饲粮中添加硫胺素缓解奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的研究进展

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)是一种常见的奶牛营养代谢病,严重影响了养殖业的经济效益。硫胺素是奶牛所需的营养物质,在奶牛饲粮中添加硫胺素可缓解SARA,提高瘤胃液pH,维持瘤胃内环境稳态。本文综述了硫胺素的生物学功能及硫胺素对SARA奶牛瘤胃微生物区系、代谢产物及瘤胃上皮屏障功能的影响,为硫胺素在奶牛生产中的应用提供参考。     

饲粮中添加硫胺素缓解奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的研究进展北大核心CSCD

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)是一种常见的奶牛营养代谢病,严重影响了养殖业的经济效益。硫胺素是奶牛所需的营养物质,在奶牛饲粮中添加硫胺素可缓解SARA,提高瘤胃液pH,维持瘤胃内环境稳态。本文综述了硫胺素的生物学功能及硫胺素对SARA奶牛瘤胃微生物区系、代谢产物及瘤胃上皮屏障功能的影响,为硫胺素在奶牛生产中的应用提供参考。     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对绵羊瘤胃异常代谢产物、瘤胃菌群和血液相关指标的影响

本试验通过逐步递增饲粮精粗比诱导绵羊发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA),探究其对瘤胃异常代谢产物、瘤胃菌群、血气和血清生化指标的影响,为防治绵羊SARA提供理论依据。选取50只2月龄同期断奶健康的杜泊羊(?)×湖羊(♀) F1代,随机分为2组。对照组(CK组,n=15)饲喂精粗比为50∶50的基础饲粮;SARA诱导组通过饲粮精粗比递增诱导绵羊发生SARA,饲粮精粗比依次为50∶50、70∶30、80∶20、90∶10和100∶0,各精粗比饲粮均饲喂7 d,瘤胃液pH在5.2～5.6持续3 h以上的绵羊构成SARA模型组。分别于各精粗比饲粮第7天晨饲后1、2、3、4、5、6和8 h采集瘤胃液,测定瘤胃异常代谢产物含量和瘤胃菌群结构。SARA诱导成功后,采集CK组和SARA模型组颈静脉血液,测定血气和血清生化指标。结果显示:1)在饲粮精粗比为100:0时,SARA诱导组中有27只绵羊瘤胃液pH在5.2～5.6持续3 h以上,部分羊腹泻,瘤胃液偏黄恶臭黏稠,符合SARA标准,构成SARA模型组。2)SARA模型组Chao1指数显著低于CK组(P0.05),瘤胃菌群结构发生变化,乳酸产生菌相对丰度增加,瘤胃菌群碳水化合物代谢相关基因富集程度增加。3)SARA模型组瘤胃液和血液中乳酸、组胺和内毒素含量均显著高于CK组(P0.05)。4)SARA模型组血液二氧化碳总量、实际碳酸氢盐和全血碱剩余含量显著低于CK组(P0.05)。5)SARA模型组血清谷丙转氨酶活性显著低于CK组(P0.05),血清生化指标处于正常范围。综上所述,绵羊SARA发生过程中,瘤胃菌群丰富度降低,菌群结构改变,乳酸产生菌相对丰度增加,血液和瘤胃液乳酸、内毒素和组胺含量升高,机体发生代谢性酸中毒。     

瘤胃穿刺技术及其在奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒诊断中的应用

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)是奶牛场普遍存在的一种营养代谢疾病,与奶牛健康状况及养殖效益密切相关。瘤胃穿刺技术作为奶牛SARA诊断的一种有效手段,在国外已被广泛地应用。本文主要对瘤胃穿刺技术的操作程序、有效性评价、对动物健康和生产性能的影响及其在奶牛场SARA诊断中的应用进行介绍,以期为我国奶业工作者提供参考。     

瘤胃异常代谢产物脂多糖对奶牛血浆中代谢产物和激素的影响及其机制

当奶牛饲粮中精饲料水平提高时,瘤胃液pH下降,奶牛常会发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA),瘤胃内产生大量异常代谢产物,其中主要是细菌内毒素脂多糖(LPS).在SARA时期,外周血液中的LPS浓度升高,可导致奶牛发生一系列免疫应答,奶牛代谢也发生相应的变化.血浆葡萄糖、非酯化脂肪酸浓度升高,血浆氨基酸、β-羟丁酸、胆固醇和矿物质的浓度发生变化,血浆中的各种激素水平也会发生变化.这些代谢变化进而影响奶牛产奶量、乳脂和乳蛋白含量.本文对LPS对奶牛血浆代谢产物和激素水平的影响进行综述,并就其机制进行探讨.     

