Soil moisture pre-treatment effects on enzyme activities as indicators of heavy metal-contaminated and reclaimed soils

Heavy metal contamination can inhibit soil functions but it is often difficult to determine the degree of pollution or when soil reclamation is complete. Enzyme assays offer potential as indicators of biological functioning of soils. However, antecedent water content of soil samples may affect the outcome of biological measurements. In Mediterranean regions, for much of the year ‘field moist’ surface soil can have water content similar to that of air-dry samples. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the sensitivity of a range of enzyme assays to detect the degree of pollution from a heavy metal mine spill; (2) evaluate rewetting field-dry soil as a pre-treatment for enzyme assays; and (3) test multivariate analysis for improving discrimination between polluted, reclaimed and non-polluted soils. The Aznalcóllar mining effluent spill provided a unique opportunity to address these objectives. This accident released toxic, heavy metal-contaminated (As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Pb, Tl, Zn…) and acid tailings into the Guadiamar watershed (SW Spain) in 1998, severely affecting the riparian zone along more than 4000 ha. Contaminated soils were collected from the highly polluted upper watershed and less polluted lower watershed along with reclaimed soil at both sites. Enzyme activities (phosphatases, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, urease and dehydrogenase) were assessed on both field-moist samples and soils rewetted to 80% of water-holding capacity and then incubated at 21 °C for 7 d prior to the assay. The reclaimed soils had higher activities than polluted soils but, typically, 1.5-3 times lower levels of activity than the non-polluted soil. Regardless of the moisture pre-treatment, all enzymes showed significant effects due to pollution, with urease and β-glucosidase showing the greatest discrimination between degrees of contamination. In general, rewetting field-dried soils increased activities on non-polluted and reclaimed soils which improved discrimination with polluted soils. Another method to increase the potential of soil enzyme activities to detect soil contamination could be to combine them in multivariate analysis, which provides a more holistic representation of the biochemical and microbial functionality of a soil.     

Soil microbial community as bioindicator of the recovery of soil functioning derived from metal phytoextraction with sorghum

A three-month microcosm study was carried out in order to evaluate: (i) the capacity of sorghum plants to phytoextract Cd (50 mg kg⁻¹) and Zn (1000 mg kg⁻¹) from artificially polluted soil and (ii) the possibility of biomonitoring the efficiency of phytoremediation using parameters related to the size, activity and functional diversity of the soil microbial community. Apart from plant and soil (total and bioavailable) metal concentrations, the following parameters were determined: soil physicochemical properties (pH, OM content, electrical conductivity, total N, and extractable P and K), dehydrogenase activity, basal- and substrate-induced respiration (with glucose and a model rhizodeposit solution, both adjusted to 800 mg C kg⁻¹ DW soil and 45.2 mg N kg⁻¹ DW soil), microbial respiration quotient, functional diversity through community level physiological profiles and, finally, seed germination toxicity tests with Lepidium sativum. Sorghum plants were highly tolerant to metal pollution and capable of reaching high biomass values in the presence of metals. In the first two harvests, values of shoot Cd concentrations were higher than 100 mg Cd kg⁻¹ DW, the threshold value for hyperaccumulators. Nonetheless, in the third harvest, the bioconcentration factor was 1.34 and 0.35 for Cd and Zn, respectively, well below the threshold value of 10 considered for a phytoextraction process to be feasible. In general, microbial parameters showed lower values in metal polluted than in control non-polluted soils, and higher values in planted than in control unplanted pots. As a result of the phytoextraction process, which includes both plant growth and metal phytoextraction, the functioning of the phytoremediated soil, as reflected by the values of the different microbial parameters here determined, was restored. Most importantly, although the phytoextracted soil recovered its function, it was still more phytotoxic than the control non-polluted soil.     

