土条件、主要亚类、盐分组成及盐的毒害效应。并在草甸盐土上种植了鲁梅克斯草,脱盐改土效果十分明显。种植鲁梅克斯草3~4年,鲜草产量达9.623?04 ~ 9.965?04 kg/hm2,脱盐率达61.78 % ~ 80.71 %,pH由8.50降到8.10,耕作层总孔度增加1.89 % ~ 7.93 %,土壤容重降低0.14 ~ 0.21 g/cm3,水稳性团粒结构增加23.14 % ~ 32.34 %,自然含水量增加72.10 ~ 89.40 g/kg,土壤有机质、速效N、P、K亦随之增加。     

太仓市郊大棚菜地土壤盐分累积与分布特征研究

以太仓市郊大棚菜地土壤为研究对象,研究了太仓市典型大棚菜地土壤盐分累积现状及变化规律。结果表明:太仓市郊大棚菜地土壤全盐含量平均值为3.38 g/kg,已达轻度盐化水平;大棚菜地土壤盐分累积区域分布差异较大,最小值为0.42 g/kg,最大值达12.6 g/kg,变异系数达65.7%;大棚菜地土壤盐分累积量有69.84%超过安全水平,其中51.59%为轻度盐土,10.32%为中度盐土,5.56%为重度盐土;大棚菜地土壤盐分累积分布具有明显的地域性,以浏河镇、沙溪镇和新区发生盐化现象最为严重,盐化土所占比例分别达91.4%、91.0%和83.0%;八大离子组成中,阳离子以Ca~(2+)为主,其次为Na~+和K~+,阴离子以NO_3~–为主,其次为Cl~–和SO_4~(2–);相关性分析表明,影响太仓市郊菜地土壤发生盐化的主要因素是全盐含量、NO_3~–、Cl~–、Ca~(2+)等指标,造成土壤发生次生盐渍化的主要原因是不合理施肥、种植及管理模式等人为外在因素;太仓市郊菜地土壤盐分含量随着大棚种植年限的增加而显著提高,在种植年限为4~5 a时达到峰值,平均值为3.64 g/kg,是种植年限为1 a的大棚土壤含盐量的1.29倍。     

河套灌区典型示范区土壤盐分和有机质空间变异特征

为探明河套灌区盐渍化土壤盐分和有机质含量分布规律,选取巴彦淖尔市五原县盐渍化土壤典型区域作为研究区,采用区域土壤信息定点监测,选取 149个采样点,获得各土层土壤样本,并结合经典统计学、地统计学、空间插值等方法,研究盐渍化土壤盐分和有机质含量空间变异特征。结果表明:随着土层深度的增加,土壤有机质含量与土壤盐分含量的相关性逐渐增加,在深层土壤间盐分对有机质含量的影响大于表层,且在 40～ 60 cm影响最显著。研究区各层土壤盐分的最优半方差函数模型为球状模型,土壤有机质的最优半方差函数模型为高斯模型。规模化盐碱地改良后,0～ 20、20～ 40、40～ 60 cm土壤盐分结构比(表示随机因素引起的空间变异占系统总变异的比例)上升 2.35、6.72、1.94个百分点,0～ 20、20～ 40 cm土壤有机质结构比分别上升 3.54、3.93个百分点,土壤盐分和有机质结构比整体较改良前呈上升趋势,结构性增强,空间相关性增强,垂直方向上土壤盐分变异性强于有机质变异性。改良期内土壤盐分含量平均降幅为 0.574g/kg,土壤有机质含量平均增幅为 0.195 g/kg,耕层土壤盐渍化程度减弱,各层土壤有机质含量增加,作物生长安全区增大,研究区土壤环境显著改善。土壤盐分高值区(>6 g/kg)多位于地下水浅埋区的中部和东南部区域,改良后,研究区中部土壤盐分集聚特征仍十分显著,存在盐渍化加剧的风险,仍是盐碱地改良防治重点的区域。     

