高梁空间诱变效应研究

1996年利用中国第17颗返回式卫星对高粱唐恢28恢复系种子进行搭载处理后,对其变异后代进行了田间鉴定和同工酶及RAPD分析.主要结果如下(1)SP1代获得一个特大穗型突变体(MTR28),其后代性状分离广泛,变异类型丰富,从中获得了遗传性状稳定且具有不同特点的高产、抗病优良变异选系;(2)优良变异选系组配的杂交种产量明显高于对照,可应用于生产上组配高产、抗病杂交种;(3)空间诱变后代性状稳定时间比常规杂交后代稳定快2～4个世代,可缩短育种进程;(4)变异选系在酯酶同工酶和细胞色素氧化酶同工酶酶带种类及酶活性上存在着较大的遗传差异;(5)RAPD分析结果显示,空间诱变选系在基因组水平上发生了明显的变化.     

茄子空间诱变后的变异分析

以卫星搭载的长茄种子及其经系谱选育获得的3个优良变异株系为材料,通过种子发芽试验及RAPD分子标记技术分析检测了茄子空间诱变后代发生的变异情况。种子发芽试验表明,空间诱变对茄子种子发芽出苗影响较大,抑制了诱变种子的萌发,推测太空环境抑制了种子活力和生长势。3个优良变异株系的RAPD标记以及聚类分析结果均表明,太空环境使茄子种质在DNA水平上发生了变异,其中优良变异株系9301A-3与对照种的相似系数最小,差异最大;9301A-1与对照种的相似系数最大,差异最小。     

卫星搭载凤仙花SP_(10)代光合生理及RAPD分子检测

空间环境可以引起植物形态、生理、遗传物质等方面的变异,为获取性状优良的突变体材料提供了可能。本试验所用材料是经搭载"神舟4号"飞船后选育获得的凤仙花突变体SP10代。通过对其光合基本特性和RAPD分子标记差异性分析,结果表明:凤仙花突变体后代性状稳定,株高较普通凤仙花矮;光饱和点在700μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)附近,不耐强光;凤仙花突变体后代较普通凤仙花更低的叶绿素含量,更低的光合速率,则意味着更低的光合产物的积累和生物量,因此凤仙花突变体后代需要更长的时间完成生活周期。选用17对随机RAPD引物,获得的扩增产物分子量在200~2 000 bp之间,条带清晰、反应结果稳定、重复性好。航天诱变的凤仙花很多遗传物质发生了质的变化,一些功能表达基因的改变引起了性状的相对改变。该研究为诱变凤仙花的园林栽培应用、品种改良提供了参考。     

小麦航天诱变育种效果研究

利用返回式卫星搭载两个小麦品种（系）种子进行空间诱变处理，对SP2代农艺性状变异效果进行了分析。结果表明，两个品种（系）的农艺性状均发生了变异，但株系内变异多数为不显著。两个品种（系）的诱变率和性状的变异方向存在差异，豫农201的诱变率高于大粒1号；大粒1号变异株系的性状指标多数为增加，豫农201变异株系的性状指标多数为减少。性状间的诱变率具有差异，株高和粒重的诱变率明显高于其它性状     

冬小麦品种长6878氮离子诱变效应及新种质创制

通过对长6878进行氮离子束诱变处理后代的调查分析,初步探索氮离子注入对旱地小麦的诱变效应,以期获得小麦优良变异种质。结果表明:氮离子注入长6878,可诱发其株高、粒色、穗粒数等性状发生突变,且其后代的变异特性具有稳定遗传性,本试验获得的材料可作为小麦育种的优异种质资源加以利用。     

自交系昌7-2在我国玉米育种中的地位和作用

昌7-2是我国玉米主要自交系之一，为培育高产优质杂交种做出了巨大贡献。它具有配合力高、抗逆性强、适应性广、综合农艺性状好的突出特点，因而被广泛应用，用它组配的杂交种在生产中表现高产、抗病、抗逆性强、适应性广。目前，有多家育种单位利用该自交系已育成10多个通过国家审定和省审定的优良玉米新品种，在全国推广应用面积达1000万hm^2，获得了显著的经济效益和社会效益。     