沿海滩涂区土壤重金属含量分布及其有效态影响因素

为揭示沿海地区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征及其与自然、人为因素的关联,以近年来围垦开发强度较大的江苏沿海某滩涂区为研究对象,采用经典统计与地统计相结合的方法研究了表层土壤主要重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、As全量与有效态含量状况及其空间分布,分析了沿海滩涂区土地利用方式对重金属含量的影响,探讨了重金属有效态含量与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明:目前研究区土壤环境质量状况良好,土壤Pb、Cr、Cd、As均呈累积趋势但基本都低于土壤环境质量一级标准值;土地利用方式不同程度地影响了Pb、Cr、Cd全量与有效态含量,As全量与有效态含量受土地利用方式影响较小;研究区土壤Pb、Cr、Cd全量与Pb、Cr有效态含量具有明显的趋势效应,且研究区土壤重金属全量与有效态含量的空间分布受大尺度的潮汐作用与小尺度的人为因素的共同控制;土壤Pb、Cr、Cd有效态含量与黏粒含量、阳离子交换量和p H显著负相关,与有机质呈显著正相关,土壤As有效态含量仅与土壤p H显著正相关。本研究为沿海滩涂区土壤重金属源头减量、活性钝化、污染消减与风险防范提供科学依据。     

Influence of heavy metals on the functional diversity of soil microbial communities

Three soil types-Calcaric Phaeozem, Eutric Cambisol and Dystric Lithosol-in large container pots were experimentally contaminated with heavy metals at four different levels (light pollution: 300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd; medium pollution: twofold concentrations; heavy pollution: threefold concentrations; uncontaminated control). We investigated the prognostic potential of 16 soil microbial properties (microbial biomass, respiration, N-mineralization, 13 soil enzymes involved in cycling of C, N, P and S) with regard to their ability to differentiate the four contamination levels. Microbial biomass and enzyme activities decreased with increasing heavy metal pollution, but the amount of decrease differed among the enzymes. Enzymes involved in the C-cycling were least affected, whereas vartous enzyme activities related to the cycling of N, P and S showed a considerable decrease in activity. In particular, arylsulfatase and phosphatase activities were dramatically affected. Their activity decreased to a level of a few percent of their activities in the corresponding unpolluted controls. The data suggest that aside from the loss of rare biochemical capabilities-such as the growth of organisms at the expense of aromatics (Reber 1992)-heavy metal contaminated soils lose very common biochemical propertities which are necessary for the functioning of the ecosystem. Cluster analysis as well as discriminant analysis underline the similarity of the enzyme activity pattern among the controls and among the polluted soils. The trend toward a significant functional diversity loss becomes obvious already at the lowest pollution level. This implies that concentrations of heavy metals in soils near the current EC limits will most probably lead to a considerable reduction in decomposition and nutrient cycling rates. We conclude that heavy metal pollution severely decreases the functional diversity of the soil microbial community and impairs specific pathways of nutrient cycling.Dedicated to Professor J. C. G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

镉污染水稻土中水稻氮素营养的SPAD诊断

治理和安全利用重金属污染水稻土过程中,氮素营养的快速诊断是制定合理施肥措施的基础。叶绿素测定仪SPAD已广泛应用于非污染耕地土壤中玉米、小麦和棉花等作物的氮素营养诊断,然而针对镉污染条件下的不同类型水稻土,SPAD在诊断水稻氮素营养的适应性方面仍然缺乏系统研究。本研究采集了我国水稻主产区的21种典型水稻土,以德农2000为供试水稻品种,设置无镉污染、轻度镉污染、重度镉污染处理的水稻盆栽试验,研究水稻叶片SPAD值对镉污染水稻土氮素供应诊断和水稻产量预测的能力。结果表明:水稻土类型影响了水稻叶片SPAD值对不同水平镉污染的响应,土壤p H是主控因子,其相对影响的平均值为20%。水稻叶片SPAD值与不同生育期水稻籽粒氮素含量显著正相关,其中拔节期的相关系数最大;同时水稻叶片SPAD值与水稻营养生长期(苗期至拔节期)土壤溶液总氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关,且不受镉污染程度和土壤类型的影响。总体上,不同生育期(尤其是拔节期)水稻叶片的SPAD值可以表征镉污染条件下不同类型水稻土氮素养分供应对水稻氮素营养的影响。     