黑果枸杞改良塔里木河上游阿拉尔垦区盐碱地的效果分析

探讨极端干旱区黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)改良盐碱地的效果及盐分与土壤有机质之间作用规律。连续田间监测对比中度盐渍土(5～10 g/kg)、重度盐渍土(10～22 g/kg)和盐土(>22 g/kg)3种土壤条件黑果枸杞植株的成活率,以及栽培3年对0～20、20～40、40～60 cm土层Na+、Cl-、SO42-、有机质、碱解氮含量以及果实产量的影响。结果表明,土壤总盐含量与黑果枸杞存活率之间符合二次函数,总盐含量大于7.97%致死黑果枸杞植株。此外,栽培黑果枸杞后,3种盐渍土20～40 cm土层Na+、Cl-和SO42-含量显著减小,并以盐土最为显著,其他各土层盐离子含量未显著降低。盐土碱解氮含量显著增加,其他类型盐渍土各土层有机质和碱解氮显著降低。土壤总盐降低速率与土壤有机质增量呈负相关。经修复的盐渍土有利于黑果枸杞产量显著增加。综上所述,增产过程中黑果枸杞降低了中重度盐渍土中Na+、Cl-和SO42-含量,消耗了20～40 cm土层较多养分。     

滇东低纬度高海拔区土壤化学性状对烟叶中硫、氯离子的影响

本文分析测定了低纬度高海拔的云南省曲靖市烟田土壤与烟叶的相关化学性状,通过分类树模型统计分析了烤烟中部叶片中硫、氯离子含量与土壤养分之间的关系。分析结果显示:(1)曲靖地区烟叶中硫的平均含量为0.26 mg/kg,含量范围在0.07~0.97 mg/kg,处于较适宜水平,但变异较大。有效硫、有效钙、海拔、速效磷、pH、有机质和速效钾均直接或间接影响烟叶中硫素含量,其中最主要因素是土壤有效硫含量。土壤有效硫含量≤35.53 mg/kg时,烟叶硫含量主要受土壤速效磷影响;土壤有效硫含量介于35.53~71.83 mg/kg时,土壤有效镁则成为影响烟叶硫含量的主要因素;土壤有效硫含量≥71.830mg/kg时,烟叶硫含量受土壤pH影响较大。(2)曲靖地区烟叶中氯离子平均含量为2.49g/kg,含量范围在0.20~34.7g/kg,处于较适宜水平,变异较大。土壤水溶性氯是影响烟叶氯离子含量的最主要因素,其含量分割点为4.97、28.48和51.93 mg/kg。除土壤水溶性氯外,土壤有效镁、速效磷和速效钙也在不同程度上影响烟叶氯含量。     

天津小站稻种植区土壤质量综合评价

为了解天津小站稻种植区土壤养分水平与肥力状况,本次调查分析了稻田土壤pH、盐分、有机质、速效量和全量氮磷钾、铜锰硫等中微量元素共24项指标,通过主成分分析法对土壤质量进行综合评价.结果表明:研究区土壤pH介于7.80～8.95,平均盐分含量为1.6 g/kg,有机质、全氮与碱解氮含量属于中下水平,钾素含量丰富而磷素缺乏...     

磷石膏、红糖等对蚯蚓改良滨海盐土的促进作用

前期研究表明,施入园林废弃物作为饵料并投放蚯蚓能够降低滨海盐土盐分。通过田间对比试验,研究同时添加磷石膏和红糖对蚯蚓改良滨海盐土的促进作用。结果表明,在每平方米施入6.5 kg园林废弃物及50条蚯蚓(平均质量0.334 g)的基础上,添加磷石膏能够显著降低土壤pH以及水溶性钠离子(Na~+)和氯离子(Cl~-)的含量,但同时会显著增加土壤水溶性钙离子(Ca~(2+))及硫酸根离子(SO_4~(2-))含量;随着磷石膏施入量的提高,土壤全盐量呈现先降低后升高的趋势。添加红糖能够间接降低盐碱土壤水溶性Na~+和Cl~-的含量以及全盐量,但不同红糖施入量的处理间并无显著差异。根据试验结果,推荐在施入园林废弃物作为饵料并投放蚯蚓的基础上,同时添加1 kg m~(-2)的磷石膏及0.4 kg m~(-2)的红糖,以取得最佳的降盐效果。     

不同开垦年限土壤剖面盐分变化

通过对不同开垦年限土壤剖面盐分调查,进行北疆典型残余盐土的变化特征研究.以玛纳斯河流域包家店镇典型地块为研究区,运用统计学和空间置换时间相结合的方法探讨土壤盐分的动态变化及其影响因素.结果表明,随着开垦年限的延长土壤剖面盐分均呈现相对减少的趋势,8年后土壤剖面的平均盐分降低到4 g/kg左右,年均脱盐率达到10.6%;该残余盐土区域土壤剖面盐分主要聚集在中底层(30-100cn),呈底聚型;开垦6年后土壤盐分的活跃范围集中在0-60 cm;开垦年限影响土壤盐分的同时土壤质地也是影响土壤盐分大小的重要因素.该研究结果将对残余盐土的发生演变及改良培肥提供科学依据.     