肉牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对瘤胃菌群和瘤胃功能的影响

肉牛强度育肥期间,大量高精料摄入极易诱发亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)。发生SARA后,瘤胃内环境长时间处于低pH值状态,使瘤胃菌群结构改变,代谢功能异常。革兰阴性菌在过酸环境中裂解释放LPS等有毒代谢物,使瘤胃上皮受损,功能减弱,不同程度影响肉牛生产性能。因此,为了降低SARA对肉牛育肥的影响,对国内外关于SARA的研究进行总结,针对瘤胃内菌群变化、瘤胃内菌群异常代谢、瘤胃上皮细胞表达等方面展开分析,了解SARA发生机制,为开发该病诊断和治疗新方法及后续研究明确方向。     

奶牛瘤胃酸中毒的防治

奶牛瘤胃酸中毒是指奶牛采食了过多的含碳水化合物丰富的精料，如谷类、豆类饲料及青贮玉米等，引起瘤胃内发生异常性发酵，使乳酸增多．PH值下降，瘤胃内微生物菌群活性降低。而导致奶牛瘤胃消化功能发生障碍引起的全身性代谢疾病。临床表现为精神兴奋或沉郁，食欲和瘤胃蠕动废绝，胃液PH和血浆二氧化碳结合力降低以及脱水等为特征。     

奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的发生与危害

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（SARA）是一个大多数牛场普遍存在的奶牛代谢性疾病。围产期、干物质采食量（DMI）过高、日粮配制差及采食模式变化过大等奶牛均易发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒，继而造成干物质采食量下降、纤维素消化率降低、乳成分改变及引发腹泻等疾病。本文对奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的病因及危害等方面进行了简述。     

酵母对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒绵羊缓解效果及作用机制研究

旨在探究一株酿酒酵母和两株瘤胃源褶皱假丝酵母对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(subacute ruminal acidosis,SARA)绵羊的缓解作用及其机制,为研制防治SARA微生态制剂提供优良菌株和理论依据。选取60只2月龄同期断奶的杜泊羊(♂)×湖羊(♀)F₁代作为试验动物。通过逐步递增饲粮精粗比成功诱导40只绵羊发生SARA,将SARA绵羊随机分为4组,每组10只,分别为：SARA组、酿酒酵母组(Saccharomyces cerevisiae,SC)、褶皱假丝酵母一组(Diutina rugosa 1,DR1)、褶皱假丝酵母二组(Diutina rugosa 2,DR2),各组均饲喂精粗比为90∶10的日粮,酵母组于每天晨饲后分别灌服100 mL酿酒酵母ACCC 21162、褶皱假丝酵母N09、褶皱假丝酵母N07。对照组(Control,CON)饲喂50∶50饲粮。分别于第1、3、7、10天测定各组瘤胃液pH,第10天测定瘤胃与血液异常代谢产物、血气指标、瘤胃菌群。结果显示：1)灌服酵母组第3天后瘤胃液pH显著高于SARA组(P<0.05),灌服酵母可使SARA得有效缓解。2)瘤胃菌群相对丰度发生变化,SC组最优菌属为乳杆菌属,CON组最优菌属为普雷沃氏菌科未确定菌属,SARA、DR1、DR2组最优菌属为瘤胃菌科未确定属;灌服酵母组中,SC组丰富度指数最高,DR2组多样性指数最高。3)灌服酵母组瘤胃液和血液乳酸、瘤胃液组胺显著低于SARA组(P<0.05)。4)SC、DR2组血液pH、全血碱剩余极显著高于SARA组(P<0.01),灌服酵母组血液二氧化碳分压、二氧化碳总量、实际碳酸氢盐显著高于SARA组(P<0.05)。5)瘤胃液pH与血液实际碳酸氢盐呈现显著正相关(P<0.05),瘤胃液乳酸与瘤胃菌群Chao 1指标呈现显著负相关(P<0.05)。结果提示,3株酵母均可提升瘤胃菌群丰富度、降低瘤胃液和血液乳酸、减轻瘤胃炎症、缓解机体酸中毒。     

