Transgenic overexpression of expansin influences particle size distribution and improves viscosity of tomato juice and paste

Suppression of the expression of a ripening-related expansin gene, LeExp1, in tomato enhanced fruit firmness and overexpression of LeExp1 resulted in increased fruit softening. Because of the incompletely understood relationship between fresh fruit texture and the consistency of processed products, we examined the effects of LeExp1 overexpression on the processing characteristics of tomato fruit. As determined by Bostwick consistency and by controlled strain rheometry, juices and pastes prepared from transgenic tomatoes with suppressed LeExp1 expression had a higher viscosity than preparations from control fruits. However, the viscosity of juice and paste prepared from fruit overexpressing LeExp1 was significantly greater than products from controls or lines with reduced LeExp1. Bostwick consistency increased by 9% (juice) and 6% (paste) in lines with suppressed LeExp1 expression but increased by 27.5% (juice) and 19.5% (paste) in lines overexpressing LeExp1, relative to controls. Determined by laser diffraction, the particles in juice and paste prepared from transgenic fruits with reduced LeExp1 expression were smaller, and preparations from fruits overexpressing LeExp1 had a size distribution indicating more large particles. Analysis of cell wall polysaccharides size indicated that LeExp1 overexpression enhanced depolymerization of water soluble pectins as well as tightly bound matrix glycans. LeExp1 overexpression may allow increased cell wall hydration, resulting in expanded particle size and increased viscosity of products. Because either LeExp1 suppression or overexpression leads to improved consistency, the interactions that contribute to optimal product rheological properties are complex.     

Improved fractionation of glycinin and beta-conglycinin and partitioning of phytochemicals

Glycinin-rich and beta-conglycinin-rich products are prepared by soy protein fractionation. Physicochemical characteristics of these proteins affect their unique, important functionality in food systems and industrial applications. Soybean isoflavones and saponins are phytochemicals with potential health benefits. Objectives of this protein fractionation research were to (1) improve protein and phytochemical extraction from defatted soy flakes and recovery in product fractions and (2) evaluate phytochemical partitioning and profile changes during fractionation. Extraction environments (pH, ethanol concentration, temperature, and water-to-flake ratio) were each varied during bench-scale optimization. Optimized conditions of 45 degrees C and 10:1 water-to-flake ratio were compared with previous conditions of 20 degrees C and 15:1 water-to-flake ratio and a soy protein isolate process at pilot scale. Optimized conditions yielded more beta-conglycinin with higher isoflavone and saponin concentrations, but fraction purity was diminished by glycinin contamination. Bench-scale data demonstrated that increased phytochemical extraction did not translate into increased concentrations in product fractions.     

用大豆蛋白膜改善预油炸春卷微波加热后的脆性

针对预油炸春卷经冷冻、微波加热后因水分外迁造成产品品质下降的问题，研究了涂布大豆蛋白膜对保持春卷皮脆性的影响。通过对大豆蛋白膜的成型条件及机理的研究，由单因素与正交实验得出大豆蛋白膜的最佳配方为大豆分离蛋白40 g/L、甘油15 g/L、谷氨酰胺转胺酶1.5 g/L；应用此涂膜后，电镜观察显示春卷皮层较未涂膜前致密而平整，经微波加热后能保持良好的脆性。进一步对涂膜春卷的微波升温特性进行考察，发现大豆蛋白膜的应用提高了春卷皮对微波的感受能力，缩小了春卷表皮和馅心之间的温度梯度，进而可缩短微波复热时间，对保持微波复热后的脆性有帮助。     

Relationships between different hydration properties of commercial and laboratory soybean isolates

Functional properties related to water protein interactions of soy protein isolates depend on the structural and aggregation characteristics of their major components (storage globulins 7S and 11S) that could be modified by the preparation procedure, thermal and/or chemical treatments, and drying methods. Commercial and laboratory isolates with different functionalities resulting from their structural modifications were compared. Isolates with high solubility or excessive thermally induced insolubilization or compact calcium-induced aggregates caused low water-imbibing capacity (WIC) values. The highest WIC results from the balance between intermediate solubility and the formation of aggregates with good hydration properties. The apparent viscosity of dispersions of commercial (spray dried) and laboratory (lyophilized) isolates depends on the WIC, the morphology and size of the particles, and the interaction of the hydrated particles. The hydration properties and viscosity of protein isolate suspensions were strongly determined by the amount and properties of the insoluble fraction.     

Heat-induced phenomena in soy protein suspensions. Rheometric data and theoretical interpretation.