Are mangrove forest substrates sediments or soils? A case study in southeastern Brazil

Morphological and analytical data corresponding to several profiles from two mangrove systems in the Brazilian state of São Paulo were examined for evidence of pedogenetic processes. Plant activity exerted a strong effect on the processes occurring in mangrove substrates, especially on the intensity of these processes and, therefore, constitutes one of the major factors involved in the differentiation of sediments and soils. Colonization of substrates by vascular plants leads to drastic changes in physicochemical conditions. The redox processes were much more diverse in the soil than in the sediment (substrate without vegetation); in the former they varied with depth, with oxic or suboxic conditions being observed at the surface and anoxic conditions observed below 30 cm, whereas in the sediment, anoxic conditions were observed throughout. Likewise, the acid–base conditions were more variable in the soils, ranging from strongly acid to neutral, and in the sediment they were close to neutral. Furthermore, different pedogenetic processes were identified: (1) addition of organic matter by accumulation of vegetable debris and dead roots, with formation – in some cases – of a histic epipedon, (2) transfer of soluble iron (Fe²⁺) towards the surface and precipitation in the form of Fe oxyhydroxide, and transfer of the mineral particles due to the bioturbation caused by activity of crabs, (3) transformation of elements such as iron (gleization) and sulphur (sulphidization). Changes undergone in the mangrove substrates were also characterized by simultaneity and intergradations between pedogenesis and diagenesis, especially in the lowermost layers in which authigenesis appears to intensify. Thus, the presence of smectite minerals in the clay fraction may be attributed to authigenic processes that take place in both soils and sediments.     

中国的红树林与酸性硫酸盐土

红树林及由红树林沼泽发育的酸性硫酸盐土在我国约有１０．６万公顷。红树的主要生化特点之一是其化学组成中硫含量很高，平均达０．４％左右，大大高于同地带其它灌木（０．１％左右），这一特征深刻地影响着土壤发生及其性质。当红树林残体被埋藏而分解后，有大量的硫进入土壤，从而使土壤具有含硫层。该层全Ｓ含量多在０．３％以上，表层土壤也在０．２％左右，而一般热带地区酸性土只有０．０４％左右。土壤地下水中ＳＯ＾２－４     

The mangrove communities in the Arroyo Seco deltaic fan,Jalisco, Mexico,and their relation with the geomorphic and physical–geographic zonation

This work investigates mangrove tree zonation dynamics in a deltaic fan in the southwestern coast of Mexico. A hypothetical evolution that led to the formation and consolidation of the Arroyo Seco deltaic fan based on the environmental components from the hydrographic basin is proposed. Also, the relief morphogenetic types, along with their sedimentary composition, are derived from geomorphologic and edaphic diagnose methods. Finally, mangrove tree zonation, basal area and height along transects traced parallel to the relief are related to morphogenetic types and to the water table depth during the dry period. There was a clear sedimentological evidence of the accretion process in the deltaic fan. The accretion horizons conditioned the water table, which increased in depth from the margin of the lagoon to the hinterland, thus changing among geoforms. It was much greater at the middle part of the transects, where continental or lagoon water did not infiltrate due to high resistance of clayey soils. The geomorphic zonation of mangrove communities in the Arroyo Seco deltaic fan is: (1) a low fluvial distributary accumulative plain, with coconut palm plantations; (2) a bank fluvial accumulative plain between distributary channels, with coconut palm plantations and patches of low tropical forest; (3) a relatively high swamp accumulative plain, flooded during high water levels, with Avicennia germinans; (4) a low swamp, temporarily flooded accumulative plain, with Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and A. germinans; (5) a very low swamp, permanently flooded accumulative plain, with distributary channels, lateral microbars and tide microdepressions, where Rhizophora and Laguncularia codominate; and (6), a Rhizophora fringe and colonization area along the fan's frontal edge on the same plain. Along this gradient composed of six mangrove communities, basal area and height tended to increase as the water table reached soil level.     