反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒机制解析及其营养调控措施

反刍动物瘤胃亚急性酸中毒(SARA)是现代集约化生产中常见的营养代谢病.“反刍动物SARA的发生和调控机制”是重要的科学问题,对其的进一步深入研究不仅在学术上有重要意义,而且对降低经济损失具有重要的现实意义.本文分析了国际上反刍动物瘤胃中毒研究的最新成果和进展,对其产生原因和机制以及预防措施进行了系统的阐述.本文深入探讨了引起瘤胃酸中毒的3个学说,“有机酸中毒学说”、“乳酸中毒学说”和“内毒素和组织胺中毒学说”;较为深入地解析了饲粮中碳水化合物组成、瘤胃微生物菌群及其代谢变化对瘤胃酸中毒发生的影响.同时,也对SARA的预防及其营养调控措施进行了论述,并提出通过科学合理的饲养管理,合理设计饲粮的碳水化合物组成,使用益生菌、缓冲剂、有机酸、硫胺素,接种疫苗,调控瘤胃内有机酸的产生和利用的途径来预防反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒的发生,以期为今后我国在预防瘤胃酸中毒方面的研究和生产应用提供参考.     

Diet-induced bacterial immunogens in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows: Impacts on immunity and metabolism

Dairy cows are often fed high grain diets to meet the energy demand for high milk production or simply due to a lack of forages at times. As a result, ruminal acidosis, especially subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), occurs frequently in practical dairy production. When SARA occurs, bacterial endotoxin (or lipopolysaccharide, LPS) is released in the rumen and the large intestine in a large amount. Many other bacterial immunogens may also be released in the digestive tract following feeding dairy cows diets containing high proportions of grain. LPS can be translocated into the bloodstream across the epithelium of the digestive tract, especially the lower tract, due to possible alterations of permeability and injuries of the epithelial tissue. As a result, the concentration of blood LPS increases. Immune responses are subsequently caused by circulating LPS, and the systemic effects include increases in concentrations of neutrophils and the acute phase proteins such as serum amyloid-A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), LPS binding protein (LBP), and C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood. Entry of LPS into blood can also result in metabolic alterations. Blood glucose and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations are enhanced accompanying an increase of blood LPS after increasing the amount of grain in the diet, which adversely affects feed intake of dairy cows. As the proportions of grain in the diet increase, patterns of plasma β-hydoxybutyric acid, cholesterol, and minerals (Ca, Fe, and Zn) are also perturbed. The bacterial immunogens can also lead to reduced supply of nutrients for synthesis of milk components and depressed functions of the epithelial cells in the mammary gland. The immune responses and metabolic alterations caused by circulating bacterial immunogens will exert an effect on milk production. It has been demonstrated that increases in concentrations of ruminal LPS and plasma acute phase proteins (CRP, SAA, and LBP) are associated with declines in milk fat content, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield, as well as milk energy efficiency.     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对反刍动物瘤胃生理功能及物质吸收转运的影响

畜牧业集约化养殖越来越普遍。为提高反刍动物生产性能,饲喂大量能量饲料,进而引发亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA),导致动物采食量下降、畜产品产出降低以及动物发生炎症反应。近年研究表明,SARA会改变瘤胃生理状态,而瘤胃健康对反刍动物饲养至关重要。本文综述了反刍动物SARA状态下瘤胃生理生化过程变化,结合瘤胃发酵模式变化和瘤胃微生物的改变,重点阐述了SARA引起的瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构变化、屏障功能改变、瘤胃上皮细胞中物质转运及相关载体表达及其引发的瘤胃上皮细胞炎症通路,为更好指导反刍动物饲养及为瘤胃营养生理生化研究提供参考。     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒奶山羊瘤胃上皮形态结构和通透性的变化