Heat-induced aggregation of soy proteins in aqueous suspensions was studied through cone and plate rheometry for two different heating conditions. The rheometric data obtained covered the temperature range from 20 degrees C (stable colloidal suspension) to approximately 90 degrees C (onset of network formation). Calorimetric data for the soy protein samples were also obtained to evaluate the degree of protein denaturation in the rheometric cell. Heat-induced transitions in soy globulins, such as dissociation, denaturation, and aggregation, were analyzed in relation to the rheological response of the suspension. The viscosity of the stable colloidal suspension satisfies the Cross model. A viscosity equation for the aggregating suspension was also derived by considering the fractal structure of the particle clusters and the Brownian aggregation mechanism. This equation is suitable to describe the experimental viscosity data.     

豫西高山夏季番茄育苗温度适宜度定量评价

高温是夏季蔬菜育苗的主要障碍因子,利用高海拔地区夏季气候冷凉优势,发展适地育苗是优化蔬菜种苗基地布局的重要方向。为了科学利用高山夏季气候优势,探明夏季高山育苗的温度适宜性及对幼苗生长的影响,该文以番茄为试材,于2016、2017两个年度,分别于高海拔(海拔998 m)和平原地区(海拔98 m)的同一类型的塑料大棚内进行了4茬育苗试验。运用温度适宜度模型和游程理论对温度特征进行了定量分析,探讨了气温和根际温度适宜度与番茄幼苗生长的关系。结果表明:夏季高山育苗设施内气温和根际的夜间均温比平原分别低了16.14%、18.99%,差异达极显著水平。育苗期间高山温度适宜度为163.64%(白天+夜间+根际),是平原的2.23倍;不适宜度为13.34%(白天+夜间+根际),比平原降低了88.73%。播后28 d,高山番茄幼苗全株干物质积累量是平原的1.39倍,壮苗指数是平原的1.34倍,可溶性糖含量比平原高37.91%,根系活力比平原提高了65.42%。白天温度适宜度与幼苗干物质(r=0.774)及地上干质量(r=0.773)的积累量,夜间温度适宜度与根冠比(r=0.934)及地下干物质(r=0.808)的积累量相关性均达极显著水平。高山培育的番茄幼苗定植后开花节位显著减低,开花数、坐果数和坐果率显著增加。综上,夏季利用高海拔地区气候冷凉优势是培育蔬菜壮苗的有效的途径,该研究为高海拔地区夏季开展蔬菜集约化育苗提供了参考。     

不同工艺生产大豆分离蛋白的成膜性能

为了制作出具有良好机械性和阻隔性的大豆分离蛋白可食性膜,优选出成膜性能优良的大豆分离蛋白,该文研究了7种不同生产工艺下的大豆分离蛋白,分别以7种蛋白为材料制膜,测定其机械性能、水溶性、水蒸气透过性、O2透过性、脂质渗透性等性能,进行模糊综合评价,并用扫描电镜观察膜的表面结构。结果表明:GS5000型普通型未经造粒的大豆分离蛋白综合评价分数最高,表明其成膜性能优于其他6种大豆分离蛋白,并且电镜扫描照片也显示用其制出的膜结构更加致密,因此,GS5000型大豆分离蛋白比较适合制作可食性膜。该研究为进一步开发优质大豆分离蛋白膜进行了初步的探索。     

Simultaneous transgenic suppression of LePG and LeExp1 influences rheological properties of juice and concentrates from a processing tomato variety

Processing tomato lines suppressed in the accumulation of ripening-related polygalacturonase or expansin were generated by introduction of transgenes to silence expression of the LePG and LeExp1 genes, respectively. The rheological properties of juice and juice reconstituted from paste produced from lines suppressed in one of these genes, or in both, were compared with azygous controls. When assayed by measuring Bostwick consistency, paste produced from either suppressed LePG or suppressed LeExp1 lines and diluted to 5 degrees Brix was approximately 18% more viscous than that produced from controls. Simultaneous suppression of LePG and LeExp1 produced a small additional increase in viscosity of 4%. Rheometric flow analysis at 5 or 10 degrees Brix also showed substantial increases in the consistency index due to suppression of either LePG or LeExp1 alone, and a small additional increase when both genes were suppressed in the same transgenic line. Measurements by laser diffraction and [1H]NMR showed that suppression of LePG or LeExp1 accumulation altered the size distribution of insoluble particles and modified their surface properties. The data are consistent with suppression of LePG increasing serum viscosity, and suppression of either LePG or LeExp1 altering the properties of the insoluble particles and improving some aspect of particle-particle or particle-serum interaction, or both. However, relative to that caused by suppression of either gene alone, the additional increase in viscosity caused by simultaneous suppression of LePG and LeExp1 together was slight.     

