盐渍土中盐结晶的显微研究——Ⅰ.芒硝无水芒硝的转换因素和蓬松盐土蓬松层的形成

应用偏光显微镜技术与扫描电子显微镜技术,对三种不同类型盐土的盐结晶进行观察研究。从土壤溶液的蒸发过程中,我们观察到石膏(CaSO₄·2H₂O)、芒硝(Na₂SO₄·10H₂O)、泻利盐(MgSO₄·7H₂O)、石盐(NaCl)结晶的析出过程,析出顺序受温度的影响。用这种方法可以快速确定土壤溶液中主要盐分类型。扫描电子显微镜的照片,展示出某些盐类结晶的自然特征,它们是:与土粒胶结紧密的石盐(NaCl)、由芒硝(Na₂SO₄·10H₂O)脱水转变成的无水芒硝(Na₂SO₄)、或由硫酸钠、硫酸钙形成的复盐——钙芒硝Na₂Ca(SO₄)₂。各种盐类在土壤中结晶出来形态清晰。以硫酸钠的溶解特性为例,扼要地讨论了土壤中芒硝—无水芒硝的转化条件及其对土壤结构产生的影响。     

不同用量SO2处理对两类葡萄冷藏中抗氧化性能的影响

用不同剂量的SO₂对两个葡萄品种进行处理，研究葡萄经SO₂处理后果梗、果肉的质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗氧化性能的变化情况。结果表明，在贮藏期间，葡萄的质膜透性随SO₂处理剂量的增加和时间的延长而增大，果梗和果肉中MDA含量增加。SO₂处理期间几种保护酶活性变化不同，超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈先升后降的变化趋势，过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性下降。葡萄中抗氧化物质(Vc)在SO₂伤害(超量处理)下含量下降。两个供试品种的抗氧化系统对SO₂处理的反应存在一定差异。     

溶质类型与矿化度对半干旱盐渍化地区果园土壤水分有效性的影响

盐渍化土壤水分有效性是制约土地生产能力的关键因素之一。研究不同盐分类型及矿化度的盐溶液对土壤水分有效性的影响, 可为微咸水合理灌溉以及促进土壤生产潜力的发挥提供科学依据。本研究采用离心法在室内研究了脱水过程中灌溉水的溶质类型(NaCl和Na₂SO₄)与矿化度(0、1 g·L^-1、3 g·L^-1、5 g·L^-1、10 g·L^-1)对半干旱盐渍化地区果园土壤水分有效性的影响。结果表明: 不同矿化度的NaCl和Na2SO4处理均可使田间持水量、暂时萎蔫系数、永久萎蔫系数、迟效水和无效水较对照有所降低。不同矿化度的NaCl处理以及1 g·L^-1的Na₂SO₄处理土壤全有效水和速效水都较对照增加, 3 g·L^-1、5 g·L^-1和10 g·L^-1的Na₂SO₄处理土壤全有效水和速效水都较对照减小。不同矿化度的NaCl和Na₂SO₄处理均可使土壤通气孔隙和毛管孔隙相对减少, 非活性孔隙增大, 其中矿化度为5 g·L^-1的NaCl和Na₂SO₄处理对其影响最为明显, 通气孔隙分别较对照减小16.8%和14.8%, 毛管孔隙分别较对照减小5.2%和6.5%, 非活性孔隙分别较对照增加15.7%和14.4%。NaCl对于土壤比水容量和毛管断裂的延迟效果比NaSO₄明显。且土壤溶液盐分含量增加, 土壤持水能力下降、供水性能增加而土壤抗旱性降低。     

