二氧化钛在脲醛树脂胶黏剂中的应用研究

比较加入不同量的纳米二氧化钛与普通级二氧化钛对脲醛树脂性能的影响及用其制造胶合板的甲醛释放量和胶合强度的影响。研究结果表明,普通级TiO_2加入量为2%时,树脂胶合强度最大,但对板材甲醛释放量没有显著影响;纳米级TiO_2加入脲醛树脂中在日光下搅拌20min能有效提高脲醛树脂的胶合强度,加入量为0.5%时,对用甲醛与尿素物质的量比为1.3:1的脲醛树脂胶压制的胶合板,其板材各项性能指标都超过国家标准E_1级板材要求。     

纳米蒙脱土改性脲醛树脂制备胶合板研究

采用纳米层蒙脱土（MMT）改性脲醛树脂制备胶合板,研究MMT在脲醛树脂合成过程中的加入方式、种类以及加入比例对胶合强度和甲醛释放量的影响.结果表明：MMT在脲醛树脂合成中加入第一批尿素（U1）,其干湿强度达到最高,游离甲醛含量最低,且都满足国家标准.对于5种不同处理MMT改性脲醛树脂进行试验,结果显示加入纳米蒙脱土后,胶合板的胶合强度均比脲醛树脂有所提高,游离甲醛有所降低,并达到E0级国家标准.综合强度和成本问题编号为DK-1N的MMT制备的胶合板,其干湿强度分别达到了3.74 MPa和1.79 MPa,板材的游离甲醛含量为0.494 mg/100 g.     

高醚含量三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂胶接胶合板性能研究

采用常规和高醚两种工艺合成了脲醛树脂及三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂,研究了合成工艺、三聚氰胺添加、固化剂种类等对低摩尔比树脂胶接胶合板胶合强度和甲醛释放量的影响。结果表明:高醚工艺合成的脲醛树脂固化时间较长,胶接胶合板甲醛释放量较高。三聚氰胺在反应初期加入合成的高醚改性树脂胶接胶合板,胶合强度高,甲醛释放量低;三聚氰胺在树脂合成反应末期加入时主要起降低板的甲醛释放量作用。复合固化剂可有效促进低游离甲醛含量树脂的固化,提高胶合强度,降低甲醛释放量。     

脲醛树脂中面粉填充量对胶合板性能的影响

在脲醛树脂合成过程中经过适当脱水,加入三聚氰胺;在调胶时加入面粉等作为填充剂来减少脲醛树脂的实际使用量,最终达到降低胶合板甲醛释放量的目的.在调胶时,加入一定量的纳米SiO2、API胶粘剂,可保证胶合强度满足国标要求.     

E_0级低成本三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂的研究

通过单因素试验方法研究了在F/U摩尔比为1.05情况下的三聚氰胺用量、投料阶段、初摩尔比对改性后的脲醛树脂所制得的胶合板的甲醛释放量、胶合强度的影响。得出结论:三聚氰胺用量为尿素量的7%,采用合成前期一次投入的方法合成的脲醛树脂性能最佳,用其试制的7层杨木胶合板其胶合强度能够达到GB/T9846—2004中Ⅱ类要求,甲醛释放量达到E_0级要求,贮存期>15d。     

低毒脲醛树脂的合成

研究在脲醛树脂合成的过程中加入改性剂M和N,能极大地改善脲醛树脂的预压性和胶合强度。通过正交试验优化改性剂的加入量,在保证成本低的前提下,改性剂M和N的加入量为甲醛量的0.7%和0.8%。合成的脲醛树脂中游离甲醛含量低于0.15%,压制胶合板胶合强度满足国家Ⅱ类标准要求,同时甲醛释放量达到E~1级要求。     

E1级三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂的制备与性能研究

采用三聚氰胺对脲醛树脂进行改性,探讨了改性脲醛树脂的合成工艺对性能的影响.结果表明:当甲醛与尿素的最终摩尔比达到1.1:1,并且酸性阶段的甲醛与尿素摩尔比低于1.6:1时,胶合板甲醛释放量才符合E1级(≤1.5 mg/L).当三聚氰胺的用量超过3%,胶合板的胶合强度低于Ⅱ类板0.7 MPa的标准.在树脂固化时,加入1 %的异氰酸酯类固化剂可以在提高胶合性能的同时降低甲醛释放量.以三聚氰胺改性脲醛(MUF)树脂压制的胶合板、装饰贴面板、细木工板经检测均符合E1级的标准要求.     

角蛋白改性脲醛树脂胶的研究

角蛋白改性脲醛树脂胶的试验结果表明,利用角蛋白与脲醛树脂进行共聚反应,可以得到环保型的改性脲醛树脂胶;最佳工艺条件为:摩尔比为1.31.0;角蛋白加入时间在第3次尿素投料后,角蛋白加入量为尿素的5%。采用角蛋白改性脲醛胶压制的胶合板,胶合强度达到了国家标准GB/T9846—2004Ⅱ类板胶合要求,其甲醛释放量也达到了国家标准E1级胶合板用胶标准。     

低毒胶合板用脲醛树脂胶粘剂的研究

介绍了一种低摩尔比的脲醛树脂，用该树脂加入尿素、交联剂、甲醛捕集剂后生产的胶合板的甲醛释放量＜10mg/100g(穿孔法)，胶合强度达到Ⅱ类板要求。可制得低毒级胶合板。     

改性低甲醛释放脲醛树脂的固化特性与合成工艺研究

实验采用不同种类助剂合成了改性低甲醛释放脲醛树脂,并主要针对其固化特性进行了研究,结果发现:添加助剂1+2+3的脲醛树脂呈现出最快的固化速率,比空白样品提高了约15%,但是力学性能较差。因此在添加助剂1+2+3的基础上又对合成工艺进行了优化,结果表明:1)三聚氰胺能有效降低脲醛树脂的甲醛释放量,添加3%wt后甲醛释放量仅为0.28 mg/L;2增加树脂黏度能有效提高胶黏剂的胶合强度,二次缩聚黏度上升到25 s后,湿强度达0.74 MPa,达到了国家胶合板Ⅱ类板标准,优化效果良好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。