本试验旨在研究亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)对瘤胃上皮形态结构和通透性的影响。选用体况良好、体重相近的泌乳期萨能奶山羊9只,随机分为3组(对照组、SARA组、恢复组,n=3),对照组饲喂基础饲粮[非纤维性碳水化合物与中性洗涤纤维比(NFC/NDF)=1.40],SARA组和恢复组先后饲喂NFC/NDF为1.40、1.79、2.31、3.23的4种试验饲粮诱导SARA发生,每种饲喂15 d,恢复组奶山羊待SARA诱导成功后自由采食青干草30 d。对照组奶山羊分别在饲养30、60(与SARA组3只同时)和90 d(与恢复组3只同时)各屠宰1只。采集瘤胃腹囊部上皮组织用于石蜡切片、透射电子显微镜观察及尤斯灌流系统(Ussing chamber)研究。结果表明:1)组织切片结果显示,瘤胃上皮角质层厚度SARA组显著高于对照组和恢复组(P0.05),恢复组显著低于对照组(P0.05);颗粒层厚度对照组显著高于SARA组和恢复组(P0.05),但SARA组和恢复组之间无显著差异(P0.05);棘突层厚度3组之间无显著差异(P0.05);上皮总厚度恢复组显著低于对照组和SARA组(P0.05),但对照组与SARA组之间无显著差异(P0.05)。透射电子显微镜结果显示,SARA组瘤胃上皮紧密连接被破坏,细胞间隙增大,棘状层细胞线粒体出现降解并出现空泡。2)与对照组相比,SARA组和恢复组瘤胃上皮短路电流(Isc)、组织导电性(Gt)和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)流速显著升高(P0.05),跨膜电位差(PD)显著降低(P0.05)。综合得出,SARA破坏了奶山羊瘤胃上皮形态结构的完整性,使瘤胃上皮通透性增加,导致瘤胃上皮屏障功能长期受损。     

奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒研究进展

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（SARA）作为一种普遍存在于大多数牛场的奶牛健康问题,目前已经得到人们充分认识。大量的研究结果表明,患SARA的奶牛产奶量会普遍降低,损害母牛健康,强制性淘汰率增加,最终影响生产者的经济利益。作者就目前与奶牛亚急性瘤胃酸中毒有关的饲养管理及其预防措施进行综述,希望对奶牛生产者如何正确的预防亚急性瘤胃酸中毒有所帮助。     

Signals for identifying cows at risk of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy veterinary practice

Controlling rumen disorders is critical to ensure successful dairy herd health management. Lactation diets of dairy cows are commonly rich in concentrates and low in physically effective fibre. Feeding of these diets increases the risk of rumen disorders with far‐reaching consequences for cattle health, welfare and sustainability of dairy production. The term subacute ruminal acidosis or SARA is often used as a synonym for poor rumen health. Being subclinical, SARA lacks of clear symptoms and is therefore difficult to diagnose and to control in the practice. This review article summarises common and identifies new direct and indirect cow signals related to SARA. We have performed a scientific evaluation and interpretation of each of these cow signals by highlighting their advantages and disadvantages from the practitioner's point of view. The gold standard of SARA cow signals still remains direct measurement of ruminal pH. However, continuous pH monitoring is cost‐intensive and often biased by sensor drift. Single‐point ruminal pH measurements by oral stomach tubing or rumenocentesis have strong limitations. Therefore, there is a need for reliable and robust markers of SARA that are easily accessible and inexpensive. Such indirect parameters are the observation of chewing and feeding activities, as well as the monitoring of milk, faecal, urine and blood variables. Also, novel technologies that allow rapid and non‐invasive measurement of the rumen mucosa thickness and ruminal motility patterns might provide advantages in SARA diagnosis. Due to several constraints of these indirect diagnostic tools, such as limited specificity and sensitivity, we strongly recommend using a combination of the signals to reliably identify cows at risk of SARA in a dairy herd.     