冬小麦品种兰天17号航天诱变后代农艺性状变异分析

为研究小麦空间诱变后代农艺性状的变异规律,用系谱法对冬小麦品种兰天17号SP 1株群、SP 2系群以及SP 2显著突变系和疑似突变系后代的表现进行了研究。结果它在SP1出现了2个显著的株高突变体D16和D38,其中D38在SP 2表现株高和主穗长度的分离,D 16在SP 2的株高与原品种对照差异不显著,但它在SP 3出现了株高和穗长的显著变异。SP 2疑似突变系D 69在SP 3出现了籽粒形态的显著突变。经单株选择,D 38的部分后代在SP 3或SP 4性状就已基本稳定。表明航天诱变小麦种子,可引起后代株高、穗长、穗形、籽粒形态等性状的变异;突变体可能出现在SP 1,也可能出现在SP 2或以后世代;这些突变体经过2～3个世代的单株选择,部分后代的性状就能基本稳定,小麦航天诱变后代农艺性状的变异符合诱变育种的基本规律。     

小麦种子太空诱变效应研究

对4份稳定的小麦品系进行了太空诱变处理，SP1在生长上受到一定抑制；SP2产生了广谱性分离；SP3各性状已基本稳定，从中选到4个性状优良的品系，这一结果表明，太空诱变效果明显，可以作为一种有效的育种手段。     

甘蓝型高油分隐性上位互作核不育系粱全1504A的选育研究

粱全1504A是贵州粱丰农业科技有限公司以引进甘蓝型油菜杂交种核优202杂交种后代可育株连续自交、测交、兄妹交育成纯合两型系(粱纯4A),与引进甘蓝型油菜杂交种核优202杂交种后代不育株和从贵州省油菜所引进隐性上位互作核不育黄籽临保系(S2375C-15)杂交转育的临保系(粱临4C)组配的甘蓝型油菜隐性上位互作核不育系,该不育系综合性状优良,株型紧凑,含油量较高,一般配合力较高,组配的隐性上位互作核不育杂交油菜组合丰产性好,抗性好,品质性状优良,有广泛的应用前景。     

高产优质玉米杂交种黔原三号的选育

利用核辐射诱变育成的黔辐49突变体系，是配合力强、抗病性好、产量较高、综合性状好的玉米优良自交系，与木6自交系组配杂交，育成黔原三号优良杂交种。     

Analyses of genetic diversity in Cuban rice varieties using isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers

A survey of the genetic diversity among the major cuban rice cultivars was conducted using isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers. Polymorphisms were detected for esterases, peroxidases, alcohol dehydrogenases and polyphenoloxidases systems; 21 RAPD primers and four AFLP primer combinations. Heterozygosity arithmetic mean value (H_av(p)), the effective multiplex ratio (EMR) and the marker index (MI), were calculated for isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers. The mean value of genetic similarity among the different varieties was 0.92 for isozyme, 0.73 for RAPD and 0.58 for AFLP analyses. Thus, AFLP were able to detect polymorphisms with higher efficiency than RAPD (+15%) and isozyme (+34%). Data from the isozyme, RAPD and AFLP analyses were used to compute matrices of genetic similarities. The efficiency of the UPGMA for the estimation of genetic relatedness among varieties was supported by cophenetic correlation coefficients. The resulting values indicated that the distortion level for the estimated similarities was minimal. The correlation coefficients obtained by the Mantel matrix correspondence test, which was used to compare the cophenetic matrices for the different markers, showed that estimated values of genetic relationship given for isozyme and RAPD markers (r = 0.89), as well as for AFLP and RAPD markers (r = 0.82) were properly related. However, AFLP and isozyme data showed only moderate correlation (r = 0.63). Although the genetic variability found among the different cultivars was low, both RAPD and AFLP markers proved to be efficient tools in assessing the genetic diversity of rice genotypes. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Use of isozyme analysis in the breeding of synthetic rapeseed cultivars

