肠道菌群对骨代谢影响的研究进展

肠道菌群是一个由微生物组成的复杂生态系统,能够将进入肠道的营养物质转化为机体正常生长发育所需的物质。肠道菌群对于动物机体保持正常的物质消化、营养吸收、能量转化和代谢功能具有关键作用。近年来,肠道菌群对动物机体骨骼发育的影响及作用机制受到了广泛关注。从肠道菌群在动物机体营养物质吸收、免疫、内分泌功能中的作用以及肠道菌群代谢产物的作用等方面综述肠道菌群对骨代谢的影响和机制,以期为丰富动物骨骼疾病的预防和治疗方法提供参考。     

动物肠道菌群与病原微生物感染关系的研究进展

动物肠道内寄居着大量微生物,通常被称为共生菌群。它们对动物的生长、代谢和免疫状态至关重要,还与许多疾病的发生密切相关。病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染都会使机体的肠道菌群发生紊乱,表现在益生菌丰度减少而有害菌丰度增加。其机制包括引发宿主的炎症反应和抑制机体的免疫细胞两方面。同样肠道菌群也会调控病原菌的感染,如肠道菌群对不同的病毒会产生颉颃或促进作用,对细菌和寄生虫分别产生抑制和促进作用。肠道菌群抑制病原菌的机制包括与病原菌竞争代谢产物和诱导宿主的免疫反应。肠道菌群促进病毒感染的机制包括3点,分别为提高病毒的稳定性及其与靶细胞的黏附作用、抑制机体免疫系统和刺激靶细胞的增殖。肠道菌群促进寄生虫感染的可能机制包括降低Th2细胞因子(如IL-4和IL-13)并提高调节性T细胞的表达频率。肠道菌群、病原微生物和宿主不断相互作用,形成一个动态的平衡关系,并在感染过程中不断进化。作者主要综述了病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染对动物肠道菌群的组成和丰度的影响,动物肠道菌群如何影响病毒、细菌和寄生虫的感染进程并分析相关机制,以期了解疾病的发病机理,为疫苗佐剂的研发及制定更有效的预防和治疗策略提供新视角和理论依据。     

食品生产用动物及其健康关乎人类健康(续完)

肠道中定殖了不同类型的微生物,这些微生物之间存在着动态多样的共生关系,并具有将宿主无法消化的多种营养成分转化为最终产品等多种功能,这些功能对消化生理和免疫有直接影响。动物年龄、日粮、环境和品种对肠道微生物组成有关键性的影响,高通量技术的进步也使得人们能够更好地了解到微生物菌群对人体健康的影响。     

微生物特异性代谢产物对机体健康和疾病的影响

微生物菌群及其基因组在动物机体健康中起着关键作用。宿主和微生物间的相互作用和微生物产生的代谢产物对宿主的免疫、代谢、发育和行为有所影响,并可能通过肠道菌群失调导致疾病。尽管不同条件下微生物菌群的变化仍在研究中,宿主和微生物间的信号机制仍然难以捉摸。因此,对微生物代谢产物的合成、吸收及对宿主生理的潜在影响进行综述。     

病毒感染与肠道菌群关系的研究进展

人和动物的肠道内定植着数量众多的微生物,它们对宿主正常生理功能至关重要。肠道菌群与宿主不断地进行相互作用,形成互利共生的关系,影响机体健康。病毒感染会通过影响肠道菌群进而影响机体的免疫和代谢功能。肠道菌群或益生菌也会影响病毒的感染和疫苗的免疫效果。了解病毒与肠道菌群或益生菌的相互作用及肠道菌群对疫苗免疫效果的影响,有助于揭示疾病的发病机制,通过调控肠道菌群来治疗疾病。现主要从病毒与肠道菌群的相互作用,益生菌对病毒感染的影响和肠道菌群对疫苗免疫效果的影响三方面进行综述。     