甜高粱茎秆汁液固定化酵母酒精发酵的研究

本文应用一元线性回归分析法得出了甜高粱茎秆汁液锤度和可溶性总糖含量之间的关系。以甜高粱茎秆汁液为原料，在摇床及流化床反应器上进行了固定化酵母酒精发酵的试验研究。结果表明，以沈农甜杂2号甜高粱为原料，在摇床上作营养盐配比的正交试验，试验得出对提高酒精得率影响因素的主次顺序为：(NH₄)₂SO₄，K₂HPO₄，MgSO₄。最优组合为：0.125% K₂HPO₄，0.200%(NH₄)₂SO₄，0.050% MgSO₄。加营养盐的酒精得率比不加任何营养盐的酒精得率可提高4.0%～8.0%。K₂HPO₄，(NH₄)₂SO₄的配比对试验结果影响极显著，MgSO₄的配比对试验结果影响显著。在流化床反应器上试验，4种较优营养盐组合酒精得率近乎相等，比不加营养盐空白试验酒精得率高。从降低成本角度来讲，选择0.125% K₂HPO₄，0.200%(NH₄)₂SO₄，0.010% MgSO₄作为投产试验。本文为燃料乙醇的发展提供了科学的依据。     

微咸水滴灌条件下不同盐分离子在土壤中的分布特征

开展田间试验研究微咸水滴灌条件下不同盐分离子在土壤中的分布特征。试验采用5个水平的微咸水灌溉处理：电导率分别为1.1 dS/m(K1)，2.2 dS/m(K2)，2.9 dS/m(K3)，3.5 dS/m(K4)和4.2 dS/m(K5)，重复3次，按随机区组布置。试验结果表明：滴灌条件下各种盐分离子的迁移速度与分布特性不同，Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺与SO^2-₄易于被灌溉水分淋洗，主要分布在湿润体外围，而HCO^-₃、Na⁺与Cl^-主要分布在湿润体内部。生育期内土壤剖面上的平均盐分含量没有增加，但对土壤结构与作物有重要影响，Cl^-、Na⁺、HCO^-₃有增加的趋势。     

镁对土壤某些理化性质的影响

本文研究了镁离子在土壤中的吸附特性和交换性镁对土壤某些物理性质的影响。试验结果表明:镁盐阴离子对镁离子侵入土壤吸收复合体能力的影响为:CO₃^2->SO₄^2->Cl^-。在低浓度下,Mg²+在Na⁺陪伴下较其单独存在时更易被含MgCO₃的石灰性土壤吸附。在混合盐溶液中,当盐渍度和SAR一定时,Na⁺在Na⁺-Mg²⁺体系中比在Na⁺-Ca²⁺体系中更易被土壤吸附。当ESP一定时,随着土壤吸收复合体中交换性镁百分率(EMP)的增加,分散系数逐渐增加,饱和导水率和毛管水上升高度逐渐降低,当EMP>60%时,不再发生变化。随着ESP的增加,交换性镁的不良影响逐渐变小。     

仿生膜对轻度加工葡萄自由基和保护酶的影响

以红地球葡萄为试验材料，研究壳聚糖仿生膜对轻度加工葡萄品质和超氧阴离子自由基(O₂^-·)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、电解质渗漏以及超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等保护酶活性动态变化的影响，探讨轻度加工果实组织衰老和与保护酶的关系，以及仿生膜在果实成熟衰老进程的作用。结果表明：与对照相比，1.5%的壳聚糖仿生膜能抑制SOD、POD、CAT活性下降，减低O₂^-·生成速率，进而抑制MDA的积累，维持细胞膜的稳定性，延缓果实成熟衰老进程。相关性分析表明，O₂^-·生成速率与SOD、CAT呈极显著负相关(r=－0.975^**，－0.546^**)，与POD呈显著正相关(r=0.442^*)，说明保护酶对抑制O₂^-·产生具有重要作用。1.5%壳聚糖仿生膜可有效抑制保护酶活性降低和自由基的产生，1.2%和1.8%壳聚糖仿生膜没有明显的效果。     