Eleven winter rapeseed inbred lines (I₄) were characterized according to isozyme banding patterns from seven polymorphic enzyme systems. All lines could be qualitatively and quantitatively distinguished using two enzyme systems, shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH) and diaphorase (DIA). Genetic distances were calculated among lines and 15 selected two-line hybrids were planted as experimental synthetics in field-trials. Syn-0 populations produced seed yields between 0.4% lower and 12.9% higher than the mean yields of the respective parental lines. Syn-1 seed yields were 11–24.1% higher than the respective parental lines and the yield improvement was positively correlated with the genetic distance between the parental lines. This tendency suggests that genetic distances between cross components, calculated from isozyme polymorphism, can be used in prognosis of yield performance of synthetic rapeseed cultivars. Isozyme analysis was also applied to study fertilization behaviour in line mixtures, and differences among parental lines were observed with regard to the tendency for self-pollination or out-crossing. The partially very high outcrossing rate suggests the possible existence of a self-incompatibility system.     

小麦抗倒性影响因子和产量因子的遗传与相关研究

旨在为小麦育种和生产上预防倒伏、提高稳产能力提供参考。以来源于野生二粒小麦远缘杂交组合的82个高代系为试材,在西北农林科技大学试验站测定并分析抗倒性影响因子和产量性状的相关性。结果表明,（1）株高与抗倒性呈负相关关系,成熟期茎壁厚与抗倒性呈正相关关系,各个性状的抗倒性排序为株高>成熟期茎壁厚度>单穗重>单株重;（2）粒宽、穗粒数和单穗重呈极显著正相关关系(0.413^**、0.767^**);（3）倒伏引起千粒重、单穗重下降,导致减产;（4）小穗数、小穗粒数及穗粒数等产量因子及抗倒影响因子的杂种分离世代都出现小于低亲值的遗传特点,分离子代产量接近高亲值的单株占1.5988%,杂交育种中分离世代最低群体需在120株左右。选择茎壁厚、植株高度适中、增加粒宽（饱满大粒）和穗粒数（大穗、多花结实性好）,有望筛选出高产抗倒品种。     

高空气球搭载空间诱变品系稻瘟病抗性变异基因遗传分析及分子标记研究

在前期对空间诱变品系进行稻瘟病表型鉴定的基础上,选取部分空间诱变粤香占和青华占抗性变异高代品系（6代以上）进行稻瘟病抗性变异基因的遗传分析及分子标记研究。经遗传分析,发现突变品系YX03和QH06对菌株01—18a的抗病性分别受一对显性主效基因控制,而突变品系YX04和QH05分别受两对显性主效基因控制;并将QH06的抗病突变基因定位于第8染色体,与微卫星标记RM547连锁,遗传距离为8．5cM。研究结果表明空间诱变可以产生稻瘟病抗性基因的变异。     

Characterization of Brassica nigra chromosomes and of blackleg resistance in B. napus–B. nigra addition lines

Brassica napus-B. nigra addition lines were previously created using the variety ‘Darmor’ as the oilseed rape genetic background. Two isozyme loci and 46 RAPD markers were added on five different B. nigra chromosomes. The oilseed rape variety used was highly susceptible to blackleg at the cotyledon stage and only the addition of chromosome 4 gave the same level of blackleg resistance as B. nigra. This resistance was efficient whatever the isolates used. A significant effect on the development of stem canker under field conditions was observed only for the line carrying chromosome 4 which was more resistant than the susceptible control. The potential effects of two other chromosomes have to be confirmed. F1 hybrids obtained by crosses between two highly susceptible lines and the monosomic addition line carrying chromosome 4 were examined under field conditions. No effect of the oilseed rape genetic background on the expression of resistance was detected. The introduction of this resistance and mapping of the gene(s) into oilseed rape varieties are discussed.     