Collembolan response to red mud pollution in Western Hungary

Effects of red mud pollution on the community structure of Collembola were studied in soils from open grassland and forest habitats following the red mud disaster in Western Hungary. Nearby unpolluted control plots of each habitat types were selected for comparative purposes. Analyses revealed that soil became strongly alkaline and, even nine months after the disaster, pH exceeded a value of 9.0 in the polluted forests. Water soluble Na content found to be 50–160 times greater in the polluted area, and total content of metals (e.g. Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) also increased considerably. Nevertheless, owing to the high alkalinity and red mud's adsorption capacity, bioavailable forms of heavy metals were lower in comparison to the acid control soils. Collembola species richness was about the same in the polluted and control forests (31 and 32, respectively), but lower in the polluted meadows compared to the control plots (21 and 27, respectively). Total community abundance changed differently in the open habitat and in the forest. Its value dropped by 45% in the polluted meadows, while almost tripled in the polluted forests. Changes in the abundance of individual species involved both decrease/elimination of sensitive species (e.g. Isotomiella minor, Sminthurinus aureus) and displacement of species tolerant to pollution (e.g. Micranurida pygmaea) into higher abundance classes. Certain species (e.g. Folsomia manolachei, Sphaeridia pumilis), following the pollution, showed a reverse pattern of abundance in the two habitat types; increasing in the forest while decreasing in the meadow. This study has suggested that soil alkalinity and salt (Na) toxicity were presumably the two most important factors determining the structure of Collembola communities in the area affected by red mud pollution. Despite the high toxicity risk associated with this accident, no adverse effect has been observed in Collembola abundance. Nevertheless, as a consequence of soil re-acidification, re-mobilisation of fixed metals may occur in the long term, constituting to a potential risk to soil Collembola.     

Occurrence and infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in some norwegian soils influenced by heavy metals and soil properties

Mycorrhizae are ubiquitous symbiosis which can mediate uptake of some plant nutrients. In polluted soils they could be of great importance in heavy metal availability and toxicity to plants. Mycorrhizae have also been reported to protect plants against toxic metals. We investigated the occurrence and infectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) spores as affected by heavy metal levels and other soil properties in Norwegian soils collected from heavy metal polluted, high natural background and non-polluted areas. Spore numbers, mycorrhizal infectivity and spore germination of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi and of a reference strain (Glomus mosseae) in soils showed lower values in two soils with high metal concentrations and in one soil with a low pH. Mycorrhizal infectivity was negatively correlated with extractable metals. Spore number and mycorrhizal infectivity in a soil with naturally high heavy metal content were not different to in non-polluted soils, and indigenous AM fungi appeared more tolerant to metals than those in non-polluted soils. Mycorrhizal infectivity, expressed as MSI₅₀ values, was significantly correlated (r′=0.89, P< 0.05) with the percentage of germinating G. mosseae spores in the soils. However, the number of spores per volume of soil was not significantly correlated with infectivity or spore germination of the reference strain. The spore germination method is discussed as a bioassay of heavy metal toxicity in soil.     

遵义县农业土壤重金属镉分布特征及地质累积污染分析

采用地质累积指数法和污染程度指数法对贵州省遵义县农业土壤表层镉（Cd）污染现状进行调查和分析,结果表明,该县0～15cm表层土壤中Cd平均含量为0.356mg/kg。通过地球化学基线理论分析,该区域土壤中Cd的环境地球化学基线含量为0.147mg/kg;地质累积污染分析显示Cd的Igeo为0.691,该区域13.84%...     

Heavy metal distribution in different soil aggregate size classes from restored brackish marsh,oil exploitation zone,and tidal mud flat of the Yellow River Delta

Purpose

Heavy metal distribution in soils is affected by soil aggregate fractionation. This study aimed to demons trate the aggregate-associated heavy metal concentrations and fractionations in “sandy,” “normal,” and “mud” soils from the restored brackish tidal marsh, oil exploitation zone, and tidal mudflat of the Yellow River Delta (YRD), China.

Materials and methods

Soil samples were sieved into the aggregates of >2, 0.25–2, 0.053–0.25, and <0.053 mm to determine the concentrations of exchangeable (F1), carbonate-bound (F2), reducible (F3), organic-bound (F4), and residual fraction (F5) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn.