塔里木盆地西南缘典型灌区土壤盐渍化特征分析——以塔吉克阿巴提镇为例

在野外GPS定点定位调查、土壤样品分析的基础上,借助Excel和ArcGIS9.3等软件,对新疆自治区喀什市岳普湖县塔吉克阿巴提镇0-30cm土层的盐离子特征、灌区土壤盐渍化现状及空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,0-30cm土层土壤中的离子以Cl^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,Ca²⁺为主Na+与Cl^-呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.98,HCO₃^-与其它6种离子(Na⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,K⁺,Cl^-,SO₄^2-)呈负相关关系受灌排系统影响较大的农田0-30cm土壤中Cl^-/SO₄^2-比值远小于不受灌排系统影响的荒地农田和荒地0-30cm土壤中的Cl^-/SO₄^2-比值与总盐呈正相关关系,相关系数依次为0.68和0.32。现阶段对塔吉克阿巴提镇灌区农业危害最严重的是氯化物-硫酸盐盐渍化土,硫酸盐盐渍化土表现为盐渍化土地向非盐渍化土地转变的过渡类型非盐渍化农田及轻度盐渍化农田主要分布在开垦较早,灌排系统畅通的区域,灌排系统不畅通的区域仍然处于脱盐缓慢或持续积盐的状态。     

轮作对设施蔬菜大棚中次生盐渍化土壤盐分离子累积的影响

2007 年8 月在江苏省宜兴市采集10 个典型大棚土壤及其邻近露地蔬菜地土壤调查其离子组成和电导率, 并选择2 个土壤具有次生盐渍化特征的大棚研究轮作(蓖麻-白菜-蓖麻、辣椒-白菜-辣椒)对土壤电导率(EC)和离子组成的影响。结果表明, 大棚蔬菜地土壤EC 显著高于露地蔬菜地土壤, 20%的大棚土壤已发生次生盐渍化(EC>500 μS·cm^-1); 大棚土壤的SO₄^2-、NO₃^-离子浓度显著高于露地蔬菜土壤, 说明SO₄^2-、NO₃^-是影响大棚次生盐渍化的主要离子。2 年3 茬大棚蔬菜地轮作试验结果表明, 蓖麻-白菜-蓖麻轮作导致土壤EC 下降5%, 辣椒-白菜-辣椒轮作使土壤EC 下降33%, 表明后者对土壤次生盐渍化改良效果优于前者。两轮作系统盐分离子累积差异主要在于SO₄^2-, 辣椒-白菜-辣椒轮作能降低土壤SO₄^2-的累积, 而蓖麻-白菜-蓖麻轮作则不然。建议根据次生盐渍化土壤主控盐分离子以及不同作物对盐分离子吸收累积偏向性选择合适的轮作系统, 实现轮作改良次生盐渍化最佳效果。     

牛骨蛋白与多糖的逐级提取及分离方法研究

为确定牛骨中蛋白质和多糖的提取及分离方法，该文在分析骨胶原蛋白和多糖存在状态的基础上，分别利用不同溶剂探讨了牛骨中蛋白质与多糖的逐级提取方法。首先碱性蛋白、酸性蛋白分别被0.6 mol/L KCl和0.5 mol/L K-P(K₂HPO₄/KH₂PO₄)溶液提取出来；0.1 mol/L HCl脱钙时溶解出酸性、中性及碱性蛋白，再经过NaOH中和后，酸性蛋白随羟基磷灰石沉淀、中性及碱性蛋白存留在上清液中；其他在胶原纤维上的有机物被0.5 mol/L NaCl和1% Na₂CO₃分别提取出来。各级提取有机物用SDS-PAGE电泳以及Stains All染色法、阿里新兰染色和CBB染色进行检测。利用DEAE-葡聚糖凝胶离子交换树脂有效地将碱性蛋白、酸性蛋白和多糖分离精制。     

Germination and growth response of flax (Linum usitatissimum) to salinity stress by different salt types and concentrations