动物肠道菌群与病原微生物感染关系的研究进展

动物肠道内寄居着大量微生物,通常被称为共生菌群。它们对动物的生长、代谢和免疫状态至关重要,还与许多疾病的发生密切相关。病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染都会使机体的肠道菌群发生紊乱,表现在益生菌丰度减少而有害菌丰度增加。其机制包括引发宿主的炎症反应和抑制机体的免疫细胞两方面。同样肠道菌群也会调控病原菌的感染,如肠道菌群对不同的病毒会产生颉颃或促进作用,对细菌和寄生虫分别产生抑制和促进作用。肠道菌群抑制病原菌的机制包括与病原菌竞争代谢产物和诱导宿主的免疫反应。肠道菌群促进病毒感染的机制包括3点,分别为提高病毒的稳定性及其与靶细胞的黏附作用、抑制机体免疫系统和刺激靶细胞的增殖。肠道菌群促进寄生虫感染的可能机制包括降低Th2细胞因子(如IL-4和IL-13)并提高调节性T细胞的表达频率。肠道菌群、病原微生物和宿主不断相互作用,形成一个动态的平衡关系,并在感染过程中不断进化。作者主要综述了病毒、细菌和寄生虫感染对动物肠道菌群的组成和丰度的影响,动物肠道菌群如何影响病毒、细菌和寄生虫的感染进程并分析相关机制,以期了解疾病的发病机理,为疫苗佐剂的研发及制定更有效的预防和治疗策略提供新视角和理论依据。     

肠道微生物调控动物肌肉的生长和发育北大核心CSCD

栖息于动物肠道中的微生物群与宿主形成稳定的共生关系。肠道菌群的定植状态、繁殖能力和营养需求受到宿主生理稳态的影响,同时,肠道菌群的组成和多样性随宿主外部和内部环境的改变而发生波动。此外,肠道菌群通过肠道神经系统和外周循环系统直接或间接参与并调控宿主的信号传递、物质代谢、免疫形成和器官功能。骨骼肌的生长、发育和代谢很大程度上决定了动物的能量稳态和整体生长性能,是决定动物产肉性状和肉品生产的根本因素。当前,大量研究表明动物肠道微生物在促进肌肉生长和维持肌肉机能方面发挥重要作用,一些学者提出了"肠-肌轴"的双向信息交流机制。本文综述了近年来国内外关于消化道微生物参与调控人和动物的肌肉生长和发育、肌肉疾病形成、物质与能量代谢等方面的研究进展,加深和完善关于肠道微生物调控肌肉生长和发育的认识。     

动物肠道菌群的多样性、稳定性和弹性

上万亿的微生物栖息在动物的肠道内,形成一个复杂的生态菌群结构,通过菌群代谢活动和宿主间的相互作用影响正常生理功能和对疾病的易感性。了解肠道菌群的组成和功能的变化,将有助于解决针对菌群疾病的治疗。从生态角度观看针对临床治疗中的微生物菌群,可以洞察其如何促进机体健康。     

不同纤维源日粮对猪肠道菌群影响的研究进展

猪只日粮中添加纤维会在一定程度上降低营养物质的吸收效率,但是饲粮纤维可在猪只肠道后端进行一定程度的发酵,并产生大量的挥发性脂肪酸,具备了一定的营养作用。同时,也因此而降低猪只肠道pH,影响肠道菌群丰度及菌群结构。通过改变纤维日粮的组成来影响肠道中的菌群,发挥肠道上皮屏障功能,并且通过调节肠道微生物的组成来维持肠道微生物生态的稳定,是猪只肠道健康的关键控制点。肠道菌群与宿主相互协同,构成了肠道微生态系统,能够促进猪只对营养物质吸收利用。文章综述了不同纤维源日粮对猪只肠道菌群的影响,为养猪生产实践中应用不同纤维源提供一定理论依据。     

益生菌在畜禽肠道健康中的作用研究进展

益生菌是一类活的微生物,适量服用益生菌对宿主健康有益。益生菌具有抗毒素、抗致病菌和缓解腹泻的作用,能够改善肠道菌群平衡,促进营养物质的消化吸收,提高宿主免疫力。在畜禽饲粮中添加益生菌可以补充肠道微生物种群,提高动物的生产性能,恢复宿主的免疫系统功能。文章综述了益生菌的筛选标准、作用机制及其在畜禽肠道健康方面的应用进展,探讨了益生菌对机体肠道结构、免疫功能和生产性能等的影响,为益生菌在畜禽生产中的应用提供参考。     