广西沿海地区红树林根系土壤中放线菌的分离与鉴定

本研究通过分离纯培养,从广西北海及防城港红树林根系土壤中分离出放线菌并提取其总DNA,用放线菌通用引物对获得菌株的16SrDNA进行PCR扩增,对获得的扩增产物进行DNA序列测定及菌株鉴定。研究结果表明,从红树林根系土壤样品中分离出15株典型放线菌菌株。16SrDNA测序比对鉴定结果显示,15株典型放线菌菌株中有12株属于链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,是常见菌属;3株属于拟诺卡氏菌属（Nocardiopsis）,为稀有放线菌。本研究分离纯化获得15株典型放线菌,初步揭示了广西沿海地区红树林土壤中放线菌的多样性。     

Litter degradation and CN dynamics in reforested mangrove plantations at Gazi Bay, Kenya

The main objective of this study was to assess how mangrove reforestation has influenced litter degradation and concomitant nutrient dynamics in previously deforested plantations. Dynamics of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen and C:N ratios) in decomposing leaves of conspecific species were investigated with litterbags in Sonneratia alba and Rhizophora mucronata reforested treatments using appropriate bare and natural less disturbed treatments as controls. Bare treatments had the lowest decay rates (Kd⁻¹) and thus the highest t₅₀ values (when 50% of the original weight had been decomposed) for both species. The contrary was true for natural treatments, while both parameters were intermediate in reforested treatments, suggesting that other than direct litter input, reforestation has modified site conditions which have enhanced organic matter decomposition. There were significant seasonal differences in decay rates for treatments within the R. mucronata species, with rates being higher during the wet season with accompanying lower t₅₀ values. Decay rates were overall higher (P < 0.05) in the S. alba species and as a result no litter was retrieved from its natural treatment by the 5th week. Higher amphipod colonisation was observed in reforested and natural treatments than bare treatments, which may have contributed to higher decay rates in the former. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in N concentration among treatments with natural and reforested treatments having similarly higher concentrations than bare treatments in both seasons. C:N ratios (an important determinant of nutritional leaf quality) were also similarly low in natural and reforested treatments and higher in bare treatments. Mangrove reforestation thus seems to have enhanced litter degradation and concomitant nutrient remineralisation, suggesting that other than species litter quality, tidal inundation and seasonal factors, specific stand management regimes play an important role in determining the efficiency of these ecological processes in mangrove ecosystems.     

Wetland dynamics of Marajó Island,northern Brazil,during the last 1000 years

The wetland dynamics in eastern Amazon region during the last thousand years were studied by pollen analysis and AMS radiocarbon date. Three sediment cores were sampled from the Marajó Island, which is located at the mouth of the Amazon River. Marajó Island is covered mainly by Amazon coastal forest, herbaceous and varzea vegetation. One core was obtained from Lake Arari, which is surrounded by herbaceous vegetation flooded by freshwater. Two cores were sampled from an herbaceous plain that lies 45 km southeast from the Lake Arari. The pollen records indicate that the herbaceous vegetation began its development approximately 800 cal yr B.P. The pollen percentages between 750 and 500 cal yr B.P. indicate the expansion of mangroves. The predominance of herbaceous and varzea pollen occurs between 500 and 200 cal yr B.P. and the varzea pollen percentage increased during the last 200 years. The vegetation changes proposed by the pollen records from the Lake Arari, probably, represent the regional vegetation dynamics of the Marajó Island, while the pollen profiles from herbaceous plain present a smaller spatial representativeness of the vegetation. The alternation between fresh and brackish water vegetation in the wetlands may indicate changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the sediment during the time interval studied.     

红树林区内互花米草防除技术研究

利用自行研制的专用药剂“米草星”可在60d内连根杀死红树林与互花米草交错生长区域内全部互花米草,而对区域内红树林的生长及繁殖无影响,并对水生生物安全,且用药后30d土壤中未检测出“米草星”药剂的残留。     

Spatial and temporal variation of nitrous oxide and methane flux between subtropical mangrove sediments and the atmosphere