微波对大豆蛋白氧化聚集体结构及功能特性的影响

为了探究不同时间微波处理对大豆蛋白氧化聚集体的结构和功能性质的影响,由偶氮二异丁脒盐酸盐(2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride,AAPH)诱导构建大豆蛋白氧化反应体系,采用功率为350 W的微波对其照射不同时间(0、10、20、30、40、50、60、70 s),探究微波处理对氧化聚集大豆蛋白的结构特性和加工特性的影响。结果表明,氧化可诱导形成粒径、分子量更大,结构更致密的蛋白质聚集体,同时对加工特性造成损害。适当时间(<30 s)的微波处理会导致氧化聚集体的分子结构打开、粒径降低和浊度降低,无序结构减少,进而改善了起泡性、乳化性和持水、持油性。长处理时间(>30 s)的微波处理导致已解聚的大豆蛋白分子重新形成更大的分子聚集体,降低功能性质。这表明微波物理场可以通过改变大豆蛋白氧化聚集体的结构和聚集行为调节其功能性质,为大豆蛋白功能性质的改善及微波在大豆蛋白氧化聚集体行为调控的应用方面提供参考。     

Basic Rheology of Bread Dough with Modified Protein Content and Glutenin‐to‐Gliadin Ratios

The uniaxial elongational and shear rheology of doughs varying in either the protein content or glutenin‐to‐gliadin ratio were investigated. Increasing the protein content at constant glutenin‐to‐gliadin ratio increased the strain‐hardening properties of the dough, as shown by increasing elongational rupture viscosity and rupture stress. Glutenin and gliadin had a more complex effect on the elongational properties of the dough. Increased levels of glutenin increased the rupture viscosity but lowered the rupture strain, while elevated gliadin levels lowered the rupture viscosity but increased the rupture strain. These observations provide rheological support for the widely inferred role of gliadin and glutenin in shaping bread dough rheology, namely that gliadin contributes the flow properties, and glutenin contributes the elastic or strength properties. The shear and elongational properties of the doughs were quite different, reflecting the dissimilar natures of these two types of flow. Increasing protein content lowered the maximum shear viscosity, while increasing the glutenin‐to‐gliadin ratio increased maximum shear viscosity. Strong correlations between the results of basic and empirical rheology were found. These basic, or fundamental, rheological measurements confirmed prior empirical studies and supported baking industry experience, highlighting the potential of basic rheology for bread and wheat research.     

大豆分离蛋白成膜性研究

该文通过单因素试验和正交试验对大豆分离蛋白的成膜性进行研究。结果表明，大豆分离蛋白浓度、增塑剂(甘油)、还原剂(Na₂SO)、交联剂(谷氨酰胺转胺酶)对膜的性能有较大影响，最佳处理条件为：大豆分离蛋白5.0%、甘油1.5%、Na₂SO₃ 0.1%、TG酶0.2%，大豆分离蛋白浓度对膜性能影响最大，其次是甘油含量，Na₂SO₃和TG酶的浓度对膜性能影响较小。     

Gelation of edible blue-green algae protein isolate (Spirulina platensis Strain Pacifica): thermal transitions, rheological properties, and molecular forces involved

Proteins isolated from blue-green algae Spirulina platensis strain Pacifica were characterized by visible absorption, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), viscometry, and dynamic oscillatory rheological measurements. Unique thermal unfolding, denaturation, aggregation, and gelation of the algal protein isolate are presented. DSC analysis showed that thermal transitions occur at about 67 and 109 degrees C at neutral pH. Calcium chloride stabilized the quaternary structure against denaturation and shifted the transitions at higher temperatures. Viscometric studies of Spirulina protein isolate as a function of temperature showed that the onset of the viscosity increase is closely related to the dissociation-denaturation process. Lower viscosities were observed for the protein solutions dissolved at pH 9 due to an increased protein solubility. Solutions of Spirulina protein isolate form elastic gels during heating to 90 degrees C. Subsequent cooling at ambient temperatures caused a further pronounced increase in the elastic moduli and network elasticity. Spirulina protein isolate has good gelling properties with fairly low minimum critical gelling concentrations of about 1.5 and 2.5 wt % in 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7, and with 0.02 M CaCl(2) in the same buffer, respectively. It is suggested that mainly the interactions of exposed hydrophobic regions generate the molecular association, initial aggregation, and gelation of the protein isolate during the thermal treatment. Hydrogen bonds reinforce the network rigidity of the protein on cooling and further stabilize the structure of Spirulina protein gels but alone are not sufficient to form a network structure. Intermolecular sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds were found to play a minor role for the network strength of Spirulina protein gels but affect the elasticity of the structures formed. Both time and temperature at isothermal heat-induced gelation within 40-80 degrees C affect substantially the network formation and the development of elastic modulus of Spirulina protein gels. This is also attributed to the strong temperature dependence of hydrophobic interactions. The aggregation, denaturation, and gelation properties of Spirulina algal protein isolate are likely to be controlled from protein-protein complexes rather than individual protein molecules.     