姜黄素调控肠道菌群及抗病毒作用研究进展

姜黄素作为一种天然的多酚类植物提取物，具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗应激和改善动物肠道健康等多种生物学功能，已成为一种绿色安全高效的饲料添加剂。近年研究表明，姜黄素与肠道菌群存在紧密的相互作用。姜黄素能调控肠道菌群的组成和多样性，肠道菌群则影响姜黄素的转化。这种双向调控作用或许是姜黄素发挥生理功能的关键。此外，姜黄素被证实通过不同的机制抵抗多种病毒的感染，提示其具有成为新型抗病毒药物的潜力。因此，本文主要综述了姜黄素与肠道菌群之间的相互作用及姜黄素抵抗不同病毒感染的相关机制，以期为深入了解姜黄素对改善动物健康的作用机制和开发新型绿色饲料添加剂提供理论依据。     

Interplay between gut microbiota and antimicrobial peptides

The gut microbiota is comprised of a diverse array of microorganisms that interact with immune system and exert crucial roles for the health. Changes in the gut microbiota composition and functionality are associated with multiple diseases. As such, mobilizing a rapid and appropriate antimicrobial response depending on the nature of each stimulus is crucial for maintaining the balance between homeostasis and inflammation in the gut. Major players in this scenario are antimicrobial peptides (AMP), which belong to an ancient defense system found in all organisms and participate in a preservative co-evolution with a complex microbiome. Particularly increasing interactions between AMP and microbiota have been found in the gut. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which AMP help to maintain a balanced microbiota and advancing our understanding of the circumstances of such balanced interactions between gut microbiota and host AMP. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on the interplay of diverse antimicrobial responses with enteric pathogens and the gut microbiota, which should have therapeutic implications for different intestinal disorders.     

Microbiota-gut-brain axis and nutritional strategy under heat stress

Heat stress is a very universal stress event in recent years. Various lines of evidence in the past literatures indicate that gut microbiota composition is susceptible to variable temperature. A varied microbiota is necessary for optimal regulation of host signaling pathways and disrupting microbiota-host homeostasis that induces disease pathology. The microbiota–gut–brain axis involves an interactive mode of communication between the microbes colonizing the gut and brain function. This review summarizes the effects of heat stress on intestinal function and microbiota–gut–brain axis. Heat stress negatively affects intestinal immunity and barrier functions. Microbiota-gut-brain axis is involved in the homeostasis of the gut microbiota, at the same time, heat stress affects the metabolites of microbiota which could alter the function of microbiota–gut–brain axis. We aim to bridge the evidence that the microbiota is adapted to survive and thrive in an extreme environment. Additionally, nutritional strategies for alleviating intestinal heat stress are introduced.     

宏基因组学在哺乳动物肠道微生物中的应用

哺乳动物的肠道内栖息着庞大复杂的微生物群体，其微生物群体与宿主的消化吸收、物质的营养代谢和免疫功能密切相关，是影响机体健康的重要因素之一。随着分子生物学技术在肠道微生物领域的应用，特别是新一代测序技术的快速发展，使得人们对复杂的肠道微生物的研究更加深入。基于宏基因组学技术不仅能够研究肠道微生物组的多样性、揭示消化道微生物对宿主生理代谢的影响，还能进一步深入挖掘新的功能基因，并揭示宿主基因与微生物组间的互作关系和共同进化。作者综述了宏基因组学技术在哺乳动物肠道微生物中的主要应用和存在的不足，并展望了其在肠道微生物研究中的广阔应用前景，从而加深人们对肠道微生物影响宿主肠道健康作用的认识。     

猪肠道微生物组成、影响因素及其对重要经济性状的影响研究进展

肠道微生物在调节宿主生理机能、代谢和免疫功能等方面发挥着非常重要的作用,是影响猪健康和重要经济性状表型的重要因素之一。近年来,人们对猪肠道微生物的研究和了解越来越深入,了解猪肠道微生物组成将有助于为从肠道菌群方向入手改善猪群健康和提高生产性能提供参考。作者首先综述了不同发育阶段、不同肠道部位以及主要商品猪和中国地方猪肠道核心菌群组成;其次系统总结了宿主遗传背景、饲粮种类、性别、环境以及抗生素、益生菌和饲料添加剂使用等因素对猪肠道微生物组成的影响;最后概述了猪肠道微生物主要功能及其对饲料利用率、脂肪沉积、宿主行为和免疫炎症等方面的影响。     