This investigation was conducted to explore the effects of salt types with different concentrations on germination and growth parameters of flax seeds. The experiment was set out as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications. We used six kinds of salts (NaCl, CaCl₂, CaCO₃, Na₂SO₄, Na₂CO₃ and KCl) with concentrations of 0, 50, 100 and 200 mM. According to the results, the inhibitory effects of the five salt types differed substantially, especially in the case of CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄. Inhibitory effects of these salts were very strong compared to those of NaCl and CaCl₂. Germination of flax seeds by various salts was in the order of NaCl > CaCl₂ > KCl > Na₂CO₃ > Na₂SO₄ > CaCO₃. The effect of salt concentration was obvious, too. Seeds of flax were able to germinate even in 200 mM NaCl, but they only germinated in distilled water or at very low CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃ and Na₂SO₄ concentrations (50 mM).     

Solubility, tensile, and color properties of modified soy protein isolate films

Protein solubility (PS) values of different soy protein isolate (SPI) films were determined in water, 0.01 N HCl, 0.01 N NaOH, 4 M urea, and 0.2 M 2-mercaptoethanol. Tensile and color (L, a, and b values) properties of films also were determined. Control films were cast from heated (70 degrees C for 20 min), alkaline (pH 10) aqueous solutions of SPI (5 g/100 mL of water) and glycerin (50% w/w of SPI). Additional films were cast after incorporation of dialdehyde starch (DAS) at 10% w/w of SPI or small amounts of formaldehyde in the film-forming solutions. Also, control film samples were subjected to heat curing (90 degrees C for 24 h), UV radiation (51.8 J/m(2)), or adsorption of formaldehyde vapors. PS of control films was highest (P < 0.05) in 2-mercaptoethanol, confirming the importance of disulfide bonds in SPI film formation. All treatments were effective in reducing (P < 0.05) film PS in all solvents. Both DAS and adsorbed formaldehyde rendered the protein in films practically insoluble in all solvents. Adsorption of formaldehyde vapors and heat curing also substantially increased (P < 0.05) film tensile strength from 8.2 to 15.8 or 14.7 MPa, respectively. However, heat curing decreased (P < 0.05) film elongation at break from 30 to 6%. Most treatments had small but significant (P < 0.05) effects on b color values, with DAS-containing films having the greatest (P < 0. 05) mean b value (most yellowish). Also, DAS-containing, heat-cured, and UV-irradiated films were darker, as evidenced by their lower (P < 0.05) L values, than control films. It was demonstrated that PS of SPI films can be notably modified through chemical or physical treatments prior to or after casting.     

Interactions of NaCl and Na2SO4 on soil organic C mineralization after addition of maize straws

NaCl and Na₂SO₄ often dominate salt compositions in saline soils. While either salt alone affects soil organic matter mineralization, their interactions on soil organic matter dynamics are unknown. This study aimed to investigate interactive effects of the two salts on organic C mineralization and microbial biomass C of the saline soils after addition of maize straws. Both NaCl and Na₂SO₄ were applied at 0, 40 and 80 mmol Na kg⁻¹ soil and the incubation was undertaken at soil water content of 15% and 20% (w/w) in dark at 28.5 °C for 70 days. The study found significant interactions of NaCl and Na₂SO₄ on CO₂-C evolution during the early incubation periods—a suppressing effect at days 1-2 but a stimulating effect at days 6-8 and 17-20, and thereafter the salt interactions were influenced by water content. The interactions of water content with NaCl or Na₂SO₄ on CO₂-C evolution were observed through the incubation periods except days 1-2, showing that the salt effects were dependent on water content. Total CO₂ evolution over the 70-day-long incubation decreased with increasing NaCl but increased with increasing Na₂SO₄ compared to the nil-salted treatment. Salt interactions on soil microbial biomass C were observed at days 7, 21, but not at day 49. Microbial biomass C increased at day 7 in the soils treated with either NaCl or Na₂SO₄ but decreased where the two salts were combined. At day 21, microbial biomass C increased with NaCl but decreased with Na₂SO₄ regardless whether the counterpart salt was added. The results suggest that soil organic C mineralization can be affected by the interactions of NaCl and Na₂SO₄, possibly through the salt-induced changes in microbial biomass community structure.     