冷冻方式对醛交联大豆蛋白多孔材料结构及吸附特性的影响

为制备纳米级孔径的大豆蛋白多孔材料,研究了冰箱和液氮冷冻处理的醛交联大豆蛋白多孔材料的结构及吸附性能。结果表明:戊二醛对大豆蛋白的交联效果优于甲醛和乙二醛。液氮冷冻处理的多孔材料比表面积和孔容均较大,而平均孔径较小;纳米级孔的孔径都分布在80 nm以内,介孔总孔容占比超过50%,大孔次之,微孔占比最小;冰箱冷冻样品纳米级孔的孔径主要分布在70 nm以内,且微孔和介孔孔容都小于采用液氮冷冻处理的样品。场发射扫描电镜分析表明,大豆蛋白多孔材料的孔形态为微米级圆孔和纳米级狭缝孔。冷冻处理比醛类交联剂对孔结构的影响大,合适的冷冻方式能替代或超过交联剂种类变化取得的效果。热重分析表明液氮冷冻处理的戊二醛交联大豆蛋白多孔材料热稳定性好;该多孔材料对对硝基苯酚和六价铬离子具有一定的吸附效果,是制备大豆蛋白多孔材料较合适的方法。研究结果为植物蛋白多孔材料的制备提供参考。     

喷液包埋技术提高微波泡沫干燥后树莓浆果品质

为了在微波泡沫干燥浆果果浆后期喷施大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精混合液,使浆果干品表面形成可以降低活性成分降解的包埋层,研究了喷液包埋条件对果浆的干燥特性影响规律,分析了喷液包埋技术对浆果干品中活性成分的保护原因。选择树莓果浆为研究物料,采用微波泡沫干燥工艺,以微波强度、保护液成分质量比和起泡果浆与保护液质量比为影响因素,以物料含水率、干燥温度、活性成分降解率为目标因素,应用电镜对树莓果浆干品微观结构进行观察分析,应用高效液相色谱技术测定干品花青素成分。结果表明浆果微波泡沫干燥中的起泡剂与喷液包埋中保护液成分相近,工艺步骤衔接密切,不影响果浆干燥速度与温度;保护液可使干燥后干品表层形成致密包埋层,有效削弱氧气、光照对活性成分的降解作用,提高矢车菊色素与天竺葵色素2种花青素成分保存量(保存率75%);在微波强度14 W/g,大豆分离蛋白与麦芽糊精质量比3∶7,起泡果浆与保护液质量比4∶1的工艺条件下,可获得花青素和维生素C保留率高的树莓干品(提高20%)。在微波泡沫干燥过程中实施包埋技术可保护干燥后果浆中的活性物质,保证浆果制品营养价值。     

Micrometer-sized fibrillar protein aggregates from soy glycinin and soy protein isolate

Long, fibrillar semiflexible aggregates were formed from soy glycinin and soy protein isolate (SPI) when heated at 85 degrees C and pH 2. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the contour length of the fibrils was approximately 1 microm, the persistence length 2.3 microm, and the thickness a few nanometers. Fibrils formed from SPI were more branched than the fibrils of soy glycinin. Binding of the fluorescent dye Thioflavin T to the fibrils showed that beta-sheets were present in the fibrils. The presence of the fibrils resulted in an increase in viscosity and shear thinning behavior. Flow-induced birefringence measurements showed that the behavior of the fibrils under flow can be described by scaling relations derived for rodlike macromolecules. The fibril formation could be influenced by the protein concentration and heating time. Most properties of soy glycinin fibrils are comparable to beta-lactoglobulin fibrils.     