Opportunities of prebiotics for the intestinal health of monogastric animals

The goal of prebiotic applications from different sources is to improve the gut ecosystem where the host and microbiota can benefit from prebiotics. It has already been recognized that prebiotics have potential roles in the gut ecosystem because gut microbiota ferment complex dietary macronutrients and carry out a broad range of functions in the host body, such as the production of nutrients and vitamins, protection against pathogens, and maintenance of immune system balance. The gut ecosystem is very crucial and can be affected by numerous factors consisting of dietary constituents and commensal bacteria. This review focuses on recent scientific evidence, confirming a beneficial effect of prebiotics on animal health, particularly in terms of protection against pathogenic bacteria and increasing the number of beneficial bacteria that may improve epithelial cell barrier functions. It has also been reviewed that modification of the gut ecosystem through the utilization of prebiotics significantly affects the intestinal health of animals. However, the identification and characterization of novel potential prebiotics remain a topical issue and elucidation of the metagenomics relationship between gut microbiota alteration and prebiotic substances is necessary for future prebiotic studies.     

益生菌维护肠道健康及抗病毒作用研究进展

动物肠道存在复杂的微生物群落,适宜的微环境有利于多种肠道微生物的定植生长。肠道健康是保证动物机体健康的基础,也是当前国内外学者所关注的热点问题。益生菌是对肠道健康有益的微生物,在改善动物肠道健康领域具有极大的潜力。益生菌对病原微生物侵袭有一定的抑制作用,对部分病毒也具有一定的预防及清除作用,但不同菌株作用效果存在较大差异。作者首先将益生菌对肠道健康的保护概括为益生菌抑制病原菌入侵和定植、改善肠道屏障功能、维持肠道健康菌群、提高机体免疫力4种方式,并探讨了不同菌株的作用方式;其次简述了益生菌抗肠道病毒的作用机制,其中,益生菌通过间接方式调节机体免疫是其抗病毒的主要方式;最后讨论了近年来益生菌在轮状病毒、流行性腹泻病毒和传染性胃肠炎病毒中应用的研究进展,并对益生菌的发展前景进行了展望,以期为益生菌在改善动物肠道健康的研究及产品的开发方面提供一定的参考依据。     

Swine gut microbiota and its interaction with host nutrient metabolism

Gut microbiota is generally recognized to play a crucial role in maintaining host health and metabolism. The correlation among gut microbiota, glycolipid metabolism, and metabolic diseases has been well reviewed in humans. However, the interplay between gut microbiota and host metabolism in swine remains incompletely understood. Given the limitation in conducting human experiments and the high similarity between swine and humans in terms of anatomy, physiology, polyphagy, habits, and metabolism and in terms of the composition of gut microbiota, there is a pressing need to summarize the knowledge gained regarding swine gut microbiota, its interplay with host metabolism, and the underlying mechanisms. This review aimed to outline the bidirectional regulation between gut microbiota and nutrient metabolism in swine and to emphasize the action mechanisms underlying the complex microbiome–host crosstalk via the gut microbiota–gut–brain axis. Moreover, it highlights the new advances in knowledge of the diurnal rhythmicity of gut microbiota. A better understanding of these aspects can not only shed light on healthy and efficient pork production but also promote our knowledge on the associations between gut microbiota and the microbiome–host crosstalk mechanism. More importantly, knowledge on microbiota, host health and metabolism facilitates the development of a precise intervention therapy targeting the gut microbiota.     

Ruminal microbiota–host interaction and its effect on nutrient metabolism

Rumen microbiota has a close and intensive interaction with the ruminants. Microbiota residing in the rumen digests and ferments plant organic matters into nutrients that are subsequently utilized by the host, making ruminants a unique group of animals that can convert plant materials indigestible by humans into high-quality animal protein as meat and milk. Many studies using meta-omics technologies have demonstrated the relationships between rumen microbiome and animal phenotypes associated with nutrient metabolism. Recently, the causality and physiological mechanisms underpinning the host–microbiota interactions have attracted tremendous research interest among researchers. This review discusses the host–microbiota interactions and the factors affecting these interactions in ruminants and provides a summary of the advances in research on animal husbandry. Understanding the microbiota composition, the functions of key bacteria, and the host–microbiota interaction is crucial for the development of knowledge-based strategies to enhance animal productivity and host health.