Results and discussion

The 0.25–2 mm aggregates presented the highest concentrations but the lowest mass loadings (4.23–12.18 %) for most metal fractions due to low percentages of 0.25–2 mm aggregates (1.85–3.12 %) in soils. Aggregates <0.053 mm took majority mass loadings of metals in sandy and normal soils (62.04–86.95 %). Most soil aggregates had residual Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, and reducible Cd, Pb dominated in the total Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. Sandy soil contained relatively high F4, especially of Cu (F4) in 0.25–2 mm aggregates (10.22 mg kg^?1), which may relate to significantly high organic carbon contents (23.92 g kg^?1, P?<?0.05). Normal soil had the highest total concentrations of metals, especially of Cu, Ni, and Pb, which was attributed to the high F3 and F5 in the <0.053 mm aggregates. Although mud soil showed low total concentrations of heavy metals, the relatively high concentrations of bioavailable Cd and Cu resulted from the relatively high Cd (F2) and Cu (F2) in the >2 mm aggregates indicated contribution of carbonates to soil aggregation and metal adsorption in tidal mud flat.

Conclusions

Soil type and aggregate distribution were important factors controlling heavy metal concentration and fractionation in YRD wetland soil. Compared with mud soil, normal soil contained increased concentrations of F5 and F3 of metals in the 0.053–0.25 mm aggregate, and sandy soil contained increased concentrations of bioavailable and total Cr, Ni, and Zn with great contribution of mass loadings in the <0.053 mm aggregate. The results of this study suggested that oil exploitation and wetland restoration activities may influence the retention characteristics of heavy metals in tidal soils through variation of soil type and aggregate fractions.

     

Effects of a humic deposit (gyttja) on soil chemical and microbiological properties and heavy metal availability

The influence of a humic deposit (Gyttja, G) alone (applied at 25 kg ha⁻¹) and in combination with mineral fertilizer (G + NP) on soil organic matter content, pH, electrical conductivity, total N content, calcium carbonate content, enzyme activities (urease, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, and alkaline phosphatase), microbial biomass C, soil respiration, and availability of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Zn was examined through a 180-day incubation period and compared with the behavior of no treatment (control) and NP treatment. A significant increase in organic matter content was observed in soils treated with G + NP. Compared with G and NP alone, the G + NP-amended soils showed higher values of the selected microbiological properties.Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic-acid-extractable Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and Zn increased significantly with increasing rates of NP, but the addition of G + NP resulted in a considerable decrease in the amount of extractable metals during the incubation period (P<0.05). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the organic matter applied in the gyttja led to an increase in the metal adsorption capacity of the amended soils. This material can be used to reduce the availability and mobility of heavy metals in the soils intensively amended with mineral fertilizers. A combination of G with NP can, therefore, be considered as an alternative approach in the applications of organomineral fertilization.     

城市边缘带土壤重金属空间变异及其污染评价

为揭示城市边缘带强烈人为活动对土壤环境质量的影响，本研究以上海梅山钢铁集团附近14km^2区域为研究区，网格化精确布点，采集表层土壤样品计93个并对其重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Hg、As含量进行了测定分析。结果表明，研究区表层土壤中除Hg和Cd外的其他5种重金属含量均未超过国家二级标准，其中有些土壤中重金属含量接近或略高于南京市土壤环境背景值，但与研究区表层土壤元素地球化学背景值平均水平及空间变异特征基本相符；研究区表层土壤中Hg污染严重，61．3％的样点土壤Hg含量超过国家二级标准。另外，本研究应用地统计学普通克里格插值方法，对研究区内表层土壤污染的空间变异特征进行了分析，并讨论了土壤污染重点空间区域潜在污染源及其污染途径。     

保定市污灌区土壤的Pb、Cd污染与土壤酶活性关系研究

本文应用一元线性与非线性回归事寻优模型，着重研究了保定市污灌区土壤重金Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ污染与土壤酶活性之间的关系。结果表明，污灌区土壤Ｐｂ、Ｃｄ含量比清灌区有明显的增加，且均高于国内外重点城市的土壤背景值，已接近或达到轻度污染程度。     

Additive effects of copper and zinc on cadmium toxicity on phosphatase activities and ATP content of soil as estimated by the ecological dose (ED50)