Heat-induced gel formation by soy proteins at neutral pH

Heat-induced gel formation by soy protein isolate at pH 7 is discussed. Different heating and cooling rates, heating times, and heating temperatures were used to elucidate the various processes that occur and to study the relative role of covalent and noncovalent protein interactions therein. Gel formation was followed by dynamic rheological measurements. Heat denaturation was a prerequisite for gel formation. The gelation temperature (84 degrees C) was just above the onset denaturation temperature of glycinin. The stiffness of the gels, measured as the elastic modulus, G', increased with the proportion of denatured protein. An increase in G' was also observed during prolonged heating at 90 degrees C. This increase is explained by the occurrence of rearrangements in the network structure and probably also by further incorporation of protein in the network. The increase in G' upon cooling was thermoreversible indicating that disulfide bond formation and rearrangements do not occur upon cooling.     

提高大豆蛋白冻融后乳化性改性工艺优化

为了制备出经冷冻-融化后仍能保持较高乳化性的大豆蛋白,试验以葡聚糖为糖基化供体,采用湿法糖基化技术改性大豆蛋白。根据单因素试验的结果,建立了Box-Behnken模型对加工工艺进行优化,所得的模型拟合度高,切实可行,可用于实际分析和预测。利用响应面分析法探讨了蛋白浓度、蛋白与糖质量比、反应时间3因素对改性产物冻融前后乳化活性和乳化稳定性的影响,优化的工艺条件为:大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate,SPI)质量浓度40 mg/mL,SPI与葡聚糖的质量比为1∶3,反应时间4 h。在此条件下得到的改性产物冻融稳定性显著(P0.05)高于未改性蛋白,冻融前后的乳化活性(emulsifying activity index,EAI)分别是空白对照样的1.687和1.780倍,乳化稳定性(emulsion stability index,ESI)分别是空白对照样的1.367和1.274倍。傅里叶红外光谱证明葡聚糖通过共价键接到大豆蛋白分子中,研究结果为制备冷冻食品加工专用大豆蛋白的产业化生产提供参考。     

Combined consumption of soy germ and tomato powders results in altered isoflavone and carotenoid bioavailability in rats

The efficacy of combinations of food for enhanced anticancer activity is of clinical interest, but there is limited information on the effect of combined consumption on bioactive bioavailability. Male Copenhagen rats consumed diets containing 10% tomato powder (TP), 2% soy germ (SG), neither, or a combination (TP+SG) for 25 weeks (n = 63) or 7 days (n = 24). After 7 days, serum carotenoids were significantly lower after TP+SG feeding compared to TP alone. After 25 weeks, the TP+SG group had significantly lower lycopene and β-carotene concentration in the testes, seminal vesicles, and ventral prostate compared to the TP group and significantly higher urinary isoflavone excretion compared to the SG group. These differences were not explained by mRNA expression of scavenger receptor class B type I, carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase I, carotene 9',10'-monooxygenase II, or activity of hepatic detoxification enzymes. The results suggest interactions between soy germ and tomato powder that enhance isoflavone absorption but reduce carotenoid bioavailability.     

Rheological behavior of WPI dispersion as a function of pH and protein concentration

Physical and flow properties of proteins can provide information necessary for the optimal design of unit processes and quality control of the manufacturing process and final products. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to characterize the rheological behavior of a whey protein isolate (WPI) (BiPRO) dispersion as a function of pH and protein concentration. A rotational viscometer was used to determine the apparent viscosity, shear rate, and shear stress of WPI dispersions. Both the consistency index (k) and the flow behavior index (n) were sensitive to changes in pH and protein concentration. Mathematical relations obtained from experimental values of k and n allowed the determination of a model for apparent viscosity (eta) of WPI dispersions as a function of pH and protein concentration. At 5 and 10% BiPRO, whatever the pH, the rheological behavior appeared to be a newtonian fluid, while at 20% BiPRO, the rheological behavior appeared to be a nonnewtonian pseudoplastic fluid. Furthermore, at 20% Bipro, the apparent viscosity presented an increase in viscosity from 5.6 to 5.4, followed by a decrease from pH 5.4 to 5.0 at all shear rates. The highest viscosity was obtained at 20% pH 5.4, with an approximate value of 0.25 Pa.s, 10 times higher than the one obtained at 5 and 10% BiPRO.     

Rheology of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) juice.

Juice extracted from sea buckthorn fruits was subjected to dynamic rheological measurements in a controlled stress rheometer. Sea buckthorn juice exhibited wide variations in flow behavior from pseudoplastic to dilitant with increasing temperature. The power law model suitably (r >/= 0.975, P相似文献