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT SALTS (SODIUM CHLORIDE,SODIUM SULFATE,POTASSIUM CHLORIDE,AND POTASSIUM SULFATE) ON GROWTH OF FORAGE SPECIES

Osmotic and specific ion effects are the most frequently mentioned mechanisms by which saline substance reduces plant growth. However, the relative importance of osmotic and specific ion effect on plant growth seems to vary depending on the salt tolerance of the plant under study. Tall wheatgrass (TW), perennial ryegrass (PR), African millet (AM) and Rhodesgrass (Rh) were grown in nutrient solution with sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄), potassium chloride (KCl), and potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) salinity up to electrical conductivity (EC) 27 dS m^?1. Growth of all plant species decreased significantly at high level (EC 27 dS m^?1) of NaCl and Na₂SO₄ salts. However, the growth of none of the plant species was affected significantly by KCl and K₂SO₄ at any level. Even leaf and shoot fresh weights were enhanced by K₂SO₄ in all plant species, except AM. Chlorine (Cl) was taken up in similar quantities from KCl and NaCl solutions and the content of the respective cations was similar to each other. Further sensitivity to sulfate and chloride was equal when sodium concentrations in shoots were equal, regardless of the anion composition of the media. The sodium (Na) concentration of the leaves of the plant species increased with increased NaCl and Na₂SO₄ levels in the nutrient solutions. The leaf Na concentration of TW was lower than that of the other plant species. However, the root Na concentration of TW was higher than that of the other plant species. Increased NaCl and Na₂SO₄ concentrations had a marked effect on leaf water potential of all plant species, and the TW showed higher leaf water potential at all levels of salts. Tall wheatgrass adjusted osmotically by accumulating electrolytes from the nutrient solution and by accumulation of glycinebetaine. Sodium was generally found more injurious than Chloride in all the four forage species. Salt tolerance could be ascribed as greater exclusion of Na ion.     

一株耐盐苯酚降解酵母菌的分离及降解特性研究

从化工厂污泥中分离到一株酵母菌 ,初步鉴定为德氏酵母属 (Debaryomycessp ) ,命名为Gb。该菌株可以在 0～ 2 0 %Na2 SO4环境中生长 ,并能以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源。其苯酚降解最适浓度为 1 0 0 0mgL-1 ,最适Na2 SO4浓度为 5 %,最适pH和温度分别为 5 5和 30℃ ,在 2 5 0ml三角瓶中最适装液量为 1 0 0ml。当Na2 SO4盐浓度为 5 %、苯酚浓度为 1 0 0 0mgL-1 时 ,最适条件下培养 3天即能降解 95 %的苯酚。本文还对其耐盐机理进行了初步研究 ,发现细胞内海藻糖含量随外界盐浓度增加而增加 ,表明Debaryomycessp 在高盐条件下能以海藻糖作为渗透调节物质。     

Influence of pH,dispersion methods,and different compounds on adenosine triphosphate recovery from soil

We studied the recovery of ATP from soil. A soil-water suspension was prepared by two different methods (simple stirring or ballottini mill treatment) at different pH levels and in the presence of different chemicals [Na₂SO₄, Na₃PO₄, Na₅P₃O₁₀, adenosine, ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA), TRIS]. The ATP recovery was evaluated by adding [³H]-8 ATP to the solution and comparing the values obtained by radioactivity measurements with those obtained by an enzymatic assay. Strongly acidic (pH lower than 1.0) or alkaline (pH 10.0) extractions yielded the best ATP recoveries compared with intermediate pH values. At pH 10.0, the addition of Na₃PO₄ or Na₅P₃O₁₀ gave a high level of ATP recovery, 68 and 96%, respectively. No ATP hydrolysis occurred under alkaline extraction conditions. Under acidic extraction conditions, the addition of adenosine, EDTA, Na₂SO₄, or Na₅P₃O₁₀ improved ATP recovery but it was never higher than 34%. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of different physical and chemical conditions on cell disruption, ATP stability, ATP interactions with soil components, and ATP solubilization.     