不同NFC/NDF比对奶山羊瘤胃微生物及瘤胃pH值变化的影响

试验研究了在不同非纤维性碳水化合物/中性洗涤纤维（NFC/NDF）比饲粮条件下诱发奶山羊亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（subacute rumen acidosis,SARA）过程中瘤胃微生物区系和瘤胃pH值的变化。该试验选用6只安装了永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳期关中奶山羊为试验动物,采用自身对照试验法,共分4期进行,每期10d,依次饲喂NFC/NDF比为1.02（Ⅰ期）、1.24（Ⅱ期）、1.63（Ⅲ期）、2.58（Ⅳ期）的4种饲粮,以逐渐增加饲粮精料的方法诱导奶山羊发生SARA。结果表明,随着饲粮NFC/NDF比的增大,瘤胃pH值显著降低（P〈0.05）,并且瘤胃pH值下降幅度也随之加快;随着饲粮NFC/NDF比的增加,淀粉分解菌的数量增幅最显著（P〈0.01）;饲粮NFC/NDF比为1.63时,瘤胃细菌总数、乳酸杆菌及坏死梭形杆菌的数量显著增加（P〈0.05）,当该比值为2.58时,埃氏巨型球菌和反刍兽新月单胞菌的数量出现显著增多（P〈0.05）;原虫数量在Ⅳ期降至最低,而牛链球菌的数量在整个试验期并未出现明显的波动。饲粮NFC/NDF比为1.63时,瘤胃内与碳水化合物分解有关的多数细菌的数量明显增加,SARA期时增幅更为明显,而此时原虫数量为最低。     

Subacute rumen acidosis in lactating cows: an investigation in intensive Italian dairy herds

Subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) represents one of the most important metabolic disorders in intensive dairy farms that affects rumen fermentations, animal welfare, productivity and farm profitability. The aim of the present study was to study the occurrence of SARA in intensive Italian dairy herds and to determine the relationship between diet composition, ruminal pH and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration. Ten commercial dairy herds were investigated; twelve cows in each herd were selected randomly among animal without clinical signs of disease, with good body condition and between 5 and 60 day-in-milk (DIM), to perform rumenocentesis and obtain rumen fluid. Ruminal pH was determined immediately after sampling and concentration of SCFA in ruminal fluid was determined on samples after storage. An other objective of this research was to study in detail the effects of rumenocentesis on animal health: this study could confirm the extreme validity of this technique as ruminal sampling. Results were subject to anova and correlation analysis using SIGMA STAT 2.03. The results indicated the presence of SARA in three herds (more than 33% cows with rumen pH < 5.5), a critical situation (more than 33% cows with rumen pH < 5.8) in five farms and a normal rumen pH condition in two herds. In particular, dairy herds show on average SCFA concentration of 150, 145, 123 mmol/l for low pH, critical pH and normal pH herds respectively. There were not significant differences among diet composition even if herds with SARA showed a light discordance between initially chemistry composition and residual feed. In the affected herds it was not possible to understand the exact causes of SARA. Animal management seems to be one of the most important factors in developing SARA including total mixed ration preparation.     

维吉尼亚霉素对于奶牛乳酸中毒及瘤胃发酵的调控综述

维吉尼亚霉素作为常用饲用抗生素能够抑制瘤胃乳酸发酵菌,改善瘤胃内不良发酵,提高饲料利用率,在高精日粮条件下可对奶牛乳酸中毒起到一定预防作用。本文总结了国内外关于维吉尼亚霉素的相关试验与文献;从奶牛酸中毒机制着手,综述其对于酸中毒的调控;并总结与分析了维吉尼亚霉素对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响。为今后在奶牛日粮中的合理使用,实现奶牛安全饲养提供理论依据。     

丁酸对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒的影响机制研究进展

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)作为反刍动物饲养中因营养代谢紊乱而高发的疾病,严重影响了反刍动物的健康和生产.近年来研究发现,丁酸作为瘤胃中主要的挥发性脂肪酸(VFA),具有调控细胞增殖以及抗炎等作用.本文结合近年研究,从SARA破坏瘤胃屏障功能、诱发炎症反应的机制,重点阐述了丁酸作为信号分子和组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(HD...     

Effects of Non-fiber Carbohydrate to Neutral Detergent Fiber Ratios on Ruminal pH Dynamics in Dairy Goats

Introduction Subacute ruminal acidosis（SARA）has become common and important economic and health issues for high-yielding dairy cows.Rumen pH takes a central position in the pathogenesis of SARA.So monitoring of rumen pH is play important role in recognizing,quantifying and subsequently controlling this disorder. The objective of the present