The ecological dose (ED₅₀) of Cd on alkaline and acid phosphatase activity and the ATP content of three contrasting forest soils was measured with or without Cu and Zn to assess the additive toxic effects of these two metals. Soils polluted with Cu and/or Zn were treated with increasing Cd concentrations to give the following metal combinations: Cd, Cd+Cu, Cd+Zn and Cd+Cu+Zn. Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities and ATP content of the three soils were analysed 4 h, 7 and 28 days after the metal additions. The ED₅₀ values were obtained by interpolating the enzyme activities or ATP data with a kinetic model and the goodness of fit was satisfactory.Generally, the ED₅₀ values of both acid and alkaline phosphatase activities for Cd were lower (higher toxicity) with than without Cu and Zn and the effect of Cu and Zn was particularly adverse when these two metals were both added to soils. The alkaline phosphatase was more sensitive in the acid and neutral soil whereas the acid phosphatase was more sensitive in the alkaline soil. Both phosphatase activities and the ATP content were more sensitive in the sandy than in the finer textured soils. The ATP content was less sensitive to the additive effects. Increasing toxicity was observed during the incubation.Analysis of 1 M NH₄NO₃-extractable Cd, Cu and Zn revealed that Cd competed with Zn for the adsorption sites but not with Cu. However, the lower ED₅₀ values for Cd of the two phosphatase activities and of the ATP content in the presence of heavy metal combinations could be not explained by the heavy metal solubility data. It is concluded that the ED₅₀ may be a sensitive tool for assessing additve toxic effects to soil biochemical parameters.     

Functional diversity as indicator of the recovery of soil health derived from Thlaspi caerulescens growth and metal phytoextraction

Continuous phytoextraction has lately drawn a lot of attention due to its potential for the remediation of metal polluted soils. Although when assessing the success of a phytoextraction process, up till now, emphasis has mostly been placed on metal removal, it is important to highlight that the ultimate objective of a phytoextraction process must be to restore soil health. Consequently, a short-term microcosm study was carried out to evaluate the capacity of an actively growing ecotype of the Zn and Cd hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (Lanestosa ecotype) to phytoextract metals from soil and, above all, to assess the potential of soil functional diversity (through the determination of soil enzyme activities and community level physiological profiles) to both determine the toxic effect of metals on soil condition and to monitor the efficiency of a metal phytoextraction process. T. caerulescens plants grown in metal polluted soils showed a shoot metal concentration of 337 mg of Cd, 5670 mg of Zn and 76.6 mg of Pb per kg of dry weight tissue. Apart from confirming its great potential for Zn and Cd phytoextraction, the presence of T. caerulescens, as compared to the metal phytoextraction itself, had the major effect on soil biological parameters. Actually, in metal polluted soils, the presence of T. caerulescens led to a 154, 115, 140, 37 and 164% increase in the activity of β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and urease, respectively. Metal pollution did not cause a clear inhibition of soil enzyme activities. Contrasting results were obtained with EcoPlates™ versus soil enzyme activities. Actually, the presence of metals led to significantly lower values of Shannon's index calculated from enzyme activities and non-significant higher values of this same index when calculated from EcoPlates™ data. It was concluded that biological indicators of soil health are valid tools to evaluate the success of a metal phytoextraction process.     

中南某锑矿及其周边农田土壤与植物重金属污染研究

以南方某锑(Sb)矿区周边土壤与植物为研究对象,采集土壤与植物样品,测定其Sb、As、Cd、Zn、Pb浓度,研究土壤和植物中重金属的污染程度及富集特征。结果表明,矿区周边土壤受Sb污染严重,各采样点全量Sb为3.08~219 mg/kg,平均54.0 mg/kg,同时伴有As、Cd、Zn和Pb污染,其中Cd污染相对严重;但土壤中Sb与土壤As、Cd、Zn和Pb没有相关性,土壤As、Cd、Zn和Pb之间呈极显著的线性相关。矿区周边植物同样受到严重的Sb、As、Cd和Pb的污染,蔬菜可食部分Sb最高达2.05 mg/kg,存在较高的人体摄入风险,且蔬菜中As和Pb超标严重。所采集植物中水麻对Sb有较强的积累和转移能力,是修复Sb污染土壤的潜在植物资源。     

沈阳郊区土壤及农产品重金属污染的现状评价

本文对沈阳郊区三个农产品生产区域的土壤及农产品中的七种重金属进行检测 ,用两种方法 (土壤环境质量标准和土壤背景值标准 )进行评价 ,结果表明 :沈阳地区土壤已经受到了不同程度的污染 ,污染较重的元素是镉和汞 ,以土壤环境质量标准评价其综合污染指数分别为 2 51和 2 89;以土壤背景值为标准评价其综合污染指数为分别为 1 9 4 6和 1 3 56.农产品中主要超标元素为铅 ,沈阳郊区的白菜超标率 1 0 0 % ;超标倍数 3 9.水稻中铅的检出率 1 0 0 % ;超标倍数 1 8.     