阴离子对可变电荷土壤吸附铜离子的影响机理

根据NO-3、Cl-和SO24-对可变电荷土壤和恒电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响的比较,探讨了阴离子对可变电荷土壤吸附Cu2+的影响机理。结果表明,当3种阴离子的浓度相同时,在SO24-体系中铁质砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率较在NO3-和Cl-体系中大得多,而在浓度相同的3种阴离子体系中,黄棕壤对Cu2+的吸附率相差不大。在离子强度相近的NaCl体系中,砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率相近。在3种阴离子体系中,随着pH升高,砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率均增大;但在NO-3体系和Cl-体系中Cu2+的吸附率相近;而在SO24-体系中Cu2+的吸附率最大。随着Na2SO4浓度的增大,铁质砖红壤和砖红壤对Cu2+的吸附率减小。但在0.005 mol L-1和0.05 mol L-1Na2SO4体系中,Cu2+的吸附率大于在不含Na2SO4的体系中者。而在0.5 mol L-1Na2SO4体系中,Cu2+吸附率小于在不含Na2SO4体系中者。在3种浓度的Na2SO4体系中,黄棕壤对Cu2+的吸附率均小于在不含Na2SO4体系中者。总之,阴离子可通过离子强度、专性吸附和形成离子对影响土壤对Cu2+的吸附。在可变电荷土壤中,阴离子对Cu2+吸附的影响机理较在恒电荷土壤中复杂得多。     

Responses of lettuce to salinity. I. Effects of NaCl and Na2SO4 on growth

Two lettuce cultivars (Lactuca sativa L., cv. Calmar and cv. Climax) were selected to compare their tolerance to salt stress. The plants were grown in a hydroponic system using a 0.5 modified Hoagland solution. Treatments of 0, 40, 80, and 120 mol m^–3 NaCl or 0 and 20 mol m^–3 Na₂SO₄ were started when the second leaf above the cotyledons appeared. The plants were harvested 20 days later. Climax showed a greater tolerance to salinity at the 40 mol m^–3 NaCl concentration; the % decrease in both shoot and root fresh weight was significantly less than Calmar. No differences between the cultivars were found in the Na₂SO₄ experiments. Differences in root Cl^– content at the 40 mol m^–3 concentration corresponded to an enhanced water content of the roots. A mechanism for the observed differences in salt tolerance between the two cultivars is discussed.     

Beziehungen zwischen Mangan-Gehalten in Haferpflanzen und Böden

Relationship between Mn in Oat Plants and Soils The Mn concentration of oat plants in the stage of appearing panicles from agricultural fields were put in relationship to extractable Mn. With soils of sandy texture (clay < 4%, pH 4,7–6,6) a correlation existed between Mn in plants and n-MgCl₂ extractable Mn, however, no additional relationship with the easyly reducible Mn. A negative correlation between pH and Mn in plants was traced to the pH dependence of exchangeable Mn. With soils of loess (clay 5–28%, pH 6,6–7,7) a significant correlation existed between Mn in plants and easyly reducible Mn fractions (methods by Schachtschabel: extracting solutions containing Na₂SO₃, pH 8,0, or Na₂SO₃ + NaHSO₃, pH 5,5), however, only if an interrelationship with the pH of the soil was allowed for. The higher the pH of the soil the lower its level of extractable Mn might be, to reach a certain concentration of Mn in plants. This relationship seems to be caused through a modifying influence of the soil pH on the reducing power of the extracting solutions.