高产抗病杂交水稻天优673的选育

为了引起植物遗传性的变异,快速地选育高产抗病优质新品种,开展了航天育种新方法研究。福建省农业科学院水稻研究所利用空间诱变与杂交育种技术相结合的方法,育成的杂交水稻恢复系福恢673,它具有恢复力强,恢复谱广,配合力好等特点。并用恢复系福恢673与不育系天丰A配组育成了三系杂交水稻新组合天优673,多年试验结果表明,该品种具有丰产性突出、抗稻瘟病、品质较优、生育期适中、制种产量高等优点。在福建省2年区试中,平均产量7.09 t/hm2,比对照汕优63增产达5.39%,生产试验平均产量7.56 t/hm2,比对照汕优63增产10.29%,福建省区试稻瘟病室内鉴定2年均表现抗（R）,2010年3月通过福建省农作物品种审定。空间诱变与杂交育种技术相结合的方法可成功育成高产抗病杂交水稻新品种。     

Genetical assessment of diploid progenitors of <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. scabra</Emphasis> by isozyme,RAPD and STS markers: a possible strategy for improvement of drought tolerant allo-tetraploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. scabra</Emphasis> species

Assessment of genetic variations of two progenitors of S. scabra was investigated employing isozyme, RAPD and STS markers. Earlier reports have conclusively indicated S. seabrana and S. viscosa as two diploid progenitors of allo-tetraploid S. scabra. A total of 476 RAPD bands generated from 32 primers, 104 STS fragments from 17 primer pairs and 73 isoforms from 14 enzyme systems indicated significant sharing of these bands to S. scabra with that of S. seabrana in comparison to its other progenitor i.e., S. viscosa. High frequencies of isozyme band sharing between S. seabrana and S. scabra (0.125–0.30) as well as high genetic similarities (59%) of it with S. seabrana as reveled from dendrogram analysis indicated impact of close proximity of the occurrence of S. seabrana in the development of S. scabra. The proportion of bands shared by RAPD (40%) and STS (40%) markers were also observed high between S. seabrana and S. scabra. However, the numbers of unique bands were less in all these species. More correspondence and sharing of bands by S. seabrana towards S. scabra suggested using selected lines of S. seabrana the genetic base of allo-tetraploid, drought tolerant S. scabra lines can be broaden.     

Reselection of a Pearl Millet Cultivar Utilizing Residual Variability for Downy Mildew Reaction*

‘BJ 104’ was the most widely grown pearl millet hybrid in India until it became susceptible to downy mildew (DM) in 1984—85. Residual variability for resistance was found in both parental lines, 5141 B (maintainer of 5141 A) and J 104, and through four generations of pedigree selection under intense disease pressure in the DM nursery, two lines, IC-MA841 (from 5141 B) and ICMP 84814 (from J 104), were selected resulting in a reconstituted DM resistant hybrid (‘ICMH 84814’) which was equal in yield to the original ‘BJ 104’. The reconstituted hybrid, though phenotypically similar, can be distinguished from “BJ 104” being slightly taller, flowers later, has heavier heads, and 1000-seed weight, but tillers less. A similar exercise was attempted on Tifton 23 B, the female parent of the first widely grown hybrid (‘HB 3’— the male parent was also J 104), but no variability for resistance to DM was found.     

柑橘地方优良品种‘贡柑’起源的初步研究

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术,研究了地方优良品种‘贡柑’与部分柑橘属植物之间的亲缘关系,10条引物共扩增出87条谱带,多态性谱带率为97.7％,通过各供试材料间遗传相似系数建立的聚类树状图,能准确地区分各种、品种、品系的关系,此外对‘贡柑’的起源进行了初步的探讨,支持‘贡柑’是由本地橘和橙的自然杂交而来的观...     

水稻条纹叶枯病抗性育种研究

利用日本育成的抗条纹叶枯病优质粳稻品种,与江苏高产品种杂交,将其条纹叶枯病抗性导入江苏高产粳稻品种,达到有利基因的聚合,改良现有粳稻品种的条纹叶枯病抗性。结果表明,在充分发病的自然条件下对条纹叶枯病抗性选择的效果十分明显,只要具有一定的选择压,很容易选择到抗性好的株系。关东194是一个优良的条纹叶枯病抗源亲本,在粳稻条纹叶枯病抗性改良和品质改良中值得加以利用。通过连续3年的定向选择,已经获得一批抗条纹叶枯病的优良品种（系）。其中“宁4009”已于2007年1月通过江苏省审定,定名为“南粳44”。