植被恢复模式对土壤重金属质量分数和土壤酶活性的影响——以山东省淄博市四宝山破坏山体为例

矿产资源开采造成了严重的重金属污染,为选择合理植被恢复模式以修复土壤重金属污染,以淄博市四宝山破坏山体不同植被恢复模式为对象,测定土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾质量分数,pH值等主要化学性质,土壤多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、脲酶活性和Cu、Zn、Cd等7种重金属质量分数,分析不同植被恢复模式对土壤重金属质量分数及土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:1)实验区土壤中重金属Zn轻度污染,Cu和Cd重度污染,其他重金属均不构成污染;2)各人工植被恢复模式土壤重金属质量分数均低于灌草丛的,其中黑松林对土壤Cu、Cd的修复效果最好,侧柏林对土壤Zn的修复效果最好;3)土壤重金属全量在垂直分布上规律复杂,有效量均表现为下层高于上层,土壤有效Cu、有效Zn、有效Cd下层比上层依次高9.24％～18.94％、0.97％～20.09％和5.48％～35.51％;4)在影响土壤酶活性的各种因素中,破坏山体土壤重金属有效量与土壤化学性质的影响最为明显,处于同等重要的地位.本研究发现,Cu、Zn、Cd均对4种土壤酶活性表现出了抑制作用,建议用土壤多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性作为破坏山体土壤重金属Cu污染的评价指标.     

芜湖市工业区土壤重金属污染状况研究

通过对芜湖工业区(四褐山区、马塘区)土壤中重金属污染状况的调查,结果表明:土壤中重金属(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd)含量绝大部分高于土壤元素背景值。在四褐山工业区,Cu污染最严重,Cd次之;在马塘工业区,Cd污染最严重,Zn次之。土壤中重金属含量基本上与土壤pH呈负相关关系,而重金属总量与可浸提态含量呈正相关关系。土壤中重金属污染来源主要是污水,大气粉尘沉降也是一个重要因素。     

冶炼厂周边土壤重金属污染范围的界定与不确定性分析

在浙江省富阳市某冶炼厂周边以网格法采集了147个表层土壤样品,测定了铜、锌、铅和镉总含量。运用组合预测法(普通块状克里格法和三角网格插值法)预测了研究区各种重金属含量的空间分布,又运用指示克里格法预测了研究区各种重金属的污染概率;再分别依据土壤污染临界值(土壤环境质量标准)和污染概率的临界值(50%)来界定各种重金属的污染范围。本研究将基于两种方法的界定结果相对比来综合界定污染范围,并将污染土壤重金属污染状况分为污染、未污染和不确定。综合界定结果表明,研究区分别有71.7%、80.0%、3.0%、83.1%的区域土壤被重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd所污染,不能被确定是否被重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd所污染的区域分别占20.8%、10.5%、12.5%和10.9%。     

Relationships between Levels of Lead,Cadmium, Zinc,and Copper in Soil and Settleable Particulate Matter in Cartagena (Spain)

In this article we report the relationships between heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) in soil and settleable particulate matter usingdata from 6 yr at six different sampling points withinCartagena, a Spanish Mediterranean city. The use of enrichmentfactors and factor analysis allowed us to predict the majorsources of these metals. Soils were classified as one of threetypes: soils from polluted zone L, soils from polluted zone Z,and non-polluted soils. Settleable particulate matter was alsoclassified in the following three groups: Industrial zone, Urbanzone, and Intermediate zone. Enrichment factors showed that soilsfrom polluted zone L are enriched in Pb and Cd when compared with soils from polluted zone Z, and soils from polluted zone Zare enriched in Zn and Cu when compared with soils from pollutedzone L. In this context, soils from polluted zones L and Z areidentified as specific sources of metals in the settleableparticulate matter samples. We also suggest the importance ofanthopogenic contribution of metals to soil-enrichment fromancient times up to the present. This process was most severeduring the XIX century, when our city suffered an importantindustrial development. The concentration of these heavy metalsare also affected by regional meteorological conditions, whichinclude scarce rainfalls and a significant wind dispersion ofsoil aerosols.