We quantified spatial and temporal variations of the fluxes of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) and associated abiotic sediment parameters across a subtropical river estuary sediment dominated by grey mangrove (Avicennia marina). N₂O and CH₄ fluxes from sediment were measured adjacent to the river (“fringe”) and in the mangrove forest (“forest”) at 3-h intervals throughout the day during autumn, winter and summer. N₂O fluxes from sediment ranged from an average of −4 μg to 65 μg N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ representing N₂O sink and emission. CH₄ emissions varied by several orders of magnitude from 3 μg to 17.4 mg CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹. Fluxes of N₂O and CH₄ differed significantly between sampling seasons, as well as between fringe and forest positions. In addition, N₂O flux differed significantly between time of day of sampling. Higher bulk density and total carbon content in sediment were significant contributors towards decreasing N₂O emission; rates of N₂O emission increased with less negative sediment redox potential (E_h). Porewater profiles of nitrate plus nitrite (NO_x⁻) suggest that denitrification was the major process of nitrogen transformation in the sediment and possible contributor to N₂O production. A significant decrease in CH₄ emission was observed with increasing E_h, but higher sediment temperature was the most significant variable contributing to CH₄ emission. From April 2004 to July 2005, sediment levels of dissolved ammonium, nitrate, and total carbon content declined, most likely from decreased input of diffuse nutrient and carbon sources upstream from the study site; concomitantly average CH₄ emissions decreased significantly. On the basis of their global warming potentials, N₂O and CH₄ fluxes, expressed as CO₂-equivalent (CO₂-e) emissions, showed that CH₄ emissions dominated in summer and autumn seasons (82-98% CO₂-e emissions), whereas N₂O emissions dominated in winter (67-95% of CO₂-e emissions) when overall CO₂-e emissions were low. Our study highlights the importance of seasonal N₂O contributions, particularly when conditions driving CH₄ emissions may be less favourable. For the accurate upscaling of N₂O and CH₄ flux to annual rates, we need to assess relative contributions of individual trace gases to net CO₂-e emissions, and the influence of elevated nutrient inputs and mitigation options across a number of mangrove sites or across regional scales. This requires a careful sampling design at site-level that captures the potentially considerable temporal and spatial variation of N₂O and CH₄ emissions.     

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms associated with the rhizosphere of mangroves in a semiarid coastal lagoon

 The phosphate-solubilizing potential of the rhizosphere microbial community in mangroves was demonstrated when culture media supplemented with insoluble, tribasic calcium phosphate, and incubated with roots of black (Avicennia germinans L.) and white [Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.] mangrove became transparent after a few days of incubation. Thirteen phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of both species of mangroves: Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus atrophaeus, Paenibacillus macerans, Vibrio proteolyticus, Xanthobacter agilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter taylorae, Enterobacter asburiae, Kluyvera cryocrescens, Pseudomonas stutzeri, and Chryseomonas luteola. One bacterial isolate could not be identified. The rhizosphere of black mangroves also yielded the fungus Aspergillus niger. The phosphate-solubilizing activity of the isolates was first qualitatively evaluated by the formation of halos (clear zones) around the colonies growing on solid medium containing tribasic calcium phosphate as a sole phosphorus source. Spectrophotometric quantification of phosphate solubilization showed that all bacterial species and A. niger solubilized insoluble phosphate well in a liquid medium, and that V. proteolyticus was the most active solubilizing species among the bacteria. Gas chromatographic analyses of cell-free spent culture medium from the various bacteria demonstrated the presence of 11 identified, and several unidentified, volatile and nonvolatile organic acids. Those most commonly produced by different species were lactic, succinic, isovaleric, isobutyric, and acetic acids. Most of the bacterial species produced more than one organic acid whereas A. niger produced only succinic acid. We propose the production of organic acids by these mangrove rhizosphere microorganisms as a possible mechanism involved in the solubilization of insoluble calcium phosphate. Received: 21 April 1999     

海南岛红树林湿地土壤有机碳分布规律及影响因素研究

以海南岛为例,选择环岛东、西、南、北四个方向的典型红树林群落,对土壤进行取样,测定土壤有机碳含量,计算土壤有机碳密度。通过对比群落结构、土壤理化性质、不同区域的自然条件,探讨红树林土壤有机碳的分布规律以及影响碳储量的主要因素。研究表明,土壤有机碳分布特征在垂直方向上差异显著,土壤有机碳含量最大值出现在20~40 cm,土壤有机碳密度最大值出现在0~20cm;不同群落类型土壤有机碳含量存在明显差异,以东寨港红树林为例,海莲群落土壤有机碳含量最高,为20.89±6.75 g kg-1,人工无瓣海桑林最低,为12.71±3.62 g kg-1,进一步相关分析显示,土壤有机碳含量与群落植株胸径和基盖度呈显著正相关,与株高无关;在空间分布上,表现为东方四泌湾文昌清澜港儋州新英湾海口东寨港三亚湾。最后结合海南岛红树林面积,得出海南岛红树林土壤有机碳总储量为2.39×106t。